英語考級-2020年12月六級真題（第2套）

機密*啟用前大學英語六級考試COLLEGEENGLISHTEST—BandSix—(2020年12月第2套)試題冊敬告考生一、在答題前，請認真完成以下內(nèi)容:1.請檢查試題冊背面條形碼粘貼條、答題卡的印刷質(zhì)量，如有問題及時向監(jiān)考員反映，確認無誤后完成以下兩點要求。2.請將試題冊背面條形碼粘貼條揭下后粘貼在答題卡1的條形碼粘貼框內(nèi)，并將姓名和準考證號填寫在試題冊背面相應(yīng)位置。3.請在答題卡1和答題卡2指定位置用黑色簽字筆填寫準考證號、姓名和學校名稱，并用HB-2B鉛筆將對應(yīng)準考證號的信息點涂黑。二、在考試過程中，請注意以下內(nèi)容:1.所有題目必須在答題卡上規(guī)定位置作答，在試題冊上或答題卡上非規(guī)定位置的作答一律無效。2.請在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)在答題卡指定位置依次完成作文、聽力、閱讀、翻譯各部分考試，作答作文期間不得翻閱該試題冊。聽力錄音播放完畢后，請立即停止作答，監(jiān)考員將立即收回答題卡1，得到監(jiān)考員指令后方可繼續(xù)作答。3.作文題內(nèi)容印在試題冊背面，作文題及其他主觀題必須用黑色簽字筆在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi)作答。4.選擇題均為單選題，錯選、不選或多選將不得分，作答時必須使用HB-2B鉛筆在答題卡上相應(yīng)位置填涂，修改時須用橡皮擦凈。三、以下情況按違規(guī)處理:1.未正確填寫(涂)個人信息，錯貼、不貼、毀損條形碼粘貼條。2.未按規(guī)定翻閱試題冊、提前閱讀試題、提前或在收答題卡期間作答。3.未用所規(guī)定的筆作答、折疊成毀損答題卡導(dǎo)致無法評卷。4.考試期間在非聽力考試時間佩戴耳機。全國大學英語四、六級考試委員會

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonwhystudentsshouldbeencouragedtoeffectivecommunicationskills.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1. A)Adrivingtest. C)Trafficroutes. B)Avideogame. D)Cargologistics.2. A)Hefounditinstructiveandrealistic. B)HeboughtitwhentouringEurope. C)Hewasreallydrawntoitsotherversions. D)Heintroducedittohisbrotherlastyear.3. A)Travelingalloverthecountry. B)Drivingfromonecitytoanother. C)Thedetailsinthedrivingsimulator. D)Thekeyroleofthelogisticsindustry.4. A)Clearerroadsigns. B)Morepeopledrivingsafely. C)Strictertrafficrules. D)Moreself-drivingtrucksontheroad.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5. A)Itisn’tsoenjoyableasheexpected. B)Itisn’tsomotivatingashebelieved. C)Itdoesn’tenablehimtoearnasmuchmoneyasheusedto. D)Itdoesn’tseemtoofferasmuchfreedomasheanticipated.6. A)Notallofthemcareabouttheiremployees’behaviors. B)Fewofthemareawareoftheiremployees’feelings. C)Fewofthemofferpraiseandrewardtotheiremployees. D)Notallofthemknowhowtomotivatetheiremployees.7. A)Jobsatisfaction. C)Autonomy. B)Self-awareness. D)Money.8. A)Theimportanceofcultivatingcloserelationshipswithclients. B)Theneedforgettingrecommendationsfromtheirmanagers. C)Theadvantagesofpermanentfull-timeemployment. D)Thewaytoexploreemployees’interestsandtalents.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9. A)Consumersvisualizetheiractivitiesindifferentweather. B)Goodweathertriggersconsumers’desiretogoshopping. C)weatherconditionsinfluenceconsumers’buyingbehavior. D)Consumers’mentalstateschangewiththepricesofgoods.10. A)Activeconsumption. C)Individualassociation. B)Directcorrelation. D)Mentalvisualization.11. A)Enablingthemtosimplifytheirmathematicalformulas. B)Helpingthemdeterminewhattosellandatwhatprice. C)Enablingthemtoselltheirproductsatahigherprice. D)Helpingthemadvertiseagreatervarietyofproducts.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12. A)Anaturallyventilatedofficeismorecomfortable. B)Acoolofficewillboostemployees’productivity. C)Officeair-conditioningshouldfollowguidebooks. D)Air-conditioningimprovesventilationintheoffice.13. A)Peopleintheircomfortzoneoftemperaturearemoresatisfiedwiththeirproductivity. B)Peopleindifferentcountriesvaryintheirtolerancetouncomfortabletemperatures. C)Twenty-twodegreesistheoptimaltemperatureforofficeworkers. D)Thereisarangeoftemperaturesforpeopletofeelcomfortable.14. A)Itwillhavenonegativeimpactonwork. B)Itwillbeimmediatelynoticeable. C)Itwillsharplydecreaseworkefficiency. D)Itwillcausealotofdiscomfort.15. A)Theytendtofavorlowertemperatures. B)Theysufferfromrapidtemperaturechanges. C)Theyarenotbotheredbytemperatureextremes. D)Theybecomelesssensitivetohightemperatures.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16. A)Itoverlookedthepossibilitythatemotionsmaybecontrolled. B)Itignoredthefactthatemotionsarepersonalandsubjective. C)Itclassifiedemotionssimplyaseitherpositiveornegative. D)Itmeasuredpositiveandnegativeemotionsindependently.17. A)Sittingalonewithoutdoinganythingseemedreallydistressing. B)Solitudeadverselyaffectedtheparticipants’mentalwell-being. C)Sittingalonefor15minutesmadetheparticipantsrestless. D)Solitudehadareductiveeffectonhigh-arousalemotions.18. A)Itprovedhardtodepictobjectively. B)Itwenthandinhandwithsadness. C)Ithelpedincreaselow-arousalemotions. D)Ittendedtointensifynegativeemotions.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19. A)Itusesupmuchlessenergythanitdoesindeepthinking. B)Itremainsinactivewithoutburningcaloriesnoticeably. C)Itcontinuestoburnupcaloriestohelpusstayinshape. D)Itconsumesalmostaquarterofthebody’stotalenergy.20. A)Muchoftheconsumptionhasnothingtodowithconsciousactivities. B)Ithassomethingtodowiththedifficultyoftheactivitiesinquestion. C)Energyusagedevotedtoactivelearningaccountsforabigpartofit. D)Asignificantamountofitisforperformingdifficultcognitivetasks.21. A)Itisbelievedtoremainbasicallyconstant. B)Itisaprerequisiteforanymentalactivity. C)Itisconducivetorelievingmentalexhaustion. D)Itisthoughttoberelatedtofoodconsumption.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22. A)Jobcandidatesrarelytakeitseriously. B)Jobseekerstendtohaveareadyanswer. C)Jobseekersoftenfeelatalosswheretostartinansweringit. D)Jobcandidatescanrespondfreelyduetoitsopen-endednature.23. A)Followtheircareercoaches’guidelines. B)Strivetotakecontroloftheirnarrative. C)Dotheirbesttoimpresstheinterviewer. D)Repeattheinformationontheirresume.24. A)Toreflectontheirpastachievementsaswellasfailures. B)Toproduceexamplesfordifferentinterviewquestions. C)Todiscussimportantdetailstheyaregoingtopresent. D)Toidentifyabroadgeneralstrengthtoelaborateon.25. A)Gettingacquaintedwiththehumanresourcespersonnel. B)Findingoutwhythecompanyprovidesthejobopening. C)Figuringoutwhatbenefitsthecompanyisabletoofferthem. D)Tailoringtheirexpectationstothecompany’slong-termgoal.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Virtuallyeveryactivitythatentailsorfacilitatesin-personhumaninteractionseemstobeinthemidstofatotalmeltdownasthecoronavirus(冠狀病毒)outbreakerasesAmericans’desiretotravel.Amtraksaysbookingsaredown50percentandcancelationsareup300percent.HotelsinSanFranciscoareexperiencing26ratesbetween70and80percent.BroadwaygoesdarkonThursdaynight.Universities,nowemptyingtheircampuses,havenevertriedonlinelearningonthis27_.White-collarcompanieslikeAmazon,Apple,andtheNewYorkTimesareaskingemployeestoworkfromhomeforthe28future.Butwhathappensafterthecoronavirus?Insomeways,theansweris:Alltheoldnormalstuff.Thepandemic(大流行病)willtakelives,29economiesanddestroyroutines,butitwillpass.Americanswillneverstopgoingtobasketballgames.Theywon’tstopgoingonvacation.They’llmeettodobusiness.Nodecentralizingtechnologysofar—nottelephones,nottelevision,andnottheinternet—hasdentedthathumandesiretoshakehands,despitetechnologists’30tothecontrary.Yettherearerealreasonstothinkthatthingswillnotreturntothewaytheywerelastweek.Small31createsmallsocietalshifts;bigoneschangethingsforgood.TheNewYorktransitstrikeof1980is32withpromptingseverallong-termchangesinthecity,includingbusandbikelanes,andwomenwearingsportsshoestowork.TheSpanishflupandemicof1918promptedthedevelopmentofnationalhealthcareinEurope.Hereandnow,thismightnotevenbeaquestionof33.It’snotclearthatthecruiseindustrywill34.Orthatpublictransitwon’tgobrokewithout35assistance.Theinfrastructuremightnotevenbeinplacetodowhatweweredoingin2019.A) credentials I) scaleB) credited J) strangleC) cumulative K) subtleD) disruptions L) summonedE) federal M) surviveF) foreseeable N) vacancyG) predictions O) wedgeH) preferenceSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2.SlowHopeA)Ourworldisfullof—mostlyuntold—storiesofslowhope,drivenbytheideathatchangeispossible.Theyare‘slow’intheirunfolding,andtheyareslowbecausetheycomewithsetbacks.B)Atthebeginningoftime—sogoesthemyth—humanssuffered,shiveringinthecoldanddarkuntilthetitan(巨人)Prometheusstolefirefromthegods.Justasinthemyth,technology—firstfireandstonetools,andlaterfarming,thesteamengineandindustry,fossilfuels,chemicalsandnuclearpower—hasallowedustoalterandcontrolthenaturalworld.Themythalsoremindsusthattheseadvanceshavecomeataprice:asapunishmentforPrometheus’crime,thegodscreatedPandora,andtheygaveheraboxfilledwithevilsandcurses.WhenPandora’sboxwasopened,itunleashedswarmsofdiseasesanddisastersuponhumankind.C)Todaywecannolongerignoretheecologicalcursesthatwehavereleasedinoursearchforwarmthandcomfort.Inengineeringandexploitingandtransformingourhabitat,wehaveopenedtensofthousandsofPandora’sboxes.Inrecentdecades,environmentalthreatshaveexpandedbeyondregionalboundariestohaveglobalreachand,mosthauntingly,aremultiplyingatadizzyingrate.Onaregularbasis,weareremindedthatwearerunningoutoftime.Yearafteryear,fasterandfaster,consumptionoutpacesthebiologicalcapacityofourplanet.Storiesofacceleratedcatastrophemultiply.Wefearthebreakdownoftheelectricgrid,theendofnon-renewableresources,theexpansionofdeserts,thelossofislands,andthepollutionofourairandwater.D)Accelerationisthesignatureofourtime.Populationsandeconomicactivitygrewslowlyformuchofhumanhistory.Forthousandsofyearsandwellintoearlymoderntimes,worldeconomiessawnogrowthatall,butfromaroundthemid-19thcenturyandagain,inparticular,sincethemid-20th,therealGDPhasincreasedatanenormousspeed,andsohashumanconsumption.IntheMiddleAges,householdsinCentralEuropemighthaveownedfewerthan30objectsonaverage;in1900,thisnumberhadincreasedto400,andin2020to15,000.Theaccelerationofhumanproduction,consumptionandtravelhaschangedtheanimateandinanimatespheres.Ithasechoedthroughnaturalprocessesonwhichhumansdepend.Speciesextinction,deforestation,dammingofrivers,occurrenceoffloods,thedepletionofozone,thedegradationofoceansystemsandmanyotherareasareallexperiencingacceleration.Ifrepresentedgraphically,thecurveforallthesechangeslooksratherlikethatwell-knownhockeystick:withlittlechangeovermillennia(數(shù)千年)andadramaticupswingoverthepastdecades.E)Someoftoday’snarrativesaboutthefutureseemtosuggestthatwetoo,likePrometheus,willbesavedbyanewHercules,adivineengineer,someonewhowillmastermind,manoeuvreandmanipulateourplanet.Theysuggestthatgeoengineering,coldfusionorfaster-than-lightspaceshipsmighttranscendonceandforalltheterrestrialconstraintsofrisingtemperatures,lackofenergy,scarcityoffood,lackofspace,mountainsofwaste,pollutedwater—younameit.F)Yet,ifweenvisageoursalvationtocomefromadeusexmachina(解圍之神)，fromadivineengineeroratechsolutionistwhowillmiraculouslyconjureupanewsourceofenergyoranothercure-allwithrevolutionarypotency,wemightbelookinginthewrongplace.Thefactthatwenowimagineourplanetasawholedoesnotmeanthatthe‘rescue’ofourplanetwillcomewithonebigglobalstrokeofgeniusandtechnology.Itwillmorelikelycomebymanysmallacts.Globalheatingandenvironmentaldegradationarenottechnologicalproblems.Theyarehighlypoliticalissuesthatareinformedbypowerfulinterests.Moreover,ifhistoryisaguide,thenwecanassumethatanymajortransformationswillonceagainbefollowedbyahugesetofunintendedconsequences.Sowhatdowedo?G)Thismuchisclear:weneedtofindwaysthathelpusflattenthehockey-stickcurvesthatreflectourever-fasterpaceofecologicaldestructionandsocialacceleration.IfweacknowledgethathumanmanipulationoftheEarthhasbeenadestructiveforce,wecanalsoimaginethathumanendeavourscanhelpusbuildalessdestructiveworldinthecenturiestocome.Wemightkeepmakingmistakes.Butwewillalsokeeplearningfromourmistakes.H)Tocounterthefearsofdisaster,weneedtoidentifystories,visionsandactionsthatworkquietlytowardsamorehopefulfuture.Insteadofonebignarrative,astoryofunexpectedrescuebyalarger-than-lifehero,weneedmultiplestories:weneedstories,notonlyofwhatRobNixonofPrincetonUniversityhascalledthe‘slowviolence’ofenvironmentaldegradation(thatis,thedamagethatisofteninvisibleatfirstanddevelopsslowlyandgradually),butalsostoriesofwhatIcall‘slowhope’.I)Weneedanacknowledgementofourpresentecologicalplightbutalsoalanguageofpositivechange,visionsofabetterfuture.InThePrincipleofHope(1954-1959),ErnstBloch,oneoftheleadingphilosophersofthefuture,wrotethat‘themosttragicformofloss...isthelossofthecapacitytoimaginethatthingscouldbedifferent’.Weneedtoidentifyvisionsandpathsthatwillhelpusimagineadifferent,morejustandmoreecologicalworld.Hope,forBloch,hasitsstartingpointinfear,inuncertainty,andincrisis:itisacreativeforcethatgoeshandinhandwithutopian(烏托邦的)‘wishfulimages’.Itcanbefoundinculturalproductsofthepast—infairytales,infiction,inarchitecture,inmusic,inthemovie—inproductsofthehumanmindthatcontain‘theoutlinesofabetterworld’.Whatmakesus‘a(chǎn)uthentic’ashumansarevisionsofour‘potential’.Inotherwords:livinginhopemakesushuman.J)Thepowerofsmall,grassrootsmovementstomakechangesthatspreadbeyondtheirplaceoforigincanbeseenwiththeSlowFoodmovement,whichbeganinItalyinthe1980s.Theriseoffast-foodrestaurantsaftertheSecondWorldWarproducedasocietyfullofcheap,industriallymadefoodstuffs.UndertheleadershipofCarloPetrini,theSlowFoodmovementbeganinPiedmont,aregionofItalywithalonghistoryofpoverty,violenceandresistancetooppression.Themovementtransformeditintoaregionhospitabletotraditionalfoodcultures—basedonnativeplantsandbreedsofanimals.Today,SlowFoodoperatesinmorethan160countries,poorandrich.Ithasgivenrisetothousandsofprojectsaroundtheglobe,representingdemocraticpolitics,foodsovereignty,biodiversityandsustainableagriculture.K)Theunscrupulous(無所顧忌的)commodificationoffoodandthedestructionoffoodstuffswillcontinuetodevastatesoils,livelihoodsandecologies.SlowFoodcannotundotheirresistibledevelopmentsoftheglobalfoodeconomy,butitcanupsetitstheorists,itcan‘speakdifferently’,anditcanallowpeopleandtheirlocalfoodtraditionsandenvironmentstoflourish.EvenintheUnitedStates—thefast-foodnation—smallfarmsandurbangardensareontherise.TheUSDepartmentofAgricultureprovidesanUrbanAgricultureToolkitand,accordingtoarecentreport,Americanmillennials(千禧一代)arechangingtheirdiets.In2017,6percentofUSconsumersclaimedtobestrictlyvegetarian,upfrom1percentin2014.Asmorepeoplerealisethat‘eatingisanagriculturalact’,astheUSpoetandenvironmentalactivistWendellBerryputitin1989,slowhopeadvances.36. Itseemssomepeopletodaydreamthatacutting-edgenewtechnologymightsavethemfromthepresentecologicaldisaster.37. Accordingtoonegreatthinker,itismostunfortunateifwelosetheabilitytothinkdifferently.38. Urgentattentionshouldbepaidtotheecologicalproblemswehavecreatedinourpursuitofacomfortablelife.39. Eveninthefast-foodnationAmerica,thenumberofvegetariansisontherise.40. Thedeteriorationoftheecologicalsystemisacceleratingbecauseofthedramaticincreaseofhumanproductionandconsumption.41. Itisobviousthatsolutionsmustbefoundtocurbthefastworseningenvironmentandsocialacceleration.42. Manypeoplebelievechangingtheworldispossible,thoughitmaytaketimeandinvolvesetbacks.43. Itmightbewrongtoexpectthatourworldwouldbesavedatonestrokewithsomemiraculoustechnology.44. Itishumannaturetocherishhopesforabetterworld.45. Technologyhasgivenushumansthepowertochangethenaturalworld,butwehavepaidapriceforthechange.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Vegetarianswouldprefernottobecompelledtoeatmeat.Yetthereversecompulsion(強迫)ishiddenintheproposalsforanewplant-based“planetarydiet.”NowhereisthismorevisiblethaninIndia.Earlierthisyear,theEAT-LancetCommissionreleaseditsglobalreportonnutritionandcalledforaglobalshifttoamoreplant-baseddietandfor“substantiallyreducingconsumptionofanimalsourcefoods.”IncountrieslikeIndia,thatcallcouldbecomeatooltoaggravateanalreadytensepoliticalsituationandstressalreadyundernourishedpopulations.TheEATreportpresumesthat“traditionaldiets”incountrieslikeIndiaincludelittleredmeat,whichmightbeconsumedonlyonspecialoccasionsorasminoringredientsinmixeddishes.InIndia,however,thereisavastdifferencebetweenwhatpeoplewouldwishtoconsumeandwhattheyhavetoconsumebecauseofinnumerablebarriersaroundclass,religion,culture,cost,geography,etc.PolicymakersinIndiahavetraditionallypushedforacereal-heavy“vegetariandiet”onameat-eatingpopulationasawayofprovidingthecheapestsourcesoffood.Currently,underanaggressiveHindunationalistgovernment,Muslims,Christians,disadvantagedclassesandindigenouscommunitiesarebeingcompelledtogiveuptheirtraditionalfoods.NoneoftheseconcernsseemtohavebeenappreciatedbytheEAT-LancetCommission’srepresentative,BrentLoken,whosaid“Indiahasgotsuchagreatexample”insourcingproteinfromplants.ButhowmuchofamodelfortheworldisIndia’svegetarianism?IntheGlobalHungerIndex2019,thecountryranks102ndoutof117.DatafromtheNationalFamilyHealthSurveyindicatethatonly10percentofinfantsof6to23monthsareadequatelyfed.Whichiswhycallsforaplant-baseddietmodeledonIndiariskofferinganotherwhipwithwhichtobeatalreadyvulnerablecommunitiesindevelopingcountries.AdietdirectedattheaffluentWestfailstorecognizethatinlow-incomecountriesundernourishedchildrenareknowntobenefitfromtheconsumptionofmilkandotheranimalsourcefoods,improvingcognitivefunctions,whilereducingtheprevalenceofnutritionaldeficienciesaswellasmortality.EAT-Lancetclaimeditsintentionwasto“sparkconversations”amongallIndianstakeholders.Yetvocalcriticsofthefoodprocessingindustryandfoodfortificationstrategieshavebeenleftoutofthedebate.ButthemostconspicuousomissionmaywellbetheabsenceofIndia’sfarmers.Thegovernment,however,seemstohavegiventhereportathumbs-up.Ratherthanaddressingchronichungerandmalnutritionthroughanimprovedaccesstowholesomeandnutrient-densefoods,thegovernmentisopeningthedoorforcompany-dependentsolutions,ignoringtheenvironmentalandeconomiccost,whichwilldestroylocalfoodsystems.It’samodelfullofdangerforfuturegenerations.46. WhatismorevisibleinIndiathananywhereelseaccordingtothepassage?A) People’spositiveviewsontheproposalsfora“planetarydiet”.B) People’sreluctancetobecompelledtoeatplant-basedfood.C) People’spreferencesforthekindoffoodtheyconsume.D) People’sunwillingnesstogiveuptheireatinghabits.47. WhatwouldtheEAT-LancetCommission’sreportdotomanypeopleincountrieslikeIndia?A) Radicallychangetheirdietaryhabits.B) Keepthemfurtherawayfrompolitics.C) Makethemevenmoreundernourished.D) Substantiallyreducetheirfoodchoices.48. WhatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutfoodconsumptioninIndia?A) People’sdietwillnotchangeduetotheEAT-Lancetreport.B) Manypeoplesimplydonothaveaccesstofoodstheyprefer.C) Thereisagrowingpopularityofacereal-heavyvegetariandiet.D) Policymakershelpremovethebarrierstopeople’schoiceoffood.49. Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutaplant-baseddietmodeledonIndia?A) Itmaybenefitpopulationswhosetraditionaldietismeat-based.B) Itmaybeanotherblowtotheeconomyindevelopingcountries.C) Itmayhelpnarrowthegapbetweentherichandpoorcountries.D) Itmayworsenthenourishmentprobleminlow-incomecountries.50. HowdoestheIndiangovernmentrespondtotheEAT-LancetCommission’sproposals?A) Itacceptsthemattheexpenseofthelong-terminterestsofitspeople.B) ItintendsthemtosparkconversationsamongallIndianstakeholders.C) Itgivesthemapprovalregardlessofoppositionfromnutritionexperts.D) Itwelcomesthemasatooltoaddresschronichungerandmalnutrition.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Backin1964,inhisbookGamesPeoplePlay,psychiatristEricBernedescribedapatternofconversationhecalled“WhyDon’tYou——YesBut”，whichremainsoneofthemostirritatingaspectsofeverydaysociallife.Thepersonadoptingthestrategyisusuallyachroniccomplainer.Somethingisterribleabouttheirrelationship,job,orothersituation,andtheymoanaboutitceaselessly,butfindsomeexcusetodismissanysolutionthat’sproposed.Thereason,ofcourse,isthatonsomeleveltheydon’twantasolution;theywanttobevalidatedintheirpositionthattheworldisouttogetthem.Iftheycan“win”thegame—dismissingeverysuggestionuntiltheirinterlocutor(對話者)givesupinannoyance—theygettofeelpleasurablyrighteous(正當?shù)?intheirresentmentsandexcusedfromanyobligationtochange.Partofthetroublehereistheso-calledresponsibility/faultfallacy(謬誤).Whenyou’refeelingharddoneby—takenforgrantedbyyourpartner,say,orobligedtoworkforahalf-wittedboss—it’seasytobecomeattachedtothepositionthatit’snotyourjobtoaddressthematter,andthatdoingsowouldbeanadmissionoffault.Butthere’saconfusionhere.Forexample,ifIweretodiscoveranewbornatmyfrontdoor,itwouldn’tbemyfault,butitmostcertainlywouldbemyresponsibility.Therewouldbechoicestomake,andnopossibilityofavoidingthem,sincetryingtoignorethematterwouldbeachoice.Thepointisthatwhatgoesforthebabyonthedoorstepistrueinallcases:eveniftheotherpersonis100%inthewrong,there’snothingtobegained,long-term,fromusingthisasajustificationtoevaderesponsibility.Shouldyoufindyourselfonthereceivingendofthiskindofcomplaining,there’saningeniouswaytoshutitdown—whichistoagreewithit,ardently.PsychotherapistLoriGottliebdescribesthisas“over-validation”.Foronething,you’llbesparedfurthermoaning,sincetheotherperson’smotivationwastoconfirmherbeliefs,andnowyou’reconfirmingthem.Butforanother,asGottliebnotes,peopleconfrontedwithover-validationoftenheartheircomplaintsafreshandstartarguingback.Thenotionthatthey’reutterlypowerlesssuddenlyseemsunrealistic—nottomentionratherannoying—sothey’repromptedinsteadtogenerateideasabouthowtheym