高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

專題一：英語(yǔ)句子的考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和一.陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本陳述句法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號(hào)。TomhasanewTheflowerisn’t二.祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用，句末用感嘆號(hào)！或句號(hào)。朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)?？隙ǖ钠硎咕淦硎咕渲鱵ou時(shí)，you常省略，但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)方或表達(dá)某種情緒時(shí)可Bequiet.Youbequiet!“Do+祈使句”表示一種感情或請(qǐng)求do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作Docomebackatonce!Dobecareful.否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never開(kāi)頭結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：“Don’t(Never)+動(dòng)詞+其他成分”Don’tdothatNeverleavetoday’sworkfortomorrow!Don’tbelatenexttime!疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意一般疑問(wèn)（1）一般疑問(wèn)句的肯定形yesno來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句，一般疑問(wèn)句讀DoyouknowMr.Canyou特殊疑問(wèn)特殊疑問(wèn)句由“疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞+一般疑問(wèn)句殊疑問(wèn)句不能用ys或no回答，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。例如：WhoisondutyHowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?Whattimedoyougetupeverymorning?WhatmustIdonow?選擇疑問(wèn)不同情況，讓對(duì)方選擇回答的疑問(wèn)句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問(wèn)句選擇部分。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。選擇疑問(wèn)句不yes或no回答，而必須具Isyourbagyelloworblack? It’sblack.Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee? willWhichdoyoulikebetter,singing Ilikedancing反意疑問(wèn)與之相反的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，問(wèn)對(duì)方是否贊同的疑問(wèn)句。附加問(wèn)句的否定式必須縮寫。的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問(wèn)句。Iamyourteacher,aren’tI?Hedidn’tstudyhard,didhe?如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never（從不，詞或形容詞，如nothing,nonenoone,nobody,neither,few,little等，則附加問(wèn)句只Theyhardlywritetoeachother,doHehasfoundnothing,hasFewpeopleknewthesecret,did---Youwon’tbeawayforlongwillyou?你---Yes,Iwill.不，我會(huì)離開(kāi)很久---No,Iwon’t.是的，我不會(huì)離開(kāi)很久-四.what,how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法往往由whathow引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句（1）what+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)WhatabeautifulcityitWhataninterestingstoryshe（）wha+形容詞復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞陳述句（主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)）WhatexpensivewatchestheyWhatterribleweatheritHow引導(dǎo)的感嘆How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)HowcolditHowhardheHow+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)Howheloveshisson!HowImissyou!How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)HowtallatreeitWhatacleverboyheis!→Howclevertheboyis!Whatacolddayitis!→Howcolditis!簡(jiǎn)單分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。句型：基本句型一＋謂主語(yǔ)+是不及物動(dòng)詞，例：Thingschange.事物是變化的。Nobodywent.沒(méi)有人去。--Didyougobysea？走的是海路嗎--NO，weflew.不，我們是飛基本句型二（主＋系＋表是一種謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但實(shí)質(zhì)上表語(yǔ)成了謂語(yǔ)，例：Mr.Turnerisan.先生是位畫家Themilkturnedsour.牛奶變酸了。Shebecamealawyer.她當(dāng)了。常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有be(am,are,is),turn,go, grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,feel,smell,sound,taste基本句型三（主＋謂＋賓動(dòng)詞，例：Weneverbeatchildren.我們從來(lái)不打孩子Mysisterwillfixeverything.我姐姐會(huì)料理一基本句型四ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋接賓語(yǔ)，例：Hegavethebooktohissister.他把這本書給了I'llwriteyoualongletter.我將寫給你一封長(zhǎng)基本句型五（主＋謂＋賓＋賓與賓語(yǔ)一起即構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，例：Ifoundthebookeasy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書不難。Hefoundhisnewjobboring.ThiscedhiminaverydifficultI'lllethimgo.我將讓他去（不定式go用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Didyounoticehimcome注意有時(shí)兩個(gè)或的并列主語(yǔ)擁有一個(gè)共同的謂然是簡(jiǎn)單句，例：andothercountriesintheeastAsiaaredevelorapidly.中國(guó)和東亞其它國(guó)家正在迅速地發(fā)展。（andothercountries并列主語(yǔ)）MrWangandIoftenworktogetherandhelpeach一.賓語(yǔ)從句的種類that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。That只有語(yǔ)法作用，和非正式文體中可以省略Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.Shedoesn’tknow(that)sheisseriouslyill.Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.由連接代詞o,ho,o,at,hich和連接副詞,h,w引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。例如：Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfor?Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.CanyoulmewheretheNo.3busstopis?Idon’tknowwhythetrainislate.ifwhether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)If在句中的意思是“是否”。例如Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere.Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.從句的賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例Ihear(that)physicsisn’tIthink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon.CanyoulmehowIcangettozoo? lmewhenwe’llhavethe從句的麼時(shí)態(tài)就用什麼時(shí)態(tài)。例如：Idon’tthink(that)youareright. luswhereheis.Canyou lmehowIcangettotherailway相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，HeaskedwhattimeitHetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsHeaskedifyouhadwrittentoHesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstofthe aroundthesun.專題三：狀語(yǔ)從句的考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和狀語(yǔ)從句，比較狀語(yǔ)從句，目的狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等連詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：ItwasraininghardwhenIgottoschoolyesterday.Whilehewas nghis ,the Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesangHehadlearneda beforehecame.Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：I’llringyouupassoonasIgettoNewI lhimeverythingwhenhecomesHewon’tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisown條件狀語(yǔ)從條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if,unless引導(dǎo)。例如Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?Don’tleavethebuildingunlessI lyouto.示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：I’llhelpyouwithyourEnglishifIHewon’tbelateunlessheis(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陳述句”在意思上相當(dāng)于Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpassthe原因狀語(yǔ)從原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because,since,as引導(dǎo)如Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasAsitisraining,weshallnotgotheSinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,I’llasksomeoneelse.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句由so…that,such…that,sothat引Heissopoorthathecan’tbuyabikeforhisSheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesMypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn’tseeit.so…thatsuch...that可以互換。例so...that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中，so是與形容詞連用結(jié)構(gòu)是:“...so容（副詞）that+例如Hewassogladthathecouldn’tsayaword.Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeversee有時(shí)上述兩種結(jié)構(gòu)是可以互換的。例如Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.比較狀語(yǔ)從比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 +than…等連詞引導(dǎo)。例TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.目的狀語(yǔ)從目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由sothatinorderthat引導(dǎo)。WestartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirstHestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture.sotat語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)別這兩種從句的辦法有兩個(gè)：1狀語(yǔ)從句里往往帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞aulda,ight等。2從意思上看，目的狀語(yǔ)從句往往表示的目的很明確。例如：Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由althoughthough等連詞引Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.我們不能說(shuō)：Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwent應(yīng)該說(shuō)：Thoughitwasraininghardhestillwentout.Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常常由where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如GowhereyouWhetheisa,theisaa.一.定語(yǔ)從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如：ThisisthepresentthathegavemeformyDoyouknoweverybodywhocametotheIstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametotheThisisthecewhereChairmanMaoonce代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功系待客做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，關(guān)系副詞可作狀語(yǔ)。 的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如：Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell.作賓語(yǔ)Sheisthe thatImetattheschoolgateThebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape”.關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)用What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?ThegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryI’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoThisisthehousewhereIwas三.各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例 whobrokethewindowmustpayforTheboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisverywhom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate？MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehaswhose指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。例如ThegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathomeIknowtheboywhosefatherisawhich指物，在定語(yǔ)從中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例AdictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofHereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedthat多指也指語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.Whoisthe thatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonHearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIwhere指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如Thisisthehous