2015考研翻譯講義第二部分深談

Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration?sCosmicBackgroundExplorersa lite-CobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathaseknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassof72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominant nationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies, ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,the bjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxiesTheyshouldn't it73)AstrophysicistsworkingwithSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingsIfthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitis775）2000年與經(jīng)濟(jì)（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyoneconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthaternmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoftendtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernmentsAdditionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,ernmentsareingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfornningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這也就意味著被迫越來越多地干預(yù)這些門，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，可能利用各種方法鼓勵研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以2001年未來學(xué)（文理科搭配）（評分細(xì)則解釋Inlessthan30years?timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain?snervoussystemacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotal71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwithalitychips,computerswithin-builtalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhaveAccordingtoBT?sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whenputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsdiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“ItbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendthenextThroughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsoesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.的最遲日期。一些最大的進(jìn)展將在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)城，包括人預(yù)期的延長和數(shù)十種人造，這些將在現(xiàn)在到2024年之間陸續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 以進(jìn)行時間旅行，卻依然沒有預(yù)見。但他的確預(yù)見技術(shù)進(jìn)步引起的社會問題。比如，到2010年，住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器數(shù)量的劇增將Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologypassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor?sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor?sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,patterned(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isan conceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.模擬題（請認(rèn)真聽講，做好筆記。無配送的參考譯文，請以老師課程講解為準(zhǔn)Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)reportedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanincreaseinglobalhunger—and,asaconsequence,increasedsocialunrest.What?smore,worldwidefoodreservesareattheirlowestin35years,sopricesarelikelytostayhighfortheforeseeableOnthedemandside,oneofthekeyissuesisbiofuels.Biofuels,madefromfoodcropssuchascorn,sugarcane,