雅思全能7分vip全程原價(jià)天7閱讀講義

雅思閱讀的基本問題和技能講雅思閱讀的基本問每套閱讀試題：3篇文章/60分鐘/40個(gè)題目；滿分9分/4-5種題型或/約3000個(gè)單詞如何拿到雅7分以上的分?jǐn)?shù)：速度單詞語法閱讀題型解題思 技巧人品造提高實(shí)力必備大技能Skill1:快速SKIMMING(瀏覽 ——抓主ToskimistoreadquicklyinordertogetthegeneralideaoftheSCANNING(尋讀 ToscanistoreadquicklyinordertolocatespecificSKIMMING(備注：讀首段第一/二句，或最后一句（首二末SCANNING（+五小定位詞：一句話概括雅思閱讀基本解題步驟Skill2單詞對(duì)應(yīng)原始分使用技巧后80006.5-5500六級(jí)詞6-74300四級(jí)詞5.5-30005-10.如何背單目四級(jí)背六級(jí)（以此類推數(shù)50個(gè)/方要技查閱字典：sensitiveadj.敏感的實(shí)用工具：推薦 Skill3Skill41.listof2.matching人名+matching段落+3.5.multiple選擇題（單選題、多選題雅思閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)正確個(gè)分9876LOH(listofheadings)選段意題型講解題思路講e.g.ListofPredictingclimaticTherelevanceoftheLittleIceAgeHowcitiescontributetoclimateHumanimpactontheHowpastclimaticconditionscanbeAgrowingneedforweatherAstudycoveringathousandPeoplehavealwaysrespondedtoclimateEnoughfoodat題型特點(diǎn)LOH解題思路headingsKW(3點(diǎn)找出句中的KW(首二！末第一步：找出每個(gè)H中的 (3點(diǎn)如下①特殊詞（注意文字的形式②金三角③首末段對(duì)應(yīng)詞

ParagraphA Paragraph ParagraphC ParagraphDParagraphEParagraphF末段對(duì)應(yīng)詞effect(affect)/influence/impact/第二步：掃描文章的段落——規(guī)則段——非規(guī)則段落(2句下定義（主系表第三步：對(duì)應(yīng)起這兩組KWKW的原詞，同義詞，或者形式進(jìn)行過轉(zhuǎn)變的詞，高頻詞(一段里重1講THELITTLEICEBTheLittleIceAgelastedfromroughly1300untilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Onlytwocenturiesago,Europeexperiencedacycleofbitterlycoldwinters;mountainglaciersintheSwissAlpswerethelowestinrecordedmemory,andpackicesurroundedIcelandformuchoftheyear.TheclimaticeventsoftheLittleIceAgedidmorethanhelpshapethemodernworld.Theyarethedeeplyimportantcontextforthecurrentunprecedentedglobalwarming.——modern——iiTherelevanceoftheLittleIceAge Thisbookisanarrativehistoryofclimaticshiftsduringthepasttencenturies,andsomeofthewaysinwhichpeopleinEuropeadaptedtothem.——pasttencenturies=athousand——viiAstudycoveringathousandItisknownthattheLittleIceAgecoolingbeganinGreenlandandtheArcticinabout1200.AstheArcticicepackspreadsouthward,NorsevoyagestothewestwerereroutedintotheopenAtlantic,thenendedaltogether.StorminessincreasedintheNorthAtlanticandNorthSea.Colder,muchwetterweatherdescendedonEuropebetween1315and1319,whenthousandsperishedinacontinent-widefamine.By1400…Fishwereavitalcommodityingrowingtownsandcities,wherefoodswereaconstantconcern.Theincreasedproductivityfromfarmlandmadesomecountriesself-sufficientingrainandlivestockandofferedeffectiveprotectionagainstfamine.——fish,foods,farmland=————ixEnoughfoodatGlobaltemperaturesbegantoriseslowlyafter1850,withthebeginningoftheModerntowhichthefaminecausedbytheIrishpotatoblightcontributed,toNorthAmerica,Australia,NewZealand,andsouthernAfrica.Millionsofhectaresof andwoodlandfellbeforethe ers'axesbetween1850and1890,asintensiveEuropeanfarmingmethodsexpandedacrosstheworld.Theunprecedentedlandclearancereleasedvasttiesofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,triggeringforthefirsttime.——ivHumanimpactonthe2講HOWDOESTHEBIOLOGICALCLOCK Our'dead'productsare'static',closedsystems.Itisalwaysthebasicmaterialwhichconstitutestheobjectandwhich,inthenaturalcourseofthings,isworndownandes'older'.Ageinginthiscasemustoccuraccordingtothelawsofphysicalchemistryandofthermodynamics.Althoughthesamelawholdsforalivingtheresultofthislawisnotinexorableinthesame——isnotinthesame——ixFundamentaldifferencesinageingofobjectsandThusageinganddeathshouldnotbeseenasinevitable,particularlyastheorganismpossessesmanymechanismsforrepair.Itisnot,inprinciple,necessaryforabiologicalsystemtoageanddie.Nevertheless,arestrictedlifespan,ageing,andthendeatharebasiccharacteristicsoflife.Thereasonforthisiseasytorecognize:innature,theexistentorganismseitheradaptorareregularlyrecedbynewtypes.——Thisisthebasicproblemof——thereason=why;—beneficial=recedbynewtypes.選IIWhydyingisbeneficial Everyorganismhasalifespanwhichishighlycharacteristic.Therearestrikingdifferencesinlifespanbetweendifferentspecies,butwithinonespeciestheparameterisrelativelyconstant.Forexample,theaveragedurationofhumanlifehashardlychangedinthousandsof——hashardly——viiAstablelifespandespiteIfalifespanisageneticallydeterminedbiologicalcharacteristic,itislogicallynecessarytoproposetheexistenceofaninternalclock,whichinsomewaymeasuresandcontrolstheageingprocessandwhichfinallydeterminesdeathasthelaststepinafixed——existenceofaninternalclock=Thebiologicalclock Animalswhichbehave'frugally'withenergy eparticularlyold,forexample,crocodilesandtortoises.Parrotsandbirdsofpreyareoftenheldchainedup.Thustheyarenotableto'experiencelife'andsotheyattainahighlifespanincaptivity.Animalswhichsaveenergybyhibernationorlethargy…livemuchlongerthanthosewhicharealwaysactive.——Itfollowsfromtheabovethatsparinguseofenergyreservesshouldtendtoextend——extend——ivProlongingyour段點(diǎn)難度系A(chǔ)刪B非規(guī)則段落難C非規(guī)則段落難（轉(zhuǎn)折D(首二句易（轉(zhuǎn)折，舉例E(首句易F規(guī)則段落(首句中（高頻詞G規(guī)則段落(首句易3講MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportWhentheprojectbegan,MaketeDistrictwasvirtuallytotallyisolatedduringtherainyseason.Theregionalroadwasinsuchbadshapethataccesstothemaintownswasimpossibleforaboutthreemonthsoftheyear.Beforesolutionscouldbeproposed,theproblemshadtobe——Beforesolutionscouldbeproposed,theproblemshadtobeunderstood=problems——iiIdentifyingthemaintransportHavingdeterminedthemaintransportneeds,possiblesolutionswereidentifiedwhichmightreducethetimeandburden.DuringPhaseⅡ,fromJanuarytoFebruary1991,anumberofapproacheswereimplementedinanefforttoimprovemobilityandaccessto——VInitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportAnimprovementoftheroadnetworkwasconsiderednecessarytoensuretheimportandexportofgoodstothedistrict.Mostgoodsweretransportedalongthepathsthatprovideshort-cutsupanddownhillsides,buttheItwas montofindmeansoftransportthatweremoreefficientthanwalkingbutlesstechnologicallyadvancedthanmotorvehicles.ItwouldhavebeeneasytocriticizetheMIRTPforusingintheearlyphasesa‘top-down'approach,inwhichdecisionsweremadebyexpertsandofficialsbeforebeinghandeddowntocommunities,butitwasnecessarytostarttheprocessfromthelevelofthe ofthedistrict.Itwouldhavebeendifficulttorespondtotherequestsofvillagersandotherruralinhabitantswithoutthesupportandunderstanding —— '—— Co-operationofdistrict Today,nobodyinthedistrictarguesabouttheimportanceofimprovedpathsandinexpensivemeansoftransport.Butthisistheresultofdedicatedworkoveralongperiod,particularlyfromtheofficersinchargeofcommunitydevelopment.Theyyedanessentialrolein…TheconceptofintegratedruraltransportisnowwellestablishedinTanzania,whereamajorprogramofruraltransportisjustabouttostart.TheexperiencesfromMaketewillhelpinthisinitiative,andMaketeDistrictwillactasareferenceforfuturework.——iMIRTPasafuture段點(diǎn)難度系Section刪Section規(guī)則段落（首句易Section規(guī)則段落（首二句中（長(zhǎng)，總分結(jié)構(gòu)Section刪Section(全段中（排除法Section規(guī)則段落(首句易（首末對(duì)應(yīng)詞List ofheadings注意事項(xiàng)7LOH的題目,題目先于文章出現(xiàn),注意不要漏做,一個(gè)段意只能選一次,先做有把握的,MatchingI型講解與練習(xí)解MatchingIe.g.:Lookatthefollowingcities(Questions11-13)andthelistofdescriptionsMatcheachcitywiththecorrectdescription,A—ListList successfulusesalightrailtransportsysteminhillysuccessfulpublictransportsystemdespitecoldprofitablymovedfromroadtolightrailtransporthillyandinappropriateforrailtransportheavilydependentoncarsdespitewidespreadinefficientduetoalimitedpublictransport解題步從中劃（特殊詞、金三角（原詞，同義詞替換小專題：人名+理出現(xiàn)： (直接引語orclaims,就近原則，在原文理論附近，劃（特殊詞，金三角帶回題干對(duì)應(yīng)理論,1講解（7test4passageEFFECTSOF quiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheexperienceofhavingtoadjusttosleeinthemountainsorthecountrysidebecauseitwasinitially‘tooquiet',anexperiencethatsuggeststhathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiselevels.Researchsupportsthisview.example,GlassandSinger(1972)exposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthenwasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectswerengjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.Theirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothesamelevelsasthoseofthecontrolsubjects.Buttherearelimitstoadaptationandloudnoise esmoretroublesomeiftheisrequiredtoconcentrateonmorethanonetask.Forexample,highnoiselevelsinterferedwiththeperformanceofsubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreedialsatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeronepilotoranair-trafficcontroller(Broadbent,1957).Similarly,noisedidnotaffectasubject'sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithasteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'sabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletracking(FinkelmanandGlass,1970).PredictableLoudSoftProbablythemostsignificantfindingfromresearchonnoiseisthatitspredictabilityismoreimportantthanhowlouditis.Wearemuchmoreableto‘tuneout'chronicbackgroundnoise,evenifitisquiteloud,thantoworkundercircumstanceswithunexpectedintrusionsofnoise.IntheGlassandSingerstudy,inwhichsubjectswereexposedtoburstsofnoiseastheyworkedonatask,somesubjectsheardloudburstsandothersheardsoftbursts.Forsomesubjects,theburstswerespacedexactlyoneminuteapart(predictablenoise);othersheardthesameamountofnoiseoverall,buttheburstsoccurredatrandomintervals(unpredictablenoise).PredictableLoudSoftTable1:ProofreadingErrorsandApparently,unpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguethanpredictablenoise,butittakesawhileforthisfatiguetotakeitstollonperformance.PredictabilityisnottheonlyvariablethatreducesoreliminatesthenegativeeffectsofAnotheriscontrol.Iftheindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thisseemstoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeanditsafter-effects.Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneveractuallyexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff(GlassandSinger,1972).Justtheknowledgethatonehascontrolissufficient.Thestudiesdiscussedsofarexposedpeopletonoiseforonlyshortperiodsandonlytransienteffectswerestudied.Butthemajorworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaywithchronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.Onestudy,suggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedelementaryschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLosAngeles'sbusiestairportwithstudentswhoattendedschoolsinquietneighbourhoods(Cohenetal.,1980).Itwasfoundthatchildrenfromthenoisyschoolshadhigherbloodpressureandweremoreeasilydistractedthanthosewhoattendedthequietschools.Moreover,therewasnoevidenceofadaptabilitytothenoise.Infact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,themoredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelonglasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweremovedtolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityoneyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequietschools(Cohenetal,1981).Itshouldbenotedthatthetwogroupsofchildrenhadbeencarefullymatchedbytheinvestigatorssothattheywerecomparableinage,ethnicity,race,andsocialclass.MatcheachstatementwiththecorrectNBYoumayuseanylettermorethanGlassandSingerBroadbentFinkelmanandGlassCohenetNoneoftheSubjectsexposedtonoisefinditdifficultatfirsttoconcentrateonproblem-solvingLong-termexposuretonoisecanproducechangesinbehaviourwhichcanstillbeobservedayearlater.Theproblemsassociatedwithexposuretonoisedonotariseifthesubjectknowstheycanmakeitstop.Exposuretohigh-pitchednoiseresultsinmoreerrorsthanexposuretolow-pitchedSubjectsfinditdifficulttoperformthreetasksatthesametimewhenexposedtoNoiseaffectsasubject'scapacitytorepeatnumberswhilecarryingoutanother講andthenmeasuredtheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirphysiologicalreactionstothenoise.Thenoisewasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectswerengjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.Forexample,highnoiselevelsinterferedwiththeperformanceofsubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreedialsatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeronepilotoranair-trafficcontroller(Broadbent,1957).…Similarly,noisedidnotaffectasubject’sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithasteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject’sabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletracking(FinkelmanandGlass,1970).Iftheindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thisseemstoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeanditsafter-effects.Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneveractuallyexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff(GlassandSinger,1972).Justtheknowledgethatonehascontrolissufficient.最后一段（第六段）…Butthemajorworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaywithchronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.Onestudy,suggestingthatthisworryisabusiestairportwithstudentswhoattendedschoolsinquietneighbourhoods(Cohenetal.,Itwasfoundthatchildrenfromthenoisyschoolshadhigherbloodpressureandweremoreeasilydistractedthanthosewhoattendedthequietschools.Moreover,therewasnoevidenceofadaptabilitytothenoise.Infact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,themoredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelonglasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweremovedtolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityoneyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequietschools(Cohenetal,1981).答案 4 5 62（8test4passageCollectingantsCollectingantscanbeassimpleaspickingupstrayonesandcingtheminaglassjar,orascomplicatedascompletinganexhaustivesurveyofallspeciespresentinanareaandestimatingtheirrelativeabundances.Theexactmethodusedwilldependonthefinalpurposeofthecollections.Fortaxonomy,orclassification,longseries,fromasinglenest,whichcontainallcastes(workers,includingmajorsandminors,and,ifpresent,queensandmales)aredesirable,toallowthedeterminationofvariationwithinspecies.Forecologicalstudies,themostimportantfactoriscollectingidentifiablesamplesofasmanyofthedifferentspeciespresentaspossible. y,thesemethodsarenotalwayscompatible.Thetaxonomistsometimesoverlookswholespeciesinfavourofthosegroupscurrentlyunderstudy,whiletheecologistoftencollectsonlyalimitednumberofspecimensofeachspecies,thusreducingtheirvaluefortaxonomicTocollectaswidearangeofspeciesaspossible,severalmethodsmustbeused.Theseincludehandcollecting,usingbaitstoattracttheants,groundlittersampling,andtheuseofpitfalltraps.Handcollectingconsistsofsearchingforantseverywheretheyarelikelytooccur.Thisincludesontheground,underrocks,logsorotherobjectsontheground,inrottenwoodonthegroundorontrees,invegetation,ontreetrunksandunderbark.Whenpossible,collectionsshouldbemadefromnestsorforagingcolumnsandatleast20to25individualscollected.Thiswillensurethatallindividualsareofthesamespecies,andsoincreasetheirvaluefordetailedstudies.Sincesomespeciesarelargelynocturnal,collectingshouldnotbeconfinedtodaytime.Specimensarecollectedusinganaspirator(oftencalledapooter), ps,afine,moistenedpaintbrush,orfingers,iftheantsareknownnottosting.Individualinsectsarecedinsticorglasstubes(1.5-3.0mlcapacityforsmallants,5-8mlforlargerants)containing75%to95%ethanol. tubeswithsecuretopsarebetterthanglassbecausetheyarelighter,anddonotbreakaseasilyifBaitscanbeusedtoattractandconcentrateforagers.Thisoftenincreasesthenumberofindividualscollectedandattractsspeciesthatareotherwiseelusive.Sugarsandmeatsoroilswillattractdifferentspeciesandarangeshouldbeutilised.ThesebaitsCanbecedeitheronthegroundoronthetrunksoftreesorlargeshrubs.Whencedontheground,baitsshouldbesituatedonsmallpapercardsorotherflat,light-colouredsurfaces,orintest-tubesorvials.ThismakesiteasiertospotantsandtocapturethembeforetheycanescapeintothesurroundingleafManyantsaresmallandforageprimarilyinthelayerofleavesandotherdebrisontheground.Collectingthesespeciesbyhandcanbedifficult.Oneofthemostsuccessfulwaystocollectthemistogathertheleaflitterinwhichtheyareforagingandextracttheantsfromit.Thisismostcommonlydonebycingleaflitteronascreenoveralargefunnel,oftenundersomeheat.Astheleaflitterdriesfromabove,ants(andotheranimals)movedownwardandeventuallyfalloutthebottomandarecollectedinalcoholcedbelowthefunnel.Thismethodworksespeciallywellinrainsandmarshyareas.Amethodofimprovingthecatchwhenusingafunnelistosifttheleaflitterthroughacoarsescreenbeforecingitabovethefunnel.Thiswillconcentratethelitterandremovelargerleavesandtwigs.Itwillalsoallowmorelittertobesampledwhenusingalimitednumberoffunnels.Thepitfalltrapisanothercommonlyusedtoolforcollectingants.Apitfalltrapcanbeanysmallcontainercedinthegroundwiththetoplevelwiththesurroundingsurfaceandfilledwithapreservative.Antsarecollectedwhentheyfallintothetrapwhileforaging.Thediameterofthetrapscanvaryfromabout18mmto10cmandthenumberusedcanvaryfromafewtoseveralhundred.Thesizeofthetrapsusedisinfluencedlargelybyalpreference(althoughlargersizesaregenerallybetter),whilethenumberwillbedeterminedbythestudybeingundertaken.Thepreservativeusedisusuallyethyleneglycolorpropyleneglycol,asalcoholwillevaporatequicklyandthetrapswilldryout.Oneadvantageofpitfalltrapsisthattheycanbeusedtocollectoveraperiodoftimewithminimalmaintenanceandintervention.OnedisadvantageisthatsomespeciesarenotcollectedastheyeitheravoidthetrapsordonotcommonlyencounterthemwhileQuestions5—ClassifythefollowingstatementsasreferringAhandBusingCsamplinggroundDusingapitfallWritethecorrectletter,A,B,C,andD,inboxed5-10onyouranswerItispreferabletotakespecimensfromgroupsofItisparticularlyeffectiveforwet7ItisagoodmethodforspecieswhicharehardtoLittletimeandeffortisSeparatecomtainersareusedforindividualspecimens.10．Non-alcoholicpreservativeshouldbeused.講Tocollectaswidearangeofspeciesaspossible,severalmethodsmustbeused.includehandcollecting,usingbaitstoattracttheants,groundlittersampling,andtheuseofpitfalltraps.Handcollectingconsistsofsearchingforantseverywheretheyarelikelytooccur.Thisincludesontheground,underrocks,logsorotherobjectsontheBaitscanbeusedtoattractandconcentrateforagers.Thisoftenincreasesthenumberofindividualscollectedandattractsspeciesthatareotherwiseelusive…Manyantsaresmallandforageprimarilyinthelayerofleavesandotherdebrisontheground.Collectingthesespeciesbyhandcanbedifficult.Oneofthemostsuccessfulwaystocollectthemistogathertheleaflitterinwhichtheyareforagingandextracttheantsfromit…Thepitfalltrapisanothercommonlyusedtoolforcollectingants.Apitfalltrapbeanysmallcontainercedinthegroundwiththetoplevelwiththesurroundingsurfaceandfilledwithapreservative...MACHINGI題步驟對(duì)（特殊詞、金三角（原詞，同義詞替換ItispreferabletotakespecimensfromgroupsofItisparticularlyeffectiveforwetItisagoodmethodforspecieswhicharehardtoLittletimeandeffortisSeparatecontainersareusedforindividualNon-alcoholicpreservativeshouldbeused. handcollecting第二段第五行Whenpossible,collectionsshouldbemadefromnestsorforagingcolumnsandatleast20to25individualscollected.Thiswillensurethatallindividualsareofthesamespecies,andsoincreasetheirvaluefordetailedstudies.—fromnestsorforaging—andatleast20to25=5Itispreferabletotakespecimensfromgroupsofants.（A）Individualinsectsarecedinsticorglasstubes(1.5-3.0mlcapacityforsmall5-8mlforlargerants)containing75％to95％9．Separatecontainersareusedforindividualspecimens.（選A） usingbait第三段第一行：Thisoftenincreasesthenumberofindividualscollectedandattractsspeciesthatareotherwiseelusive.Elusive=hardto7．Itisagoodmethodforspecieswhicharehardtofind.（選B） samplinggroundlitter第四段第六行：Thismethodworksespeciallywellinrainsandmarshy—rains/marshy=wet6．Itisparticularlyeffectiveforwethabitats.（選C） usingapitfalltrap第五段倒數(shù)第五行：Thepreservativeusedisusuallyethyleneglycolorpropyleneglycol,asalcoholwillevaporatequicklyandthetrapswilldryout.—ethyleneglycol/propylene10Non-alcoholicpreservativeshouldbeused.（選D）Oneadvantageofpitfalltrapsisthattheycanbeusedtocollectoveraperiodoftimewithminimalmaintenanceandintervention.minimalmaintenanceandinterventionlittletimeandeffort8（…isrequired)（D）正確答案： 3（7test2passageWhypagodasdon’tfallInalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings-500orsowoodenpagodas-remainedstandingforcenturies?Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.thathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,buildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreindconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,thethirty-six-storeyKasumigasekibuildingincentralTokyo-Japan'sfirstskyscraper-wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,masterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky-nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature'ss.whatsortoftheywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.Thebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewaslyadaptedtolocalconditions-theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japaneselearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsgushingdownthewalls.PagodasinandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanypagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.ButthisdoesnottotallyexinthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Isanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda-withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira-simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?Forcenturies,manythoughtso.Buttheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingitdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda-hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.TheweightofthebuildingisentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnerAndwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?Thebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchamadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.MrIshida,knowntohisstudentsas'ProfessorPagoda'becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table'inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobengasnakedance-witheachconsecutivefloorintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingwitheachsuccessivefloornbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.Andtheextra-wideeaves?Thinkofthemasatightropewalker'sbalancingpole.biggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.'Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMrIshida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.Questions1- ClassifythefollowingastypicalbothandJapaneseonlyonlyJapaneseWritethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes1-6onyouranswereasyinterioraccesstotilesonuseasobservationsizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthoftheoriginalreligiousfloorsfittinglooselyovereach講Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfrominthesixthcentury.Asin,theybuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfrominthesixthcentury.Asin,theybuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewaslyadaptedtolocalofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecame