中西顏色詞的文化差異及翻譯英語最終定稿大學(xué)畢設(shè)論文

.Introduction1.1SignificanceoftheresearchSincepeopleliveinavariedandgracefulworld,colorwordsarecloselylinkedwithhumanlife.Inotherwords,lifewillbebleakwithoutcolorwords.Althoughtherearemanykindsofcolor,people’sperceptionsofcolorwordsarethesame.Forexample,inmanylanguages,therearesomebasiccolorwords,suchasred,white,yellow,blackandgreen,buttheconnotationofEnglishandChinesecolorwordsarequitedifferent.Theirdifferencesintheaspectsofreligiousbeliefandpsychology,historicalculture,waysofthinking,reflecttwodifferentculturesofEasternandWesterncountries.Nowadays,withthetimepassing,colorwordshavebecomeafundamentalpartinthelanguage,whichcanmakethelanguagemorevividandlifelike.Meanwhiletheyarenotonlythetoolofcommunication,butaveryimportantcomponentoftherelationshipbetweenculturalconnotations.SocomparingculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecolorwordsandthestudyontheirtranslationcanmakethecommunicationmorefluentandeffectiveandmakepeoplegettoknowthebackgroundknowledgeofEnglishandChineseculturemoreclearlysoastoknowmoreabouttheculturalconnotationofbothcountries.ItcanalsopromotetheEnglishabilityaswellastheexchangeofcultureinChinaandWest.1.2LiteraturereviewoftheresearchTherearemanyscholarswhohavedonesomeresearchesontheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecolorwordsfromdifferentaspects.ForexampletheteacherGaoGuilianandLiYanqinghavepublishedthepaperentitledCulturalDifferencesinColorWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese.TheymainlycomparetheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesefromthereasonsofthehistoricalbackgrounds,socialsystems,culturalconventions,religiousbeliefs,thinkingpatterns,surroundings,customs,andemotionsandsoon(Gao2).FromtheabovethesispeoplecanunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesedeeply,andgeneralizedexpressionsofthetwolanguages.In2008,therewasanessayontheissueofcolorword,publishedintheJournalofGuizhouEducationInstitute,namelyCulturalintheColoroflanguagebytheteacherLiWei.Hemainlymadeastudyoftheemotionsandrhetoricalrolesoftheinformationofculturalcarriedinthetermsconcerningcolors.Meanwhilehesuggestedteachersshouldleadstudentstoaccumulateandcompareculturedifferenceswhenlearningwesterncultures(Li11).AnotherteacherHuangZhengjihaspublishedthepaperentitledChineseandKoreanColorWordsandTheirCulturalConnotationsCulturalintheJournalofDongjiangJournal.HeexpressesthedifferenceofcolorwordsinChineseandKoreanfromfivebasiccolors:green,red,white,yellowandblack(Huang64).1.3PurposesoftheresearchThroughtheanalysisandcomparisonoftheculturaldifferencesofChineseandEnglishcolorwords,peoplecangetthefollowingconclusions:ThecolorwordshaveaplentifulconnotationbothinEnglishandChinese.Asanecessarypartofthelanguage,colortermscanrevealanation’sculture.ItcanprovideatypicalexampleforthecommunicationinChineseandEnglishdailylife.MeanwhileitcanstrengthentheEnglishlearner’ssensibilitytowesternculturetolessenandavoidpragmaticfailureincross-culturecommunication,andthenenhancetheabilitiesofcross-culturalcommunication.EnglishlearnerscanuseEnglishcorrectlyandpromotetranslationskillsbyknowingthedifferencesbetweencolorwordinbothChineseandEnglish.Solaterinlife,muchmoreattentionshouldbespentondeeperconnotationsofcolorwords,forbetterunderstandingandmemorizing.2.CulturalDifferencesofChineseandEnglishColorwordsTheculturaldifferencesofEnglishandChinesecanbereflectedbythecolorwords,fromtheaspectslikevalue,expressionway,emotionalcoloringtocategoryused.Whileinthefollowingthesis,themainreasonsleadingtotheirculturaldifferencessuchas:thedifferentculturaltradition,nationalcustoms,geographicalenvironment,religiousbeliefandhistoricalcultureandgeographicalbackgrounds,theseaspectswillbetoldindetail.2.1DifferentCulturalConnotations2.1.1TheColorofRedChinaisacountrywhichadvocatesred,despisesblackandhateswhite.RedisafavoritecolorofChinesepeople.Sinceancienttimes,redisadvocatedbyChinese,andpaysanimportantroleofessentialfestivalcolorinourdailylife.InChinesepeople’smind,redisthebasiccolorwhichpeoplerespectedandisancarrierofChinesepeople’sspiritandobject.SoredhasthefollowingmeaninginChinese:Firstly,redsymbolizeshappiness,hotness,prosperityandpassion.Inhappydayspeoplewouldsurelyuseittodecorateeverything.Itrepresentsnotonlythefestivalatmosphereofrejoicingandfestivity,butalsothelucky.Forexample,ChineseNewYearisoneofthemostimportanttraditionalfestivalsinChina.Manypeoplewillweartheredclothesduringthistimeofyear.Meanwhileatthattime,everyhouseholdwillhavemanyredornamentstraditionallysuchaswindows,whichwillstickwithredpaper-cutsanddoors,whichwillbepastedbyred-papercoupletswithpopularthemesofhappinessandwealth.Thenightwillendbyfamilylightingtheredfirecrackers.Earlythenextmorningchildrenwillmeettheireldermembersandreceivemoneyinredpaperenvelopeswiththemeaningofwishingchildrenhealthyandhappyinthenextyear.Anotherexample,whentheyoungpeopleholdthewedding,thenewcoupleshouldwearredclothes,andthefloorwillbepavedbyredcarpetaccordingtoChinesetradition.Sopeoplecanseefromtheaboveexamples,inChinesecultureredstandsofhappinessandjoy.Secondly,redsymbolizesgoodluckandsuccess:Whenanewstoreorshopwasopen,therelativesandfriendsalwaysexpresstheirbestwisheslike“開門紅”forthemaster.Here“開門紅”meansthestorewillmakeagoodbegining,andbecomeflourishingandpresentbusinessboom.Overtime,peopleusuallycallthepopularstaras“當(dāng)紅明星”inmodernsociety.InChinese“當(dāng)紅明星”ismainlyusedtodescribethosestarsthatarepopularandfavoredwiththeirbosses,supportedandlovedbytheaudience.Thirdly,redhasthemeaningofrevolution:InChinese,redisthemosttypicalwordwhichisrelatedtothepoliticalcolor.TheperiodofChineseAnti-Japanesewar,ChiangKai-shekandhiscolleaguesabusedthearmyofthecommunistas“RedArmy”.China’spoliticallifehadusedthat“Redgovernment”,“RedStar”,“TheFivestarRedFlag”tosymbolizeChinesepolitics.Thefourth,redalsoreferstothefemale:Inancienttime,theperson,acriticalfiguretohelpthesuccessfulrelationshipwithother’smarriage,wascalled“紅娘”.Shemainlybringsthebachelorsandsinglefemaletogether.Andthefeatureof“紅娘”hasdeeplyrootedinthepeople’sheartlike:cute,pranks,beautiful.Sothepersonwhohelpstheother’smarriageisself-proclaimedas“紅娘”.Forextraordinarytime,redcanstandsofuprightnessandloyalty:InChinesetraditionalopera,GuanYuhasabigredface.Heimpresseduswithhisstiffness,straightforwardnessandloyalty.HewouldrathersufferdeaththansurrendertoSunQuan.Sincethentheredstandsforuprightnessandloyalty.Ontheotherhand,intheEnglishculture,redisoftenusedinaderogatorysenseindicatinganger,brutality,disaster,trivialformalities,fanaticismetc.IntheOxfordEnglishDictionarywefindthefollowingdefinitions:aprimarycolororanythingcoloredred：aredclothe,redclothingetc(Sally1663).Inwesternculture,redisthecolorofviolence,danger,asymbolofblood(Jia125).BecauseinEnglish,redisthebloodofpeople’sheart,andthewesternpeoplethinkthatbloodisthesourceofpeople’slife,whichisvitalforlife.Ifpeoplehavenoblood,theywouldsurelydie,soredisalwaysconnectedwithviolenceanddanger.Inwesternculture,theconnotationofredcomesfromthebullfight.Duringbullfighting,thecowwillgocrazyandrunwildlywhenitsawtheredcloth.Soredmakespeoplefeelunsafe.Redcanstandfordangerandurgency.Inwesterncountrytheyhavetheword“redlight,redflag”toshowtheconditionisdangerous.Forexample,ChinaissuedredalertSunday,thehighestpossiblewarningforforestfires.Herethe“redalert”meanstheemergencyalarm,it’susuallytodescribeemergencyconditionsandattractpeople’sattention.Orsay“Johntoldmearedadventurestory”,inthissentence“red”meansthefeelofdangerous,suspensefulandnervous.Redisasymbolofdissoluteandobscene:Peoplealwayscalltheplaceofsalaciousas“red-lightdistrict”.Andthewomenwhowereworkinginthefieldofobscenewerenamedas“redlady”.InHawthorne’sfamousworkTheScarletLetter,itdescribedtheprostitute’breastofhergownappearingtheletterAinred.Meanwhileastudyshowsredisrelatedtosex.Thecolorredrepresentsbeingcheap.Forexample,inwesterncountryyoucannotinterprete“redeye”astheeyewiththecolorofred,butrefertoacheapwineofwhisky.Thereis“Dagored”tosignifythepoorqualityofredwine.Fromtheaboveanalysis,wehaveknownthecolorofredsymbolizesalotofpositivemeanings,whicharepopulatedbyChinesepeople.Whileinwesterncountry,redhasanegativemeaning.AlloftheseshowedtheculturaldifferencesofredcolorbetweenEnglishandChinese.RedhasthesameconnotationsbetweenEnglishandChineseculture.Forexample:Inchina,everyfamilyhangsredlanternsforcelebratingspringfestival.Similarly,onChristmasDayinwesterncountry,theFatherChristmaswitharedhatandalongredrobegiveschildrengift.Fromtheaboveexample,youcanknowredisanexpressionindicatingpeopletakedelightsorgetexcitedofthesefestivals.SobothEnglishandChinese,redisusuallyassociatedwithhappyoccasionsandcelebratingactivities.NomatterinChinaorwesterncountries,redisusedinanumberofspecificoccasionstoshowimportance.Forexample,whensomeprimeministerscometovisitChina,weshouldrollouttheredcarpetforthem.Hereweuseredtoshowourwarmwelcomeandattentiontothem.AttheAcademyAwardstheyalsoputaredcarpettoshowitsimportance.Indailylife,peopleusuallynamethemeaningfulandimportantdaysas“redletterday”.Asweallknown,peopleuseredtoexpressthepersonishealthyandhasagoodcomplexion.Inchina,peopleoftenuse“紅光滿面”toshowsomebodyhasaruddycomplexionandbrilliantfaces.It’sthesamewithEnglish,sotheyhavethewords:“asredasacherry”or“asredasarose”toexpresshealthy.Thisisbecausethecolorofthecherryandtherosecolorareactuallyquiteclosetohuman’shealthycomplexion.Redisalsoacolortoshowemotionof“shyandangry”andsoon.InChinese,peopleoftenuse“someone’sfacecolorisasredasapple”todescribeone’sshyness.Therearewords“red-faced,redwithangry”toshowthesamemeaninginEnglish.Redalsomeans“dangerandwarning”intwocounties.BothEnglishandChinese,peopleusetherednumbertoshowdeficitineconomy.BecauseredisabrightcolorbothinEnglishandChineseusedtoindicatedangerespeciallyinthetransportation,suchas:Thecarhadtostopataredlight.Apersonusuallyusesthe“Red-lightdistrict”towarnpeoplenottogothere.2.1.2TheColorofWhiteInChineseculture,whiteistheoppositioncolorofred.It’sataboowordanditreflectstheChinesepeople’srejectionanddisgusting,bothinmaterialandspiritual.Andwhitecolorisasymbolofdeathsothatwhiteisusuallyassociatedwiththeperformanceofexhaustedandlifeless.Themeaningofthewhitecolorisasfollowing:Firstly,inChinesethewhitesymbolizesdeathandmourning.Forexample:InChinesetheword“紅白喜事”cantranslateasweddingandfuneralinEnglish.Sothewhitemeansfuneralhere.Whensomeonedies,peoplecallthefuneralas“白事”.Thecoloroftheclothesthatdressedonthemainrelativesandfriendsiswhite,thedoorshouldbepastedelegiaccouplet,andthemourninghallwasadornedwithstatelinessandsolemnizes,duringfuneralprocessionpeopleholdthewhitecomplications.Secondly,whitecansymbolizethepersonwiththeshallowknowledgeandbornofhumbleparentage.InancientChina,whitewasthecolorofcivilians,peopleused“白丁”toexpressthecommonmanwithoutknowledgeoraninexperiencedyouth.Alsopeopleuse“白屋”torefertothatchedhouseindicatingthefamilywaspooranddidn’thaveanymoney.Therewas“白身”toinsinuatethecommonpeoplewhohadnoofficialpositionorfame.Thirdly,whitealsomeansevilandbadpeople.Inthetraditionalopera,thewhitefaceistherepresentativetraitorministerthattheirfacearepaintedwithwhitewhenappearingonthestage,thetypicalpersonisCaoCao.Hewassosuspicionsthathedistrustsothers.Meanwhilehewaspursuinghisownpersonalbenefitsatthecostofothers.Last,whitealsomeans“innocence”.Peopleuse“清白無辜”toexpresssomeoneisinnocentandheorsheisn’tevil.Thereisthesameword“不白之冤”.Whensomeonewassenttoprisonfornotbreakingthelaw,hewouldtellthejudgeheisinnocent,asthesamemeaninginChinese“清白無辜”.SometimesthemeaningofwhiteinEnglishisverydifferentfromChinese.Inwesternculture,whiteistheirfavoritecolorbecauseWesternersthinkwhitecolorrepresentseleganceandpurityandbeautiful.Therearetheexampleasfollowing:InWesternweddings,bridesalwayswearwhiteweddingdressesandalongwhiteveil,withthewhiteflowersintheirhandssymbolizingrarityandpurityoflove;Theimageofangelsinpeople’sheartsislikethattheydressinwhitewithwhitewingsandwhitehaloovertheirhead.HereisanotherexamplethatwhiteLiliessymbolizepurity,elegance,honor,wealthandthesacred.Becauseofitseleganceandpurity,theyarethenationalflowersinbothFranceandVatican,andthesymbolofVirginMaryinCatholicism.Fromtheabovediscussion,itisevidentthatwhiteisthefavoritecolorinwesterncountries.Whiteisasymbolofhonestandintegrityinwesternculture.Therearemanywordstoshowthissuchas:“awhitespirit,whitemanandwhitehand”.Forexample:Amanwithcultureandtastecanbecalled“whitemen”.Whenyoumeetanofficialwhodoesn’tacceptbribes,andheistotallyhonest,awhitehandman.WhitesymbolizesgoodluckinEnglish.Peopleusuallywanttomemorizesomeespeciallyimportantorhappydayintheirlife.Inotherwordthatdayis“oneofthewhitedaysintheirlife”or“whitedaysoftheirlife”.Herewhiteisinterpretedasluckyandhappiness.Whitehasthemeaningoflawfulandnon-harmful.Suchas:Inwesterncountrythedocumentsreleasedbyofficialwillbecalled“whitepaper”.Theyareusedtocallthelegalmarketas“whitemarket”.Sometimesthetruthneedtobetoldasmuchaspossible,butthereisanyharmintellingawhiteliewhenthesituationneeds.Whiteinthatsentencemeansnoharmfulandmalicious.Thisshowsthatwhiteisafavorablecolorinwesternculture(Berlin93).Fromtheabovediscussion,wehavelearnedthatinwesterncountriesthecolorofwhitehasthepositivemeaningsuchas:“l(fā)ucky,honest,pure”andsoon.Oncontraryinwesterncountry,whitehasthemeaningof“death,evil,innocence”inChina.AlthoughtherearemanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseculture,buttomostChineseandWesterners,thecolorwhiteusuallyhasthesamemeanings.Generally,whitestandsofpurity,honestyandinnocence.Thebridewillwearawhitedressinthewedding.Meanwhilewiththedevelopmentofthesociety,thiscustomhasgraduallybecomepopularinChina.Indailylife,peopleoftenconnectwhitewiththewhitesnow,cloudandthelily,andtheythinkthatwhiteisinnocentandpure.Gradually,lilyisasymbolofpurityofmarriagewhichisacceptedbyChinese.Thenwhitecansymbolizesomethingisnovalueorinvain.Forexample:InChinese,therearesomephraseswiththewordwhitetoexpressthismeaningsuchas:“白費(fèi)力氣，白費(fèi)事,白干”.It’sthesamewithEnglishastheyhavethephrasessuchas“whiteelephant”toimplyuselessthingsinEnglish-speakingcountries.2.1.3TheColorofYellowAccordingtoChinesetraditionalculture,yellowisasymbolofsacredness,noblenessandmajesty.IthasalongtimethatyellowisconsideredtobethemostpopularcolorinChineseculture.ChineseDragontotemisthemostpopularintheChinesenation.Itissaidthatthedragonhadbeenenshrinedasaholinessthingwhichwascoveredwithgoldenscale.SofromancientChinauntilnowpeoplehadbeenadvocatingthecolorofyellow.Inchina,theyellowcolorrepresentshonorandglory.Firsttheyellowriverisregardedaschina’smotherriverinChinaandthecradleofChinesecivilization.Meanwhilethecoloroftheearthisyellowandearthistheconditionofeverythingtobegrown,soyellowisverycherishedinChina.It’satypicalcolorofChinesenation.Chinesepeople’syellowskinandblackeyeshavemadeadeepimpressiontoworldpeople.Sotoyellowcolor,Chinesepeoplehaveakindofspecialfeeling.InChineseculture,yellowmeansyoungpeople.Itmainlycomesfrompeople’sfeelingoflittlegrassandtrees.Peopleusuallycallasillylittlegirlas“黃毛丫頭”inchina.Thosewomenwhohaven’tmarriedandstillarevirginscanbecalled“黃花閨女”.InChinese“flowerlanguage”,yellowflowersandfruitsallendowagoodmoral.Chrysanthemumalwaysendows“awe-inspiring,goodfriends,hermitinflowers,prolongedlifeguest”.Meifloweralwaysendows“persistenceoflove,honest,thechiefofflower.”TheLameiisalwaysregardedas“devotedlove,keepingisnotrejected.”TheFingerCitronFlower’shomophonicmeaningislongevityandsoon.AllsuggestedthattheChinesepeoplehaveaspecialemotionandfavorforyellow.Meanwhileyellowisusedtorepresentapersonisunhealthy.Chinesepersonalwaysuse“面黃肌瘦”todescribesomebodywithanunhealthyyellowishhueoftheircomplexionsothathelookedsickandbad.Besidestherearealotofdiseasesareassociatedwithyellowsuchas:“yellowblight，yellowdwarf，yellowfever”andsoon.Incontrast,yellowinEnglishculture,tosomeextent,iskindofannoying,andusuallyindicatescoward,jealousy,suspicionandcraven.Yellowmeans“betrayandevil”inwesternculture.AccordingtotherecordinBrewersDictionaryofPhraseandFable(《布留沃成語與寓言詞》):InSpanish,thosewhobelievethecultorcollaboratedwiththearmyduringthewarwerepunishedwithyellowclothes.InFrance,thetraitor’shouseshouldpaintyellowtoshowpunishment(Ivor189).Yellowmeanstimorousness,thefollowingareexamples:Inwesterncountriespeopleusuallyuse“yellowbellyoryellowdog”(Sally98)todescribethetimidpeople.Therearealotofwordsrelatedwithyellowtoshowthebehavioroftimidsuchas:“turnyellow,haveayellowstreak,yellowaroundthegills”andsoon.Yellowisasignofsomespecialthings.InAmericapeopleuse“yellow”torepresent“taxi”,“Yellowpages”representthetelephonebook,“Yellowbook”representthegovernmentreportsofFrance.Yellowcansymbolizethestrongfeelingformissingfriendsandrelatives.It’sapositivemeaningofEasternculture.WehavelearnedanessayGoingHomewrittenbyPeteHamill.Ittellsaboutatreewascoveredwithyellowribbonstoshowawifewelcomesherhusbandtogohome.YellowRibbonisasignofloyaltytofamily,friendsorlovedoneswhoarewelcomedhome.Customarilyitisusedtowelcomemenandwomenwhohavebeenawayforalongtimeunderadverseorparticularlydifficultcircumstancessuchaswarorprisonhome.Bycontrast,thecolorofyellowstandsforsacredness,noblenessandmajestyinpeople’heart.Butforwesterners,yellowhasmanyderogatorysenses.Allofthesewerereflectedthedifferencesconnotationofyellowcolorbetweentwonations.Whileinmoderntimes,bothinEnglishandChinese,thecolorofyellowhassomenegativemeanings,forexample:thecolorofyellowisrelatedwith“sex,filthy,obscene,orvulgar,”especiallymeanspornography,astimesgoeson.Inchinapeoplenamesthebooksorfilmwhichincludespornographiccontentsas“黃色書刊,黃色電影”(Deng122-158).Whileinwesterncountriestheyused“obscenebooks,pornographicmovieorbluefilm(Sally83)toshowthesamemeaning.Firstly,yellowisasignofyellowpress.InEasternculture,yellowiscommonlyusedtorepresentthevulgartasteofnewspaperormagazineorthebookwithnoliteraturevalue.ThatreferencemaybetraceduptoAmerican’sLeMondeinhistory,whichusedtoprintvulgarpaintingsinyellowinordertoattractreaders’attention.Thus,peoplecallthispublicationas“yellowpress”.Secondly,yellowisasignofwealth.Becauseyellowisthecolorofgold,it’sacherishedmetal,whichwasusedasmoney.Inancienttimes,peopleusedgoldtomaketrades.InChinadaughtersaretraditionallygivengoldenornamentsandluxuryfortheirmarriage.Alsobecauseofthis,peopleliketoweargoldenornamentstoshowwealthbothineasternandwesterncountries.Third,yellowisusedtorepresentfailurebothinEnglishandChinese.Inchina,thereisaphrase“黃粱美夢”tomeanthethoughtscan’tcometrue.Whenthecouplesbrokeupyoucansay“黃了”.Last,yellowisasymbolofpowerbothinChineseandwesternculture.Inthehistoryofchina,yellowisconsideredasanoblecolor,becauseourancestorlivedontheLoessPlateauandtheCultureofHuaxiaoriginatedfromtheloessplateau.TheBookofPoetrysaid“thecoloryellowstandsfortheemperor”.Afterthe

SuiandTangDynasties

(581-907),onlytheemperorofChinacanwearayellowrobe.Sothereisaphrases“黃袍加身”tosuggestthemanistheemperorandthecommonpersoncannotusetheyellowcolor.MeanwhileEmperor’simperialedictsalsowriteintheclothofyellow(Du72-78).AndthemonkofDaoismpraisedhighlyHuanglaodoctrineinEasternHanDynasty，theirpriestfrock’scolorisyellow.Whileinwesterncountry,yellowisalsoastatussymbol.Becauseyellowisthecolorofimperial’scrownwhichismadeofgold.2.2CausesofCulturaldifferencesThepaperhasstudiedthedifferenceofcultureconnotationsofcolorwordsinEnglishandChinese.Sothefollowingpartwillexplainthereasonsofdifferences.Duetothereasonsofdifferentculturaltradition,nationalcustoms,geographicalenvironment,religiousbeliefandhistoricalandgeographicalbackgrounds,sothesamewordmayhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentnations.Peoplelivedinthecolorfulword,sothefeelingofcolorwordsisinevitablyaffectedbythenationalculturaltraditions.Allkindsofcolordon’thavethesameculturalconnotation.2.2.1TheHistoricalCausesThemaincauseofculturaldifferencesofcolorwordsisthedifferenthistoricalcultureinChineseandEnglish.Everycountryhastheirhistoricalculture,andChinawasinfluencedbyfeudalismideology.Fromancienttime,redistherespectfulcolor.Inancienttime,whenourancestorsdoingsacrificetheyhavegreatadmireforthesunlight.Fromthenon,redstandsforfestiveandauspicious.Soinsomeimportantfestivals,youcanseethecolorofredeverywheresuchas:redfirecrackers,redcouplets,redlanternsandsoon.Whenthecompaniescuttheribbontheyalsouseredcloth.Whilethehumanismwasthemainideaofthewesterncountries,theyadmireforfreedom,peaceandindividualityanddislikewarandviolence.Soinwesterncountries,thecolorofredisoftenrelatedto“warandblooding”.AndAmericanpeopleusuallycallthefireasredruinandthepepperas“redhot”.Alloftheseshowwesternpeople’soffensiveofred.2.2.2ReligiousbeliefsInwesterncountry,Christianity’sinfluencesareverygreat.ChristianityhadaverybigimpactonWesterncivilization.Christianclassicis“Bible”,whichisaccountsofGod’srevelationandChristiangeneralprinciplesoffaithandistheeternaltruth.It’slegendthatJudasgivesawayJesusforthirtypiecesofsilverinTheBible.AndJudahalwayswearsyellowclothes,soyellowmeansbetrayandevilinEnglish.Westernersdislikethenumber13,becauseintheChristianlegend,atthelastsupperJesussatdownwithhisdisciples.MeanwhileinWesterncountryFridayisalwayscalledas“BlackFriday”,meaningunfortunate.BecausetheChristianchurchesbelieveJesusChristdiedontheCrossonFriday.ChristiansreadtheBibleandgotochurchesonSunday.Onthesameday,AdamandEvewerebeingdrivenoutoftheEden.AlloftheseareduetoChristianchurchesregarding“Friday”as“unfortunate”.Ontheotherhand,Chinaisacountrywhichadvocatesyellow.YellowisoneofthebasiccolorswhichChinesepeoplerespected.InChinesetraditionalculture,yellowisanadvocatedcolorofreligious.Inprimitivereligion,ChineseDragontotemisthemostpopularintheChinesenation.Itissaidthatthedragonhadbeenenshrinedasaholinessthingwhichwascoveredwithgoldenscale.Buddhismisoneofthethreegreatreligionsinchinaanditsbasiccolorisyellow.IntheBuddhism,thecolorofclothesofmonksisyellow.Sopeopleadvocatedthecolorofyellowfromancienttimeuntilnow.2.2.3WaysofThinkingBecausedifferentperceptionanddifferentanglestoobserveproblems,theyhavedifferentideasinthesamethingbothinEnglishandChinese.Underdifferentculturalbackgrounds,differentcolorwordsareusedtomodifythingsevenwiththesamereferenceinbothEnglishandChinese,andthisisbecausepeoplespeakingthetwolanguagesarepossiblydifferentintheircolororientation.Westerners’thinkingmodelemphasizeslogicandanalysis,butEasterners’cognitiveshowscomprehensive,directandconceptual.Forexample,inChinesewesay“紅茶”,butinEnglishtheequivalentexpressionis“blacktea”.OneaccountforthisdifferenceisthatChinesepeoplepayattentiontotheredcolorofthewaterwhiletheEnglishmenareinclinedtoputtheireyesontheblackcoloroftheteawhenitdries.SpeakersofEnglishandChineseperceivethephysicalworlddifferently.2.2.4GeographicalEnvironmentInEnglish,powerandnobilityarerepresentedbyblueinEnglish,whileinChinesetheyaresymbolizedbyyellow.Ithassomerelationwiththegeographicallocation.Britainisanislandcountrywhichissurroundedbythesea,thus,thecolorofthesea-blueisworshippedanditbecomesanoblecolor.Europe’sgeographicalenvironmentmakesthemmoreconta