醫(yī)學(xué)院校碩士研究生英語(yǔ)讀與寫(xiě)6

醫(yī)學(xué)院校

碩士研究生英語(yǔ)讀與寫(xiě)

EnglishforMasterStudents

inMedicalUniversitiesUnitSixTextAInsidetheAutisticMindOutlineBackgroundinformationGlobalanalysisofthetextTextstructureanalysisDetailedstudyofthetextReferenceanswerstotheexercisesBackgroundinformationIntroductiontothetopic自閉癥Autism['??t?z(?)m]Autismisaneurodevelopmentaldisordercharacterizedbyimpairedsocialinteraction,verbalandnon-verbalcommunication,andbyrestrictedandrepetitivebehavior.ItisoneoftherecognizeddisordersintheautismspectrumwhichreferstoarangeofdevelopmentaldisabilitiesthatincludesautismaswellasotherdisorderswithsimilarcharacteristicslikeAspergersyndrome(AS).Autismspectrumdisorders(ASD)areagroupofdevelopmentaldisabilitiesthatcancausesignificantsocial,communicationandbehavioralchallenges.BackgroundinformationA.

DataonAutismSpectrumDisorder(ASD)*BackgroundinformationCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC):1.5%ofchildrenintheUnitedStates(onein68)arediagnosedwithASDasof2014a30%increasefromonein88in2012*數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自美國(guó)疾控中心A.

DataonAutismSpectrumDisorder(ASD)BackgroundinformationarapidincreaseinChina1.64millionchildrenwithautismasrecentlyreported——中國(guó)公益研究院2012年《中國(guó)自閉癥兒童現(xiàn)狀分析報(bào)告》onlyabout8%-25%may

recoverTheprevalenceofautismisabout1–2per1,000peopleworldwide.Itoccursabout4timesmoreofteninboysthangirls.B.

FactsaboutASDBackgroundinformationThereisoftennothingabouthowpeoplewithASDlookthatsetsthemapartfromothers.PeoplewithASDmaycommunicate,interact,behave,andlearninwaysthataredifferentfrommostotherpeople.Theirlearning,thinking,andproblem-solvingabilitiescanrangefromgiftedtoseverelychallenged.SomepeoplewithASDneedalotofhelpintheirdailylives;othersneedless.C.

SignsandSymptomsBackgroundinformationkidswithanASDmight:

havetroublelearningthemeaningofwordsrepeatactionsoverandoveragain,likesayingthesameword

movehisorherarmsorbodyinacertainway

havetroubleadjustingtochanges

havetroublerelatingtoothersornothaveaninterestinotherpeopleatallavoideyecontactandwanttobealonehavetroubleunderstandingfeelingsortalkingabouttheirownfeelings…Thebraindevelopsdifferentlyandhastroublewithanimportantjob:makingsenseoftheworld.D.

CausesandRiskFactorsBackgroundinformationdifferentfactorsincludingenvironmental,biologicandgenetic

onesasfollows：MostscientistsagreethatgenesareoneoftheriskfactorsthatcanmakeapersonmorelikelytodevelopASD.ChildrenwhohaveasiblingwithASDareatahigherrisk.Whentakenduringpregnancy,theprescriptiondrugsvalproicacid(丙戊酸)andthalidomide(薩力多胺)havebeenlinkedwithahigherriskofASD.ThereissomeevidencethatthecriticalperiodfordevelopingASDoccursbefore,during,andimmediatelyafterbirth.…“WedonotknowallofthecausesofASD.”

BackgroundinformationIntroductiontotheauthorClaudiaWallis

ShehasenjoyedalongcareerasawriterandeditorforTIMEMagazine,specializinginnewsabouthealth,scienceandeducationaffectingAmericanfamilies.Sheistheauthorof40coverstories,includingsuchiconiccoversasTheScienceofHappinessSecretsoftheTeenBrainInsidetheAutisticMindEvolutionWarsAttentionDeficitDisorderMoviesonAutismDocumentaryonAutism《地球上的星星》《雨人》NovelonanAutisticBoy《深夜小狗神秘事件》(2003)PublicationonAutismInsidetheAutisticMind

GlobalanalysisofthetextThepassagebeginswiththemiraculousrecoveryofaprofoundlyautisticgirl.Althoughitgivessomeilluminationintotheresearchofautism,thefollowingparagraphsfirstremindusthatwestillcannotfigureoutthecauseofautismandthenprovidesuswiththreenewsurprisingfindingsregardingautism.ThemiddleparagraphspointoutstatisticsfromtheCDC(Centers

for

Disease

Control)aboutthesoaringnumbersintheincidenceofautism,andinformusthattheAmericanfederalgovernmenthasincreasedfinancingforresearchintothecauseofautism.Ananalysisoftheautisticbrainrelatedtothesize,structureandfunctionfollowsinseveralparagraphs.Theendingparagraphsareloadedwiththeremarkableachievementsofsomeautisticpatients,affirmingthattheirexperiencesandvoiceswilloffernewcluesforthefutureresearchofautism.TextstructureanalysisThetextfallsintofiveparts.PartI(Paragraphs1–5) Thispartrelatesamiraculousrecoveryofaprofoundlyautisticgirlanddescribeherstunningtalents.PartII(Paragraph6)ThisParagraphinformsthereaderthatthecauseofautismhasyettobefound,andthenunveilsnewsurprisingfindingsrelatedtoautism.PartIII(Paragraphs7–11) Thispartrevolvearoundtheresearchintothemysteriouscauseofautism.ThispartrevealsCDCstatisticsabouttheincreasingincidenceofautismandreportsthattheAmericanfederalgovernmenthastripledfundingforresearchintothecauseofautism.Thissectionendswitharecognitionbymostscientiststhatautismarisesfromacombinationofgeneticvulnerabilitiesandenvironmentaltriggers.TextstructureanalysisThetextfallsintofiveparts.PartIV(Paragraphs12–14) Thispartexplorestheautisticbrainatsomelength.Specifically,thispartoffersananalysisofautisticbrainsrelatedtosize,structureandfunction.PartV(Paragraphs15-18)Thisparagraphisloadedwiththeremarkableachievementsofsomeautisticpatients,affirmingthattheirexperienceandvoiceswilloffernewcluesforthefutureresearchofautism.Theyhadmovedmountainstoimprovehersenseofbalance,hersensoryperceptionandheroverallhealth.Theysentintruckloadsofoccupationalandphysicaltherapyandemotionalsupport.(Para.2)DetailedstudyofthetextMeaning:Theyhadmadeeveryefforttohelpherwithhersenseofbalance,sensoryperceptionandoverallhealth.Theygaveheralargeamountofoccupationalandphysicaltherapyandemotionalsupport.movemountains:Ifyoumovemountainstodosomething,youmakeeveryefforttoachieveyouraim.Example:Whenpeoplesaythatfaithcanmovemountains,theymeanthatitcanachievealot.Theyhadmovedmountainstoimprovehersenseofbalance,hersensoryperceptionandheroverallhealth.Theysentintruckloadsofoccupationalandphysicaltherapyandemotionalsupport.(Para.2)sendin:1)Ifyousendinsomethingsuchasacompetitionentryoranapplicationforajob,youpostittotheorganizationconcerned.Example:ApplicantsareaskedtosendinaCVandacoverletter.sendin:2)Whenagovernmentsendsintroopsorpoliceofficers,itordersthemtodealwithacrisisorproblemsomewhere.Examples:Hehasaskedthegovernmenttosendintroopstoendthefighting.Hannah,whosespeechwaslimitedtosnatchesofsongs,echoeddialogueandunintelligibleutterances,isprofoundlyautistic,anddoctorsthoughtshewasmostlikelyretarded.(Para.2)snatches:abit,scrap,orfragmentofsomethingExample:Iheardsnatchesoftheconversation.unintelligible:adj.notabletobeunderstood;incomprehensibleExample:

Hemutteredsomethingunintelligible.

他嘀咕些莫名其妙的話。Duringthesilentyears,itseems,Hannahwassoakingupvaststorehousesofinformation.(Para.4)soakup:

takein,alsometaphorically;

Example: Thecellswillpromptlystarttosoakupmoisture.

細(xì)胞會(huì)很快開(kāi)始吸收水份。Gazingdirectlyatthingsisdifficult,sosheoftenreliesonheralmostpreternaturalperipheralvision.(Para.5)peripheralvision:sidevision.Theabilitytoseeobjectsandmovementoutsideofthedirectlineofvision.Peripheralvisionistheworkoftherods,nervecellslocatedlargelyoutsidethemacula(thecenter)oftheretina.Therodsarealsoresponsiblefornightvisionandlow-lightvisionbutareinsensitivetocolor.Asopposedtocentralvision.Butslowly,steadily,manymythsaboutautismarefallingaway,(Para.6)Meaning:Manystoriesaboutautismareslowlyandsteadilyfadingaway.fallaway:fadeaway;disappearExample: The

print

dictionary

market

isjustdisappearing-- itis

falling

away

bytens

of

percentayear.

印刷版字典市場(chǎng)正在消失—以每年大于10%的速度消失。Theworldofautismtherapycontinuestobebombardedbycure-of-the-dayfads.(Para.6)cure-of-the-day:thecurrentpopulartreatmentfad:n.atemporaryfashion,notion,mannerofconduct,etc.,especiallyonefollowedenthusiasticallybyagroup.Example:

Hamnettdoesnotbelieveenvironmental concernisapassingfad.

哈姆內(nèi)特不相信對(duì)環(huán)境的關(guān)注是一時(shí)的狂熱。Whilesomehavedoubtedthenewfigures,twosurveysreleasedlastweekbytheCDCwereinkeepingwiththisshockingincidence.(Para.8)inkeepingwith:conformingto,inharmonywithExamples:Hisactionsarenotinkeepingwithhiswords.Thefuneralarrangementswereoutofkeepingwiththefamily'swishes.…althoughitpalesincomparisonwiththeestimated$500millionspentonchildhoodcancers,whichaffectfeweryoungsters.(Para.9)paleincomparisonwith:

Ifonethingpalesincomparisonwithanother,itismadetoseemmuchlessimportant,serious,orgoodbyit.Example:Whensomeoneyoulovehasalife-threateningillness,everythingelsepalesincomparison.Togettothebottomofthatmysteryandothers,federalfundingforautismresearchhasmorethantripledinthepastdecade,to$100million,(Para.9)Meaning:Inordertouncoverthetruth,thefederalgovernmentgave$100milliontoautismresearch,whichisthreetimesthatoftheprevioustenyears.togettothebottomof:uncoverthetruthExample:“Ourinvestigationmustaffirmourresponsibilitytothepeople,whetheritwasanequipmentproblem,amanagementproblem,oraproductionproblem,”Mr.Wensaid.“Wemustgettothebottomofthis.”Buthedoesnotregardthimerosal(whichhasbeenremovedfromroutinechildhoodvaccines)asanythinglikeasmokinggun.

(Para.10)Meaning:Theterm"smokinggun"wasoriginally,andisstillprimarily,areferencetoanobjectorfactthatservesasconclusiveevidenceofacrimeorsimilaract.Inadditiontothis,itsmeaninghasevolvedinusescompletelyunrelatedtocriminalactivity:forexample,scientificevidencethatishighlysuggestiveinfavorofaparticularhypothesisissometimescalledsmokinggunevidence.Itsnameoriginallycamefromtheideaoffindingasmoking(i.e.,veryrecentlyfired)gunonthepersonofasuspectwantedforshootingsomeone,whichinthatsituationwouldbenearlyunshakableproofofhavingcommittedthecrime.Apieceofevidencethatfallsjustshortofbeingconclusiveissometimesreferredtoasa"smolderinggun".

Summaryofthetext

Hannah,onceprofoundlyautistic,begantolearntocommunicatewhenshewasnearly13.Thismiraclecameafteryearsofpainstakingeffortfromherparents,therapists,nutritionistsandteachers.Herhighsensitivitytosound,herrichvocabularyandherdiverseknowledgehavestunnedthepeoplearoundher.AlthoughtheAmericanpsychiatristLeoKannerfirstdescribedautism60yearsago,morequestionsthananswersconfrontusaboutautism.Thecauseisuncertain,andthereasonbehindthesoaringincidenceofthediseaseinJapan,England,DenmarkandFranceisstillunknown.Butitiscomfortingthatmanymythsaboutautismarefallingawaywithscientists’ever-increasingunderstandingofwhatisgoingoninthebodyandthebrainofpeoplewithautism.TheAmericanfederalgovernmenthasgrantedsubstantialfundingforresearchintothecauseofautism.Mostscientistsbelievethatautismarisesfromacombinationofgeneticvulnerabilitiesandenvironmentaltriggers.Itisreportedthatthebrainsofautisticpeoplearelargerthannormalandhaveexcesswhitematterwhichresultsinatendencyforautisticpeopletousetheirbrainsinunusualways.Now,morevoicesofautisticpeoplearebeingheardandtheirexperiencesarebeingexposed,offeringmanynewcluesintofurtherresearchofautism.TextstructureanalysisReferenceanswerstotheexercisesTextA3.

1)facilitate 2)aberrant 3)spike 4)unintelligible 5)pervasive 6)vulnerability 7)retarded 8)cognitive4.WritingexercisesA.TranslationfromChinesetoEnglish

TheGeneralAssemblyrecallstheConventionontheRightsoftheChildandtheConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities,accordingtowhichchildrenwithdisabilitiesshouldenjoyafullanddecentlife,inconditionswhichensuredignity,promoteself-relianceandfacilitatethechild’sactiveparticipationinthecommunity,aswellasenjoyallhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsonanequalbasiswithotherchildren.Itaffirmsthatensuringandpromotingthefullrealizationofallhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsforallpersonswithdisabilitiesiscriticaltoachievinginternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals.4.WritingexercisesA.TranslationfromChinesetoEnglish

Autismisalifelongdevelopmentaldisabilitythatmanifestsitselfduringthefirstthreeyearsoflifeandresultsfromaneurologicaldisorderthataffectsthefunctioningofthebrain,mostlyaffectingchildreninmanycountriesirrespectiveofgender,raceorsocio-economicstatus,andcharacterizedbyimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,problemswithverbalandnon-verbalcommunicationandrestricted,repetitivebehavior,i