文藝復(fù)興 【英文】 Renaissance

RenaissanceSpecialThanksToMs.StewartforthePowerPoint2021/5/91APSStandardsWHI.13ThestudentwilldemonstrateknowledgeofdevelopmentsleadingtotheRenaissanceinEuropeintermsofitsimpactonWesterncivilizationby:identifyingtheeconomicfoundationsoftheItalianRenaissance;sequencingeventsrelatedtotheriseofItaliancity-statesandtheirpoliticaldevelopment,includingMachiavelli’stheoryofgoverningasdescribedinThePrince;citingartistic,literary,andphilosophicalcreativity,ascontrastedwiththemedievalperiod,includingLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo,andPetrarch;comparingtheItalianandtheNorthernRenaissance,andcitingthecontributionsofwriters.2021/5/92DoNowWriteadefinitionfortheword,‘rebirth’2021/5/93Lesson1ObjectivesSWBATidentifyfactorsthatcontributedtothebeginningoftheRenaissance2021/5/94FactorsthatContributedtotheBeginningoftheRenaissanceTradeandcommerceincreasedCitiesgrewlargerandwealthierNewlywealthymerchantsandbankerssupportedthegrowthoftheartsandlearningTheRenaissancewasanageofrecoveryfromthedisastersofthe14thcentury,suchastheplague,politicalinstability,andadeclineofChurchpowerRecoverywenthand-in-handwitharebirthofinterestinancientculture(e.g.,ancientGreeceandRome)AnewviewofhumanbeingsemergedaspeopleintheItalianRenaissancebegantoemphasizeindividualability2021/5/95DoNowWhatwasoneofthefactorsthatcontributedtothebeginningoftheRenaissance?2021/5/96Lesson2ObjectivesSWBATdiscusswhattheRenaissancewasandwhereitbegan.SWBATsequenceeventsrelatedtotheriseofItaliancity-statesandtheirpoliticaldevelopment,includingMachiavelli’stheoryofgoverningasdescribedinThePrince.2021/5/97TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementandatimeofrenewal(EuropewasrecoveringfromtheDarkAgesandtheBlackDeath/BubonicPlague)Renaissancemeans“rebirth”

ofclassicalknowledgeand“birth”ofthemodernworld(newintellectualandartisticideasthatdevelopedduringtheRenaissancemarkedthebeginningofthemodernworld)WhatwastheRenaissance?2021/5/98WheredidtheRenaissancebegin?ItalyItalianCitiesUrbanSocietiesMajorTradingCentersSecularMovementPeoplelosttheirfaithinthechurchandbegantoputmorefocusonhumanbeingsandmaterialpossessions2021/5/99WhendidtheRenaissanceTakePlace?Roughlythe14th

tothe17thcentury2021/5/910HowdidtheCrusadescontributetotheRenaissance?Crusades(1095–1291)=ReligiouslysanctionedmilitarycampaignswagedbyRomanCatholicsagainstMuslimswhohadoccupiedtheneareastsincetheRashidunCaliphate(foundedafterMuhammad’sdeathin632,theRashidunCaliphatewasoneofthelargestempiresofthetimeperiod)IncreaseddemandforMiddleEasternproductsStimulatedproductionofgoodstotradeinMiddleEasternmarketsEncouragedtheuseofcreditandbanking2021/5/911TheBlackDeath:BubonicPlague1330s-AnoutbreakofdeadlybubonicplagueoccurredinChinaMainlyaffectsrodents,butfleascantransmitthediseasetopeopleOncepeopleareinfected,theyinfectothersveryrapidlyPlaguecausesfever,painfulswellingofthelymphglands,andspotsontheskinthatareredatfirstandthenturnblack=BlackDeathSinceChinawasoneofthebusiestoftheworld'stradingnations,itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforetheoutbreakofplagueinChinaspreadtowesternAsiaandEuropeIn1347,ItalianmerchantshipsreturnedfromatriptotheBlackSea,oneofthekeylinksintradewithChina.WhentheshipsdockedinSicily(Italy),manyofthoseonboardwerealreadydyingofplague.Withindaysthediseasespreadtothecityandthesurroundingcountryside2021/5/912BubonicPlagueContinuedAfterfiveyears25millionpeopleweredead--one-thirdofEurope'spopulation.Evenwhentheworstwasover,smalleroutbreakscontinued,notjustforyears,butforcenturies.Thesurvivorslivedinconstantfearoftheplague'sreturn,andthediseasedidnotdisappearuntilthe1600s.Thediseasetookitstollonthechurchaswell.PeoplethroughoutChristendomhadprayeddevoutlyfordeliverancefromtheplague.Whyhadn'tthoseprayersbeenanswered?Anewperiodofpoliticalturmoilandphilosophicalquestioninglayahead.2021/5/9132021/5/914PoliticalIdeasoftheRenaissanceNiccolòMachiavelli(1469-1527)AnItalianPhilosopherandWriterbasedinFlorenceduringtheRenaissanceThePrince(Publishedin1532)Machiavellibelieved:“Onecanmakethisgeneralizationaboutmen:theyareungrateful,fickle,liars,anddeceivers,theyshundangerandaregreedyforprofit”Machiavelliobservedcity-staterulersofhisdayandproducedguidelinesforhowtogainandmaintainpower.

AbsoluteRuleHefeltthatarulershouldbewillingtodoanythingtomaintaincontrolwithoutworryingaboutconscience.2021/5/915BetterforarulertobefearedthantobelovedRulershouldbequickanddecisiveindecisionmakingRulerkeepspowerbyanymeansnecessaryTheendjustifiesthemeansBegoodwhenpossible,andevilwhennecessaryToday,theterm“Machiavellian”referstotheuseofdeceitinpolitics2021/5/916VideoClipDiscoveryEducation“ThePoliticsofThePrince”2021/5/917GuidedPracticeExcerptsfromMachiavelli’s,ThePrinceChapterXVIIWhetheritisbettertobelovedthanfearedChapterXVIIIHowrulersshouldkeeptheirpromises2021/5/918DoNow:Lesson3AHowdidItaliancity-statesinfluencetheRenaissance?2021/5/919Lesson3ObjectivesSWBATsequenceeventsrelatedtotheriseofItaliancity-statesandtheirpoliticaldevelopmentandidentifytheeconomicfoundationsoftheItalianRenaissance(e.g.,explaintheimportanceofthegrowthoftowns,theriseofamoneyeconomy,andthedevelopmentofindependentcity-statestothebirthandspreadofRenaissanceideas)2021/5/920MajorItalian

City-StatesMilanVeniceFlorenceTyrrhenianSeaAdriaticSeaMilanOneoftherichestcities,itcontrolstradethroughtheAlps.VeniceLocatedontheAdriaticSea,itisamajortraderoutebetweenAsia&Europe.FlorenceControlledbytheMediciFamily,whobecamegreatpatronsofthearts.GenoaGenoaHadAccesstoTradeRoutesAllofthesecities:HadaccesstotraderoutesconnectingEuropewithMiddleEasternmarkets?ServedastradingcentersforthedistributionofgoodstonorthernEuropeRomeHeadquartersoftheCatholicChurchRome2021/5/9212021/5/922ItalianCity-StatesBecauseItalyfailedtobecomeunitedduringtheDarkAges,manyindependentcity-statesemergedinItaly.Eachcity-statewascontrolledbyapowerfulfamilyanddominatedbyawealthymerchantclass.TheirinterestinartandemphasisonpersonalachievementhelpedtoshapetheItalianRenaissance.Example:TheMedicifamilyofFlorencerankedamongtherichestmerchantsandbankersinEurope;theyruledFlorenceforover70years.2021/5/923CentralizedPowerOnegoverningauthority(ex.U.S.FederalGovernment;principals)controlspoweroverseveralsmallerentities(ex.Stategovernments;teachers)2021/5/924ReminderRenaissancemeans“rebirth”ofinterestinancientculture(GreeceandRome)2021/5/92528.4TheInfluenceofItalianCity-States2021/5/926DoNow:Lesson3BHowdoestradehelpspreadculture,ideas,beliefs,etc.?2021/5/92728.3TheGrowthofTradeandCommerce2021/5/928Activity:Act-It-OutWorkingroupsEachgroupwillreceiverolecardsReviewrolecardsanduseinfo.fromtheReading(28.3)togenerateideasforhowtoaccuratelybringyourcharactertolifeTakeafewminutestoprepareandpracticeEachgroupwillconductthe‘Act-It-Out’2021/5/929DoNowWhydoyouthinkartwassoinfluentialduringtheRenaissance?2021/5/930Lesson4ObjectivesSWBATciteartistic,literary,andphilosophicalcreativity,ascontrastedwiththemedievalperiod,by:Learningabouttheelementsofclassical,medieval,andRenaissanceartIdentifyingtheperiod–classical,medieval,orRenaissance–inwhichsixartworkswerecreated2021/5/931TheRenaissanceproducednewideasthatwerereflectedinthearts,philosophy,andliterature.Patrons,wealthyfromnewlyexpandedtrade,sponsoredworkswhichglorifiedcity-statesinnorthernItaly.Educationbecameincreasinglysecular.2021/5/932Classicalartshowedtheimportanceofpeopleandleaders,aswellasgodsandgoddessesMedievalartandliteraturefocusedontheChurchandsalvationRenaissanceartandliteraturefocusedontheimportanceofpeopleandnature,alongwithreligion2021/5/933Activity:

Classical,Medieval,orRenaissance?Think,Pair,ShareLookateachpieceofartworkanddeterminewhichperiodtheartworkisfrom:Classical,Medieval,orRenaissanceListthreereasonsforyourchoiceUseyournotesandtheinformationfromyourreading(HistoryAlive!28.2)forhelp2021/5/9342021/5/935ShareNow,let’sseehowwedid!Classical=Raise1FingerMedieval=Raise2FingersRenaissance=Raise3Fingers2021/5/936ClassicalArt

HistoryAlive!Pg.316‘Discobolus’Figureswerelifelikebutoftenidealized(moreperfectthaninreallife)Figureswerenudeordrapedintogas(robes)Bodieslookedactive,andmotionwasbelievableFaceswerecalmandwithoutemotionScenesshowedeitherheroicfiguresorrealpeopledoingtasksfromdailylife2021/5/937MedievalArt

HistoryAlive!Pg.317‘NarthexTympanum'Mostartwasreligious,showingJesus,saints,peoplefromtheBible,andsoonImportantfiguresinpaintingswereshownaslargerthanothersaroundthemFigureslookedstiff,withlittlesenseofmovementFigureswerefullydressedinstiff-lookingclothingFaceswereseriousandshowedlittlefeelingPaintcolorswerebright2021/5/938RenaissanceArt

HistoryAlive!Pg.317‘TheSchoolofAthens’ArtistsshowedreligiousandnonreligiousscenesArtreflectedagreatinterestinnatureFigureswerelifelikeandthree-dimensional,reflectinganincreasingknowledgeofanatomyBodieslookedactiveandwereshownmovingFigureswereeithernudeorclothedScenesshowedrealpeopledoingeverydaytasksFacesexpressedwhatpeoplewerethinkingPaintingswereoftensymmetrical(balanced,withtherightandleftsideshavingsimilaroridenticalelements)2021/5/939DoNowDescribesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenMedievalartandRenaissanceart2021/5/940Lesson5ObjectivesSWBAT:Citeartistic,literary,andphilosophicalcreativity,ascontrastedwiththemedievalperiod,includingLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo,andPetrarchComparetheItalianandtheNorthernRenaissance,andcitingthecontributionsofwriters2021/5/941RenaissanceartistsembracedsomeoftheidealsofancientGreeceandRomeintheirart.ThepurposeofartwouldnolongerbetoglorifyGod,asithadbeeninMedievalEurope.Artistswantedtheirsubjectstoberealisticandfocusedonhumanityandemotion.NewTechniquesalsoemerged.2021/5/942ArtandPatronageItalianspatrons(financialsupporters)werewillingtospendalotofmoneyonartArtcommunicatedsocial,political,andspiritualvaluesandtherefore,theconsumptionofartwasusedasaformofcompetitionforsocial&politicalstatus.2021/5/943WhatwasdifferentintheRenaissance?RealismPerspectiveEmphasisonindividualismGeometricalarrangementoffiguresLightandshadowingSofteningofedgesArtistabletolivefromcommissions2021/5/944CharacteristicsofRenaissanceArt2021/5/9451.Realism&ExpressionExpulsionfromtheGardenMasaccio1427Firstnudessinceclassicaltimes.2021/5/9462.PerspectivePerspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Firstuse

oflinear

perspective!Perspective!Perspective!TheTrinityMasaccio1427Whatyouare,Ioncewas;whatIam,youwillbecome.2021/5/9474.EmphasisonIndividualismBatistaSforza&FedericodeMontefeltre:TheDuke&DutchessofUrbinoPierodellaFrancesca,1465-1466.2021/5/9485.GeometricalArrangementofFiguresLeonardodaVinci1469Thefigureasarchitecture!TheDreyfusMadonna

withthePomegranate2021/5/9496.Light&Shadowing/SofteningEdgesChiaroscuro:useoflightandshadeSfumato:gradualblendingofoneareaofcolorintoanotherwithoutasharpoutlineGinevrade'Benci,ayoungFlorentinenoblewomanwho,attheageofsixteen,marriedLuigiNiccoliniin1474.2021/5/950Bornin1475inasmalltownnearFlorence,isconsideredtobeoneofthemostinspiredmenwhoeverlived;hewasasculptor,painter,engineer,architect,andpoet.2021/5/951DavidMichelangelocreatedhismasterpieceDavidin1504.TheBiblicalshepherd,David(whokilledGoliath)recallstheharmonyandgraceofancientGreektradition2021/5/95215c16cWhat

a

difference

a

century

makes!2021/5/953SistineChapelAboutayearaftercreatingDavid,PopeJuliusIIsummonedMichelangelotoRometoworkonhismostfamousproject,theceilingoftheSistineChapel.DepictsthebiblicalhistoryoftheworldfromtheCreationtotheFlood2021/5/954CreationofEveCreationofAdamSeparationofLightandDarknessTheLastJudgment2021/5/955Pieta1499

MarbleSculptureCapturesthesorrowoftheVirginMaryasshecradlesherdeadson,Jesusonherknees2021/5/956Moses2021/5/9571452-1519Painter,Sculptor,Architect,Mathematician,Engineer2021/5/958MonaLisa

(1503-1506)2021/5/959TheLastSupper

(1495-1498)Jesusandhisapostlesonthenightbeforethecrucifixion2021/5/960NotebooksLeonardodaVincidissectedcorpsestolearnhowbonesandmuscleswork2021/5/961Raphael

Painter

1483-15202021/5/962TheSchoolofAthens1510FrescoVaticanCityAnimaginarygatheringofgreatthinkersandscientistsPerspectiveSubjectsaremainlysecular,butcanbereligiousFigureslookidealized,butcanalsolooklikeeverydayordinarypeopleBodiesareactiveClothedorunclothedFacesareexpressiveDetail2021/5/963PythagorasSocratesPlatoandAristotle2021/5/964EuclidZoroaster&PtolemyRaphael(back)2021/5/965NorthernRenaissanceTheRenaissanceinnorthernEurope(outsideItaly)TherewasincreasedculturalexchangebetweenEuropeancountriesPrintedmaterialshelpedtospreadideasCentralizationofpoliticalpowermadethenorthernRenaissancedistinctfromtheItalianRenaissance(e.g.,nation-statesinsteadofItaliancity-states)2021/5/966?GrowingwealthinNorthernEuropesupportedRenaissanceideas.?NorthernRenaissancethinkersmergedhumanistideaswithChristianity.?Themovabletypeprintingpressandtheproductionandsaleofbooks(GutenbergBible)helpeddisseminateideasandallowedmorepeopletobecomeeducated.2021/5/967Culturalandeducationalreform

Thestudyofclassicalculture(ancientGreeceandRome),incontrastwiththestudyofthingsrelatedtothechurchandreligionCelebratedtheindividual

Wassupportedbywealthypatrons(financialsupporters)2021/5/968LiteratureflourishedduringtheRenaissanceandspreadRenaissanceideas,whichcanbegreatlyattributedtoJohannesGutenberg.In1455Gutenbergprintedthefirstbookproducedbyusingmoveabletype,TheBible,andstartedaprint