教師資格證英語簡要語法

1.通常現(xiàn)在時thesimplepresenttenseIn

Englishgrammar,thesimplepresenttenseisaformofthe

verb

thatreferstoanactionoreventthatisongoingorthatregularlytakesplaceinpresenttime.

InEnglishgrammar,therearesevenacceptedfunctionsoftheusageofthesimplepresentforofverbs:toexpresspermanentstates,generaltruths,habitualactions,livecommentary,performativeactions,pasttimeorhistoricpresent,andfuturetime.Permanentstate:

Jupiter

is

averymassiveplanet.

2)Generaltruth:

Theearth

is

round.

3)Habitualaction:

Herdaughter

works

inRome.

4)'Live'commentary:

IneachcaseI

add

thetwonumbers:threeplusthree

gives

six....

5)Performative:

I

pronounce

youmanandwife.

6)Pasttime(seehistoricpresent):

He

moves

tothewindowalongside,and

sees

herinsidetheofficemovingawayfromthedoor.He

shoots

twicethroughthewindowand

kills

her.

7)Futuretime:

Myflight

leaves

atfourthirtythisafternoon."2.通常過去時thesimplepasttenseInEnglishgrammar,thesimplepastisa

verb

tense

(thesecond

principalpartofaverb)indicatingactionthatoccurredinthepastandwhichdoesnotextendintothepresent.The

simplepasttense

(alsoknownasthe

pastsimple

or

preterite)of

regularverbs

ismarkedbytheending

-d,-ed,or

-t.

Irregularverbs

haveavarietyofendings.Thesimplepastisnotaccompaniedby

helpingverbs.3.通常未來時thesimplefuturetenseInEnglishgrammar,the

future

isaverb

tense

(orform--seethenotesbyPinkerandRissanenbelow)indicatingactionthathasnotyetbegun.Thereisnoseparate

inflection

(orending)forthefutureinEnglish.The

simplefutureisusuallyexpressedbyplacingthe

auxiliary

will

or

shall

infrontofthe

baseformofaverb

("I

willleave

tonight").Otherwaystoexpressthefutureinclude(butarenotlimitedto)theuseof:apresentformof

be

plus

goingto:"We

aregoingtoleave."the

presentprogressive:"They

areleaving

tomorrow."thesimple

present:"Thechildren

leave

onWednesday."4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時5.過去進(jìn)行時6未來進(jìn)行時Thefuturecontinuoustenseisusedtoexpressactionataparticularmomentinthefuture.However,theactionwillnothavefinishedatthemoment.7.現(xiàn)在完成時presentperfecttenseThepresentperfecttense(sometimesreferredtoasthepresentperfectsimpletense)isformedbyusingthepresenttenseoftheauxiliaryverb“have”(or“has,”ifusedwiththird-personsingularpronouns)alongwiththepastparticipleofthe“main”verb.Despiteitsname,thepresentperfectisusedtogivegeneralinformationaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast(anytime“beforenow”),butwhichdidnotoccuratadefinitivepointintime，anditinfluencesnoworcontinuesinthepresent..Theexacttimeisnotimportant.YouCANNOTusethePresentPerfectwithspecifictimeexpressionssuchas:yesterday,oneyearago,lastweek,whenIwasachild,whenIlivedinJapan,atthatmoment,thatday,oneday,etc.WeCANusethePresentPerfectwithunspecificexpressionssuchas:ever,never,once,manytimes,severaltimes,before,sofar,already,yet,etc.Examples:Ihaveseenthatmovietwentytimes.IthinkIhavemethimoncebefore.TherehavebeenmanyearthquakesinCalifornia.8.過去完成時ThePastPerfectexpressestheideathatsomethingoccurredbeforeanotheractionoraspecifictimeinthepast.Examples:I

had

never

seen

suchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoKauai.IdidnothaveanymoneybecauseI

hadlost

mywallet.TonyknewIstanbulsowellbecausehe

hadvisited

thecityseveraltimes.9.未來完成時10.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時Definition:A

verb

construction(madeupof

hasbeen

or

havebeen

plusthe

presentparticiple)thatemphasizestheongoingnatureofanactionthatbeganinthepastandcontinuesinthepresent.(Thedecisiontouse

hasbeen

or

havebeen

is

determinedby

agreementwiththe

subject.)

Thepresentperfectprogressive

tense

usuallyconveysthemeaningof

recently

orlately.

Theactionreportedbythepresentperfectprogressivemayormaynothavebeencompleted."Trytounderstandhowhardhe

hasbeentrying

tomakeeverythingbetterforhisfamily."

(LorraineHansberry,

ARaisinintheSun,1959)

"l

havebeenpainting

withapaletteknifebecauseIdon'tliketowashthebrushes."ThePresentPerfectandthePresentPerfectProgressive

"The

presentperfectprogressive

and

presentperfect

aresometimesessentiallyinterchangeable.Themaindifferencemaybethatthepresentperfectprogressive,whichincludestheprogressiveaspect,confersasenseofongoingness.

現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時

相同點

1.

現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時都能夠表示從過去某一時刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動作.如:

I

have

worked

in

this

school

since

.

I

have

been

working

here

since

.

2.

現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時都能夠表示一段時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行動作.比如:

Mr.

Smith

has

taught

English

for

20

years.

Mr.

Smith

has

been

teaching

English

for

20

years.

以上句子用現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,含義上沒有什么差異,兩種時態(tài)能夠相交換.但兩種時態(tài)也存在意義和使用方法上差異.

不一樣點

1.

現(xiàn)在完成時可表示已經(jīng)完成動作或者狀態(tài)，經(jīng)常與already（已經(jīng)）或ever（曾經(jīng)）連用。如：

We

have

already

learnt

Module

3.

我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三模塊.

She

is

the

most

beautiful

girl

I

have

ever

seen.她是我見過最漂亮女孩.

而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則表示是從過去某一時刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,有可能還要進(jìn)行下去動作,通常不與already或ever等連用,如:

We

have

been

learning

Module

4.

我們一直在學(xué)習(xí)第四模塊.(不一定學(xué)完)

注意下面這組句子含義上區(qū)分:

I

have

read

the

novel.

我看過那本書了.

(已看完)

I

have

been

reading

the

novel.

(一直在看,不一定看完)

2.

相對于現(xiàn)在完成時表示一次性,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時能夠表示動作重復(fù).如:

I

have

met

him

at

the

library.

(我在圖書館見過他.)

I

have

been

meeting

him

at

the

library.

(我經(jīng)常在圖書館看見他.)

3.

現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時都能夠表示剛才結(jié)束動作,但在含義上有區(qū)分.現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)是動作結(jié)果,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強調(diào)則是動作過程.如:

—You

look

so

tired,

what

have

you

been

doing

你看起來很累,做什么了

(強調(diào)動作)

—We

are

very

tired.

We've

been

cleaning

the

house.

我們很累,我們剛才在清掃房子.(強調(diào)該動作所造成)

—We've

cleaned

the

house.

You

may

come

in

now.

我們清掃過房子了,你能夠進(jìn)來了.(強調(diào)結(jié)果"房子潔凈")

4.

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)不能用來談某個動作詳細(xì)次數(shù)或幾件事情.這時,我們要用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài).如:

I

have

been

drinking

five

cups

of

coffee

this

afternoon.(×)

I

have

drunk

five

cups

of

coffee

this

afternoon.

5.

現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)"事實";而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則強調(diào)"動作",而且常含有喜悅,憤恨,不滿,厭惡等感情色彩.如:

The

lazy

boy

has

lain

in

bed

for

a

whole

day.

這個懶孩子在床上躺了一天.(強調(diào)事實)

The

lazy

boy

has

been

lying

in

bed

for

a

whole

day.

這個懶孩子在床上躺了一天了.(強調(diào)動作,含有對小男孩厭惡感情色彩)

6.

假如沒有時間狀語,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時有延續(xù)性,現(xiàn)在完成時沒有.如:

I've

been

cleaning

the

house

but

I

still

haven't

finished.

I've

cleaned

the

house,

but

I

still

haven't

finished.(×)11.過去完成進(jìn)行時A

verb

construction(madeupof

hadbeen

+a

presentparticiple)thatpointstoanactivityorsituationthatwasongoinginthepast.Alsoknownas

pastperfectcontinuous."The

pastperfectprogressive

(hadbeen

+

-ing)tellsusaboutthelengthoftheactionandthespecificpointwhenitended.Itoccursfrequentlywith

sinceor

for

tospecifythedurationoftheaction."IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.12.未來完成進(jìn)行時TheFUTUREPERFECTPROGRESSIVETENSEindicatesacontinuousactionthatwillbecompletedatsomepointinthefuture.Thistenseisformedwiththemodal"WILL"plusthemodal"HAVE"plus"BEEN"plusthepresentparticipleoftheverb(withan-ingending):"NextThursday,Iwillhavebeenworkingonthisprojectforthreeyears."Generally,progressiveformsoccuronlywithwhatarecalleddynamicverbsandnotwithstativeverbs.二．動詞語態(tài)1.主動語態(tài)In

traditionalgrammar,theterm

activevoice

referstoatypeofsentence

or

clause

inwhichthe

subjectperformsorcausestheactionexpressedbythe

verb.Contrastwithpassivevoice.2.被動語態(tài)Intraditionalgrammar,thetermpassivevoicereferstoatypeofsentenceorclauseinwhichthesubjectreceivestheactionoftheverb.Forexample,"Agoodtimewashadbyall."Contrastwithactivevoice.ThemostcommonformofthepassiveinEnglishistheshortpassiveoragentlesspassive:aconstructioninwhichtheagent(thatis,theperformerofanaction)isnotidentified.Forexample,"Mistakesweremade."Oftenthepassivevoice

isformed

byusingtheappropriateformoftheverb

tobe

(forexample,

is)anda

pastparticiple

(forexample,

formed).However,passiveconstructionsaren'talwaysmadeupof

be

andapastparticiple.Forexample,seethediscussionofthe

"get"-passive.Thoughmanystyleguidesdiscourageuseofthepassive,theconstructioncanbequiteuseful,especiallywhentheperformerofanactionisunknownorunimportant.Passiveconstructionscanalsoenhancecohesion.三．非謂語動詞InEnglishgrammar,anonfiniteverbisaformoftheverbthatdoesnotshowadistinctionintenseandnormallycannotstandaloneasthemainverbinasentence.Contrastwithfiniteverb.Themaintypesofnonfiniteverbsareinfinitives(withorwithoutto),-ingforms(alsoknownaspresentparticiplesandgerunds),andpastparticiples(alsocalleden-forms).Exceptformodalauxiliaries,allverbshavenonfiniteforms.動詞不定式InEnglishgrammar,aninfinitiveisabaseformofaverb--oftenprecededbytheparticleto--thatcanfunctionasanoun,anadjective,oranadverb(butnotasamainverb).Theinfinitiveisatypeofverbal.Adjective:infinitival.Infinitivesbeginningwiththeparticleto(asin"Shewantstodance")shouldn'tbeconfusedwithprepositionalphrasesbeginningwiththeprepositionto(asin"ShedrovetoChicago").Aninfinitivephraseismadeupofaninfinitiveplusanyaccompanyingobjects,modifiers,orcomplements(asin"Sheplanstowriteanovel").Anegativeinfinitivephraseiscommonlyformedbyplacingthenegativeparticle,notinfrontofto(asin"Shetoldmenottodrinkthemilk").動名詞Agerundisaverbalthatendsin-ingandfunctionsasanoun.Adjective:gerundialorgerundival.Thetermgerundisusedintraditionalgrammar.Manycontemporarylinguistspreferinsteadtousetheterm-ingform.Agerundaccompaniedbyitsobjects,complements,and/ormodifiersiscalledagerundphraseorsimplyanounphrase.Likenouns,gerundsandgerundphrasescanfunctionassubjects,objects,andcomplementsinasentence.Unlikenouns,however,gerundsdonottakeinflections;inotherwords,theydon'thavedistinctpluralforms.Foradiscussionofthedifferencesbetweengerundsandpresentparticiples(bothofwhichendin-ing),seeExamplesandObservationsbelow.分詞participleParticiplesarewordsformedfromverbsthatcanfunctionasadjectivesorgerundsorcanbeusedtoformthecontinuoustensesandtheperfecttensesofverbs.Therearetwoparticipleforms:thepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.（功效53頁）四．句法4.祈使句InEnglishgrammar,animperativesentenceisatypeofsentencethatgivesadviceorinstructionsorthatexpressesarequestorcommand.(Comparewithsentencesthatmakeastatement,askaquestion,orexpressanexclamation.)Alsoknownasadirectiveorjussive.Animperativesentencetypicallybeginswiththebaseformofaverb,asinGonow!Theimpliedsubjectyouissaidtobe"understood"(orelliptical):(You)gonow!三．句子類型1.簡單句：主謂主謂賓主系表主謂賓補Therebe2.并列句3.復(fù)合句（1）.定語從句I.ThedefinitionofattributiveclauseGenerallyspeaking,attributiveclauseisasentencethatisusedtomodifyanounorapronoun,calledantecedentsinattributiveclause,andthisnounorpronounwilltakeupacertainplaceintheattributiveclause,suchasasubject,anobject,timeofanadv,placeofanadvorreasonofanadv.Howtochoosebetweenrelativepronounsandrelativeadvsisthekeytosolvingtheproblemsintheentranceexamination.So,howmanyrelativepronounsarethere?andhowmanyrelativeadvsarethere?Inall,therearesixrelativepronouns,andthreerelativeadvs.II①TheusagesofrelativepronounnsAsismentionedabove,therearemainlysixrelativepronouns,whicharewho,whom,which,that,whoseandas.Whenitreferstoaperson,whoorwhomwillbeconsidered.Instead,whenitreferstosomething,whichandthatwillbeused,theycanbeusedasasubject,anobjectandsoon.Besides,thetworelativepronounscanbecancelledwhentheyareusedasanobject.②TheusagesofrelativeadvsTherearethreerelativeadvs,whicharewhy,whenandwhere.First,whentheantecedentisaboutreason,anditactsasanadvintheattributiveclause,wewilluse“why”.Second,whentheantecedentisabouttime,anditplaystheroleofanadv,“when”willbeused.Third,whentheantecedentisaboutplace,playingtheroleofanadvofplace,wewillconsideradoptingwhere.補充可不說（III.ThedifferencesusagesbetweenthatandwhichTherearemainlyfivecasesinwhichthatcanbeusedonly.First,whentheantecedentisanindefinitepronoun,suchas,all,everything,anything,nothing,something,little,much,onlythatcanbeused.Forexample,sentenceone:Onlyascientistcouldunderstandallthatthispursuitmeant.Sentencetwo:Iamsureshehassomethingthatyoucanborrow.Sentencethree:Everythingthatwesawwasofgreatinteresttous.Sentencefour:ThereislittlethatIcanuse.Sentencefive:Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.Sentencesix:Allthatglittersisnotgold.Sentenceseven:IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Second,whentheantecedentismodifiedbytheonly,thevery,thejust,thatcanbeusedonly.Forexample,sentenceone:ThatwhitefloweristheonlyonethatIreallylike.Sentencetwo:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.Sentencethree:Thelastplacethatwevisitedwasthechemicalworkshop.Third,當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，只能用that.Forexample,sentenceone:ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaswritteninEnglish.Sentencetwo:Thesmallestlivingthingsthatcanbeseenunderamicroscopearebacteria.Sentencethree:ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.Fourth,當(dāng)先行詞現(xiàn)有些人，又有物時，只能用that.如，Sentenceone:Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.Sentencetwo:Theytalkedaboutpersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedintheschool.Fifth,當(dāng)主句是以who或which開始特殊問句時，在定語從句中，只能用that.如，Sentenceone:Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?站在門口人是誰？Sentencetwo:Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?Therearemainlytwocaseswherewhichisused.First,在非限制性定語從句當(dāng)中，which既能指代前面名詞或代詞，也可指代整個句子，在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語時，只能用which.如，Sentenceone:Hewaslateforschool,whichmadetheteacherveryangry.他上學(xué)遲到這事讓老師生氣.Sentencetwo:Thesungivesofflightandheat,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.Second,intheattributiveclause,介詞后面只能用which.如，Sentenceone:IneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheparty.Sentencetwo:Thisisthefactoryinwhichmyfatherusedtowork.）補充非限制性定語從句NONRESTRICTIVEADJECTIVECLAUSESAnadjectiveclausesetofffromthemainclausebycommasissaidtobenonrestrictive.Here'sanexample:OldProfessorLegree,whodresseslikeateenager,isgoingthroughhissecondchildhood.Thiswhoclauseisnonrestrictivebecausetheinformationintheclausedoesn'trestrictorlimitthenounitmodifies(OldProfessorLegree).Thecommassignifythattheadjectiveclauseprovidesadded,notessential,information.（2）.狀語從句WhatAreAdverbialClauses?(withExamples)Anadverbialclauseisagroupofwordswhichplaystheroleofanadverb.Forexample:Keephittingthegonghourly.(normaladverb)KeephittingthegonguntilItellyoutostop.(adverbialclause)Intheexamplesabove,thenormaladverbandadverbialclausebothtelluswhenthegongistobehit.Theyarebothadverbsoftime.Alladverbs(includingadverbialclauses)canusuallybecategorizedasoneofthefollowing:AdverbsofTimeAnadverboftimestateswhensomethinghappensorhowoften.Anadverboftimeoftenstartswithoneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:after,as,aslongas,assoonas,before,nosoonerthan,since,until,when,orwhile.Herearesomeexamples:Afterthegamehasfinished,thekingandpawngointothesamebox.(ItalianProverb)IstoppedbelievinginSantaClauswhenmymothertookmetoseehiminadepartmentstore,andheaskedformyautograph.(ShirleyTemple)Assoonasyoutrustyourself,youwillknowhowtolive.(JohannWolfgangvonGoethe)AdverbsofPlaceAnadverbofplacestateswheresomethinghappens.Anadverbofplaceoftenstartswithapreposition(e.g.,in,on,near)oroneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:anywhere,everywhere,where,orwherever.Herearesomeexamples:Inaworldwherethereissomuchtobedone,Ifeltstronglyimpressedthattheremustbesomethingformetodo.(DorotheaDix)Iamnotafraidofthepen,thescaffold,orthesword.IwilltellthetruthwhereverIplease.(MotherJones)AdverbsofMannerAnadverbofmannerstateshowsomethingisdone.Anadverbofmanneroftenstartswithoneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:as,like,ortheway.Herearesomeexamples:Heactslikeitisajoke.Wedon'thaveconversations.Youtalkatmethewayateachertalkstoanaughtystudent.Exceptforanoccasionalheartattack,IfeelasyoungasIeverdid.(RobertBenchley)AdverbsofDegreeorComparisonAnadverbofdegreestatestowhatdegreesomethingisdoneoroffersacomparison.Anadverbofdegreeoftenstartswithoneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:than,as...as,so...as,orthe...the.Herearesomeexamples:Avacuumisahellofalotbetterthansomeofthestuffthatnaturereplacesitwith.(TennesseeWilliams)Heisassmartasheistall.Sheisnotsobrightasshethinkssheis.Sometimes,theverbinanadverbofdegreeisunderstood(i.e.,notpresent).Forexample:YouaretallerthanI.(Inthisexample,theverbamhasbeenomitted.Thisispermissible.)YouaretallerthanIam.(Thisisthefullversion.)Youaretallerthanme.(Thisisthecolloquialversion.Thisversionmightirksomeofyourgrammar-savvyreaders,butitisacceptable.)ReadmoreaboutchoosingbetweenthanIandthanme.AdverbsofConditionAnadverbofconditionstatestheconditionforthemainideatocomeintoeffect.Anadverbofconditionoftenstartswithiforunless.Herearesomeexamples:Ifthefactsdon'tfitthetheory,changethefacts.(AlbertEinstein)IftheEnglishlanguagemadeanysense,acatastrophewouldbeanapostrophewithfur.(DougLarson)Ifalltherichpeopleintheworlddivideduptheirmoneyamongthemselves,therewouldn'tbeenoughtogoaround.(ChristinaStead,1903-1983)AdverbsofConcessionAnadverbofconcessionoffersastatementwhichcontrastswiththemainidea.Anadverbofconcessionoftenstartswithoneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:though,although,eventhough,while,whereas,orevenif.Herearesomeexamples:Althoughgolfwasoriginallyrestrictedtowealthy,overweightProtestants,todayit'sopentoanybodywhoownshideousclothing.(DaveBarry)Aloudvoicecannotcompetewithaclearvoice,evenifit'sawhisper.(BarryNeilKaufman)AdverbsofReasonAnadverbofreasonoffersareasonforthemainidea.Anadverbofreasonoftenstartswithoneofthefollowingsubordinatingconjunctions:as,because,given,orsince.Herearesomeexamples:Idon'thaveabankaccount,becauseIdon'tknowmymother'smaidenname.(PaulaPoundstone)Sinceyouarelikenootherbeingevercreatedsincethebeginningoftime,youareincomparable.(BrendaUeland)(3).主語從句ClausescanalsofunctionasSubjects.Whentheyperformthisfunction,werefertothemgenerallyasSubjectclauses.75頁詳細(xì)使用方法自己總結(jié)（4）.賓語從句Itisaclausethatfunctionslikeanounobject.(Aclause,bytheway,hasasubjectandaverb.)IbetrayedthegirlIlove.Let'sgowherewecangetsomecoffee.P76詳細(xì)使用方法自己總結(jié)（5）表語從句P77頁自己總結(jié)（6）同位語從句P78自己總結(jié)。。。四．特殊句型1.倒裝InEnglishgrammar,inversionisareversalofnormalwordorder,especiallytheplacementofaverbaheadofthesubject(subject-verbinversion).Invertedsentencesarerequiredwithcertaingrammarstructures,orusedasameansofsentencesstressoremphasis.Apartialinversioniswhereaverbandauxiliaryverbareinverted:Ihaveneverseensuchawfulbehaviour.NeverhaveIseensuchawfulbehaviour.Theauxiliaryverbishave,andyoucanseethatitandthesubjectIareinverted.However,thethemainverbseendoesnotmove:itisstillafterthesubjectandauxiliaryverb,sotheinversionis"partial".Infullinversionthesubjectfollowsthemainverb:Herecomestherainagain.(Hereistheraincomingagain.)2.強調(diào)P84自己總結(jié)。。。3.省略Ellipsi