英文科技論文寫作HOW-to-WRITE-Discussion課件

TheheartofthepaperDiscussion6/9/202316/9/2023Itmayseemobviousthatascientificdocumentisincompletewithouttheinterpretationofthewriter;itmaynotbesoobviousthatthedocumentcannot"exist"withouttheinterpretationofeachreader.

G.D.GopenandJ.A.Swan6/9/202326/9/2023DiscussionAlwayswritethediscussionforthereaderthefocusshouldbetohelpthereaderunderstandthestudyandthehighlightshouldbeonthestudydata.6/9/202336/9/2023Discussion:TheElementsStatethestudy’smajorfindingsExplainthemeaningandimportanceofthefindingsRelatethefindingstothoseofsimilarstudiesStatethetheoreticalorpracticalrelevanceorimplicationofthefindingsAcknowledgethestudy’slimitationsMakesuggestionsforfurtherresearchGivethe“take-homemessage”intheformofaconclusion6/9/202346/9/2023StatethemajorfindingsInthefirstparagraph：Begin(withastatementofthemajorfindingsAdirect,declarative,succinctproclamationShouldnotincludeanydataBegin:Ourresultsconfirmthat…Ourfindingssuggestthat…Thedatashowthat…Inthisstudy,wefoundthat...6/9/202356/9/2023ExplainthemeaningandimportanceofthefindingsNoonehasthoughtaslongandashardaboutyourstudyasyouhave.Asthepersonwhoconceived,designed,andconductedthestudy,themeaningoftheresultsandtheirimportanceseemobvioustoyou,butthefindingsmightnotbesoclearforthereaderswhoreadyourpaperforthefirsttime.Whatdothefindingsmean?Whyaretheyimportant?“Thatmakeperfectsense!”(Whydidn’tIthinkofthis?)6/9/202366/9/2023Alwaysremember:IntroductionBroadSpecificDiscussionSpecificBroadMovesfromthenarrowspecificfocusoftheresearchtoamoregeneralview6/9/2023YourfindingsYourgoals/objectivesYourconclusions/futureworksTheimportance/significanceofYourfindingsLimitationsRelatetoexpectationsandtoliteratureProvethehypotheses/AnsweredquestionsMakeexplanationscompleteDiscusstheresultsinthesameorderasinthe“Results”onebyoneExplainhowyourresultsrelatetoexpectationsandtoliteraturecitedinyourIntroductionGiveevidenceforeachconclusion.DiscusspossiblereasonsforexpectedandunexpectedfindingsWhethertheexperimentsprovethehypotheseswithevidence(results).Dotheyagree,contradict,oraretheyexceptionstotherule?6/9/202386/9/2023RelatethefindingstosimilarstudiesIsyourstudysonovel?(norelationtootherstudies?）No！Then,relateyourfindingstoothers.Previousfindings:StimulatedyourstoFillagap,Correcttheirerrors,inventanewmethod,…Supportyours–strengththeimportanceofyourstudiesOurfinding/resultisassociatedwith/similarto,differentfrom…(others’…)6/9/202396/9/2023AlternativeExplanationsoftheFindingsRememberthatthepurposeofresearchistodiscoverandnottoprove.Don’tfallintothetrap–toproveCarefullyconsiderallpossible,alternativeexplanationsforyourresults6/9/2023106/9/2023Acknowledgethestudy’slimitationsStudies:flaws,fatalflaws?Eventhebeststudiesinthemostprestigiousjournalshavelimitations!ShouldknowthelimitationsinyourstudiesthatmightcauseproblemsandpossibleexplanationDonothideweakresultsbehindbadwritingBesuretoexplainwhyresultsareweakerthanyouexpectedWeusedonly….Futureresearchshouldinclude/do…(differently,usedifferent…,usemore…)6/9/2023116/9/2023SuggestionsforFurtherResearchYouonlyansweredsomequestions,othersrelatedtothissubjectmayremain‘unanswered’YoushouldmakesuggestionsforfurtherstudiesandgiveafutureperspectiveMakerecommendations,discussfutureworkOursubjectthatremaintobeexploredishowto…Morestudiesin…areneeded…6/9/2023126/9/2023Take-HomeMessage:ConclusionsWhatisthe“take-homemessage”?Whatdoyouwantthereadertorememberfromyourstudy?Thetake-homemessageshouldbethefirstsentenceoftheconclusionssection.6/9/2023136/9/2023DiscussionThesameinformationcanhavedifferentmeaningsorsignificancestodifferentpeople-brainstorming6/9/2023146/9/2023DiscussionHowdoyourresultsfitintoabroadercontext?Suggestthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourresults.SuggestpracticalapplicationsofyourresultsExtendyourfindingstoothersituationsorotherspeciesGivethebigpicture:doyourfindingshelpusunderstandabroadertopic?6/9/2023156/9/2023Freetoexplainwhattheresultsmeanorwhytheydifferfromwhatotherworkershavefound.

Shouldinterpretyourresultsinlightofotherpublishedresults,byaddingadditionalinformationfromsourcesyoucitedintheIntroductionsectionaswellasbyintroducingnewsources.RelateyourdiscussionbacktotheobjectivesandquestionsyouraisedintheIntroductionsection.Limityourconclusionstothosethatyourdatacanactuallysupport.

Youcanthenproceedtospeculateonwhythisoccurredandwhetheryouexpectedthistooccur,basedonotherworkers'findings.

Suggestfuturedirectionsforresearch,newmethods,explanationsfordeviationsfrompreviouslypublishedresults,etc.

Discussion:summary6/9/2023HowtoCiteSourcesintheDiscussionSectionItisimportanttocitesourcesinthediscussionsectionofyourpaperasevidenceoftheclaimsyouaremaking.Therearewaysofcitingsourcesinthetextsothatthereadercanfindthefullreferenceintheliteratureattheendofthepaper.6/9/2023The‘BullyPulpit’-AvoidDon’tcriticizeorattachotherstudiesorresearchersContrastyourfindingstoothersprofessionallyRemember,theymaybereviewingyourpaperAvoidoffendingpeople,unlessyoumust6/9/2023186/9/2023OverinterpretationoftheresultsUnwarrantedspeculationthatcannotbetestedintheforeseeablefutureInflatingtheimportantofthefindingsConclusionsthatarenotsupportedbythedataDon'tleavethereaderthinking"Sowhat?".Watchoutforsymptomsof“megalomania”6/9/2023196/9/2023PotentialpitfallsIncludingtoomuchinformation-wordyarguments.Notfocused,meandering,etc.FailuretofollowargumentssetupintheintroductionFailuretofocusonthecurrentresultsSpeculatingtoomuchornotenoughImpropertense(largelyinpresenttense)6/9/2023206/9/2023End…Manyapaperlosesmuchofitseffectbecausetheclearstreamofthediscussionendsinaswampydelta.AndersonandThistle(1947)6/9/202321QuotationBettertosaylittleclearlythansayingtoomuchunclearly Forgetwho6/9/202322Language:generalization100%

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↓0%all/every/eachmostamajority(of)manysomeanumberofseveralaminorityofafew/alittlefew/littleno/none/notanyalwaysusual(ly)normal(ly)general(ly)asaruleonthewholeoftenfrequent(ly)sometimesoccasional(ly)rare(ly)seldomhardlyeverscarcelyevernevercertain(ly)definite(ly)undoubted(ly)clear(ly)presumablyprobably/probablelikelyconceivablypossibly/possibleperhapsmaybeuncertainunlikelywillis/aremusthavetoshouldoughttocancouldmaymightcouldnotwillnotcannotis/arenot236/9/2023Language:probability24ItisfairlyveryquiteratheralmostquitecertainlikelyprobablepossibleseemsappearsunlikelycertainInthe(vast)majority

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(+other"quantity"words)6/9/2023Language:degreeofcertainty…isnot……willnot……mustnot..certain(ly)definite(ly)clear(ly)undoubted(ly)6/9/202325can/cannotshould(not)probably(not)presumably(not)could(not)likely/unlikelymay(not)might(not)possibly(not)perhaps(not)Itissaidthat…appearsthat…Xreportsthat…Thereisevidencetosuggestthat…Language:makerecommendationStrongrecommendation

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