國(guó)際法之 海洋法

Chapter8TheLawoftheSeaAbouttheLawoftheSeaCodificationattemptsofthelawoftheseaThebaselineInternalwatersandportsTheterritorialseaThecontiguouszoneTheExclusiveEconomiczoneThecontinentalshelfTheHighseasTheAreaKeywordsofthischapterbaselinenormalbaselinelow-waterline(低潮線)straightbaselinemixedbaselineseaward/landwardarchipelago(群島)archipelagicwatersterritorialsearightofinnocentpassage(無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán))land-lockedstatethecontiguouszone(毗連區(qū))theexclusiveeconomiczonecontinentalshelfhighseasI.AboutthelawoftheseaItispublicint’llawofthesea,i.e.concernedwiththerulesandprinciplesthatbindStatesintheirint’lrelationsconcerningmaritimematters.Andaccordingly,rulesofprivatemaritimelawwillnotbeincluded.TwobroaddivisionsMajormaritimezonesrecognizedincontemporaryint’llawandtherulespresentlyapplicabletothatzone;EachofthemainactivitiescarriedoutintheseaPlus(iii)Disputesettlement.II.CodificationattemptsofLOSTheU.N.hasgreatlypromotedtheprogressivedevelopmentofthelawofthesea.AttemptsatCodificationThefirstUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSeawasheldatGenevain1958andattendedby86States.Itsucceededinadoptingfourconventions:TheConventionontheTerritorialSeaandContiguousZone;TheConventionontheHighSeas;TheConventionontheContinentalShelf;andTheConventiononFishingandConservationoftheLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas.ThesecondUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSeawasconvenedin1960tofixthebreadthoftheterritorialseaandtheassociatedproblemoffisherylimitsbutfailed.ThethirdUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSealastfrom1973to1982andabout150Statesattendedtheconference.On10Dec.1982theUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS)wasopenedforsignature.UNCLOSenteredintoforceon16November1994.*InthewakeoftheUNCLOS,AgreementontheImplementationofPartXIoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaof10December1982(關(guān)于執(zhí)行1982年12月10日《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》第十一部分的協(xié)定)wasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyon28July1994，whichcameintoforceon28July1996.*Anotheragreement,AgreementfortheImplementationoftheProvisionsoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaof10December1982relatingtotheConservationandManagementofStraddlingFishStocksandHighlyMigratoryFishStocks(關(guān)于執(zhí)行1982年12月10日《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》有關(guān)養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理跨界魚(yú)類(lèi)種群和高度洄游魚(yú)類(lèi)種群的規(guī)定的協(xié)定)wasconcludedon4August1995andinforceasfrom11December2001.*Asupdated3May,2016,thereare167partiestotheUNCLOS,148partiestothe1994Agreementand83partiestothe1995Agreement.SomepartsoftheUNCLOSreflectpre-existingcustomaryint’llaw,andmanyotherpartswhichwentbeyondpreviouspracticehavealreadypassedintocustomarylaw.III.ThebaselineBaselinereferstothelinefromwhichthebreadthofacoastalState’svariousmaritimezonesaremeasured(基線指用來(lái)測(cè)量沿海國(guó)各種海域?qū)挾鹊幕鶞?zhǔn)線).WatersonthelandwardsideofthebaselineformpartoftheinternalwatersofthecoastalState.Watersontheseawardsideofthebaselinemayformpartoftheterritorialsea,thecontiguouszone,theExclusiveEconomicZoneorthehighseasdependentonthedistancefromthebaseline.Therearethreewaystodeterminethebaselines:Normalbaseline,straightbaselineandmixedbaseline.RelevantarticlesoftheUNCLOS:Article5-14,121.

3.1

NormalbaselineThenormalbaselineformeasuringthebreadthoftheterritorialseaandofallotherzonesisthelow-waterline(低潮線)alongthecoastasmarkedonlarge-scalechartsofficiallyrecognizedbythecoastalState.(art.5)Thisruleworkswellforcoaststhatarerelativelysmooth(相對(duì)平直的海岸).Therearesomegeneralprescriptionsfordeterminingthelow-waterlineinvariousgeographicalcircumstances.(art.5-6,9-13)3.2Straightbaseline(art.7)Thefisheriescase(UKv.Norway)Art.7.1providesthat:“Inlocalitieswherethecoastlineisdeeplyindentedandcutinto(在海岸線極為曲折的地方),orifthereisafringeofislandsalongthecoastinitsimmediatevicinity(緊接海岸有一系列島嶼),themethodofstraightbaselinesjoiningappropriatepointsmaybeemployedindrawingthebaselinefromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.”Art.7alsoimposesseverallimitationsfortheuseofstraightbaselines.3.2.1

archipelagicbaselineArchipelagicState(群島國(guó))meansaStateconstitutedwhollybyoneormorearchipelagosandmayincludeotherislands.(art.46)AnarchipelagicStatemaydrawstraightarchipelagicbaselinesjoiningtheoutermostpointsoftheoutermostislandsanddryingreefsofthearchipelago…(art.47)Watersenclosedbythearchipelagicbaselineiscalledas“archipelagicwaters”(群島水域).Archipelagicstatehassovereigntyoverarchipelagicwaters,aswellasitsairspaceabove,anditsseabedandsubsoil.3.2.3

Mixedbaseline(art.14)AcoastalStatemaydeterminebaselinesinturnbynormalbaselineorstraightbaselinetosuitdifferentconditions.IV.InternalwatersandportsInternalwatersPortsChina’practice4.1internalwatersInternalwatersarethewatersoflakes,riversandbayslandwardofthebaselineoftheterritorialsea(art.8.1).AcoastalStatehasfullsovereigntyoveritsinternalwaters,asiftheywerepartofitsland.However,wheretheestablishmentofastraightbaselinehastheeffectofenclosingasinternalwatersareaswhichhadnotpreviouslybeenconsideredassuch(采用直線基線法的效果使原來(lái)并未認(rèn)為是內(nèi)水的區(qū)域被包圍在內(nèi)成為內(nèi)水),arightofinnocentpassageshallexistinthosewaters.(art.8.2)4.2portsAportisaplacewhereshipsareinthehabitofcomingforthepurposeofloadingorunloading,embarkingordisembarking(船舶慣于上下客貨).Amaritimeportisaportlyingonthecoast.Itisacceptedasacustomaryint’lrulethatforeignmerchantshipshavefreeaccesstoportsonconditionofreciprocity.Whileinports,aforeignmerchantshipwhichvoluntarilyenterstheports,subjectitselffullytotheadministrative,civilandcriminaljurisdictionofthatState.CoastalStatesenjoysovereigntyovertheirportsandmayexerciseadministrative,civilandcriminaljurisdictionsoverforeignshipsinitsports.However,coastalStatesgenerallydon’texercisetheirjurisdiction,andtheyleaveaship’sinternalmatters,andmatters

whichdonotinvolvethe“peaceordignity”ofthecoastalStateorthe“tranquilityoftheport”(港口安寧)totheauthoritiesofthenationunderwhoseflagthevesselflies.4.3China’spracticeDeclarationoftheGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonChina’sTerritorialSea(Sept.4,1958),para.2LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheTerritorialSeaandtheContiguousZone1992,art.2MaritimeTrafficSafetyLawofPRC1983,art.10-19(1983《海上交通安全法》)RegulationsGoverningSupervisionandControloftheForeignVessels1979(1979年《對(duì)外國(guó)籍船舶管理規(guī)則》)PortAct2003(2003年《港口法》)IV.TheterritorialseaBreadthoftheterritorialseaRightsanddutiesChina’spractice4.1ThebreadthoftheterritorialseaEveryStatehastherighttoestablishthebreadthofitsterritorialseauptoalimitnotexceeding12nauticalmiles,measuredfrombaselines.(Art.3)Theinnerlimitoftheterritorialseaisthebaselinefromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.Theouterlimitoftheterritorialseaisthelineeverypointofwhichisatadistancefromthenearestpointofthebaselineequaltothebreadthoftheterritorialsea,whichalsoseparatestheterritorialseafromthecontiguouszone,theEEZandthecontinentalshelf.4.2rightsofthecoaststateThesovereigntyofacoastalStateextendstoanadjacentbeltofsea,describedastheterritorialsea.Thissovereigntyextendstotheairspaceovertheterritorialseaaswellastoitsbedandsubsoil.(Art.2.1)However,thatsovereigntyovertheterritorialseaisexercisedsubjecttotherightofinnocentpassage(無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán))throughtheterritorialseaandtospecialpassagerightsthroughstraitsandarchipelagicwaters.4.3rightsofforeignmerchantshipsthemeaningof“rightofinnocentpassage”SubjectsentitledtotherightWaysinexercisingtherightPassagemeansnavigationthroughtheterritorialseaforthepurposeof:(a)traversing(穿過(guò))thatseawithoutenteringinternalwatersorcallingataroadsteadorportfacilityoutsideinternalwaters(?？?jī)?nèi)水以外的泊船處或港口設(shè)施);or(b)proceedingtoorfrom(駛往或駛出)internalwatersoracallatsuchroadsteadorportfacility(art.18).Passageshallbecontinuousandexpeditious(迅速進(jìn)行).Passageisinnocentsolongasitisnotprejudicialtothepeace,goodorderorsecurityofthecoastalState(plsseeart.19fordetailsaboutthemeaningof“innocent”).ShipsofallStates,whethercoastalorland-locked,enjoytherightofinnocentpassagethroughtheterritorialsea.(art.17)Forsubmarinesandotherunderwatervehicles,theyarerequiredtonavigateonthesurfaceandtoshowtheirflag.(Art.20)Forforeignnuclear-poweredshipsandshipscarryingnuclearorotherinherentlydangerousornoxioussubstances,theyshallcarrydocumentsandobservespecialprecautionarymeasuresestablishedforsuchshipsbyint’lagreements.(Art.23)Thecoastalstatehasarighttosafeguarditssovereigntyovertheterritorialsea.Itmayverifythecharacterofthepassageofforeignshipsandadoptlawsandregulationsconcerned.Obligationundertakenbythecoastalstatewithregardtotherightofinnocentpassageistocooperatewithforeignshipsinexercisingthatright.Forexample,thecoastalstateshalltakemeasurestoensurenavigationsafety,abstainfromexercisingjurisdictionoverforeignships,andlevynochargesonthem.Thecoastalstateshallnothampertheexerciseoftherightofinnocentpassage,either.ThecoastalStatemayadoptlawsandregulations,inconformitywiththeUNCLOSandotherrulesofinternationallaw,relatingtoinnocentpassagethroughtheterritorialsea,inrespectofalloranyofthefollowing:(a)thesafetyofnavigationandtheregulationofmaritimetraffic;(b)theprotectionofnavigationalaidsandfacilitiesandotherfacilitiesorinstallations;(c)theprotectionofcablesandpipelines;(d)theconservationofthelivingresourcesofthesea;(e)thepreventionofinfringement(違犯)ofthefisherieslawsandregulationsofthecoastalState;(f)thepreservationoftheenvironmentofthecoastalStateandtheprevention,reductionandcontrolofpollutionthereof;(g)marinescientificresearchandhydrographicsurveys;(h)thepreventionofinfringementofthecustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationsofthecoastalStateThecoastalStatemaytakethenecessarystepsinitsterritorialseatopreventpassagewhichisnotinnocent.Ifthepassageofforeignshipsisinconsistentwiththeregulationsrelatedwithacoastalstate’speace,goodorderorsecurity,thecoastalstatemaytakenecessarystepsinitsterritorialseatopreventpassagewhichisnotinnocent,thisis,temporarysuspensionofthepassage.←ThecoastalStateshouldnotexercisecriminaljurisdictiononboardaforeignshippassingthroughtheterritorialseatoarrestanypersonortoconductanyinvestigationinconnectionwithanycrimecommittedonboardtheshipduringitspassage,unless:(a)theconsequencesofthecrimeextendtothecoastalState;(b)thecrimeisofakindtodisturbthepeaceofthecountryorthegoodorderoftheterritorialsea;(c)theassistanceofthelocalauthoritieshasbeenrequestedbythemasteroftheshiporbyadiplomaticagentorconsularofficeroftheflagState;or(d)suchmeasuresarenecessaryforthesuppressionofillicittrafficinnarcoticdrugsorpsychotropicsubstances.(Art.27.1)ThecoastalStatemaynottakeanystepsonboardaforeignshippassingthroughtheterritorialseatoarrestanypersonortoconductanyinvestigationinconnectionwithanycrimecommittedbeforetheshipenteredtheterritorialsea,iftheship,proceedingfromaforeignport,isonlypassingthroughtheterritorialseawithoutenteringinternalwaters.(Art.27.5)4.4rightsofwarships“Warship”meansashipbelongingtothearmedforcesofaStatebearingtheexternalmarksdistinguishingsuchshipsofitsnationality,underthecommandofanofficerdulycommissionedbythegovernmentoftheStateandwhosenameappearsintheappropriateservicelistoritsequivalent,andmannedbyacrewwhichisunderregulararmedforcesdiscipline.(Art.29)Ispreviousnotificationorevenauthorizationrequiredfortheinnocentpassageofwarshipthroughtheterritorialsea?

4.5China’sPracticeDeclarationoftheGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonChina’sTerritorialSea(Sept.4,1958),para.2LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheTerritorialSeaandtheContiguousZone1992,art.2-14.Art.6providesthat:Foreignshipsfornon-militarypurposesshallenjoytherightofinnocentpassagethroughtheterritorialseaofthePRCinaccordancewiththelaw.ForeignshipsformilitarypurposesshallbesubjecttoapprovalbytheGovernmentofthePRCforenteringtheterritorialseaofthePRC.普丹大沽口船舶事件1864年普魯士政府派遣李斯福為駐華公使，4月間，李斯福乘坐兵艦“羚羊號(hào)’’抵達(dá)中國(guó)天津大沽口海域，遭遇三艘丹麥商船。當(dāng)時(shí)普丹正在歐洲因領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題交戰(zhàn)，普魯士兵艦遂拿捕了三艘丹麥商船。清政府根據(jù)惠頓《萬(wàn)國(guó)公法》第2卷第4章第6節(jié)：“各國(guó)所管海面，及澳港長(zhǎng)磯所抱之海，此外更有沿海各處，離岸十里之遙，依常例歸其轄也。蓋炮彈所及之處，國(guó)權(quán)亦及焉，凡此全屬其管轄，他國(guó)不與也”，認(rèn)為普艦在中國(guó)洋面拿捕丹麥商船，“顯系奪中國(guó)之權(quán)”。并與普魯士公使進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)正交涉，最終迫使普艦釋放二艘丹麥商船，并對(duì)第三艘予以折款抵償。清朝政府據(jù)以行使主權(quán)的國(guó)際法依據(jù)是什么?V.Thecontiguouszone(毗連區(qū))Inazonecontiguoustoitsterritorialsea,describedasthecontiguouszone,thecoastalStatemayexercisethecontrolnecessaryto:(a)preventinfringementofitscustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationswithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea;(b)punishinfringementoftheabovelawsandregulationscommittedwithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.(Art.33.1)Thecontiguouszonemaynotextendbeyond24nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.(Art.33.2)VI.TheExclusiveEconomicZone

(專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū))ConceptRightsanddutiesChina’spractice5.1conceptofEEZTheexclusiveeconomiczoneisanareabeyondandadjacenttotheterritorialsea(是領(lǐng)海以外但毗連領(lǐng)海的一個(gè)區(qū)域),whichshallnotextendbeyond200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.(Art.55)5.2rightsofthecoastalstateSovereignrightsExclusivejurisdictionOtherrightsandjurisdictions★★

InitsEEZ,thecoastalStatehassovereignrights

forthepurposeofexploringandexploiting,conservingandmanagingthenaturalresources,whetherlivingornon-living,ofthewaterssuperjacenttotheseabedandoftheseabedanditssubsoil,andwithregardtootheractivitiesfortheeconomicexploitationandexplorationofthezone,suchastheproductionofenergyfromthewater,currentsandwinds.Art.56(1)(a).以勘探和開(kāi)發(fā)、養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理海床上覆水域和海床及其底土的自然資源(不論為生物或非生物資源)為目的的主權(quán)權(quán)利，以及關(guān)于在該區(qū)內(nèi)從事經(jīng)濟(jì)性開(kāi)發(fā)和勘探等其他活動(dòng)，如利用海水、海流和風(fēng)力生產(chǎn)能，的主權(quán)權(quán)利……Meanwhile,thecostalStatehastwoprimaryresponsibilitiesinthemanagementandconservationofthelivingresourceswithinitsEEZ(對(duì)生物資源的養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理負(fù)有兩項(xiàng)主要義務(wù)).First,thecostalStateisunderaduty,takingintoaccountthebestscientificevidenceavailabletoit,toensurethroughproperconservationandmanagementmeasuresthatthelivingresourcesoftheEEZarenotendangeredbyover-exploitation.Art.61(2).(沿海國(guó)參照其可得到的最可靠的科學(xué)證據(jù)，應(yīng)通過(guò)正當(dāng)?shù)酿B(yǎng)護(hù)和管理措施，確保專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)生物資源的維持不受過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)的危害。)Secondly,thecostalStateshallpromotetheobjectiveofoptimumutilizationofthelivingresourceswithinitsEEZ(促進(jìn)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)生物資源最適度利用).Art.62(1).IfthecoastalStatehasneglecteditsdutiesunderart.61(生物資源的養(yǎng)護(hù))-62(生物資源的利用)insomeimportantrespects,otherStatesconcernedmaysubmitthemattertoacompulsoryconciliationprocedure.Art.297(3)(b).ThecoastalstateactsasaguardianratherthananownerofthenaturalresourcesoftheEEZ.★★

InitsEEZ,thecoastalStatehasexclusivejurisdictionwithregardto:(i)theestablishmentanduseofartificialislands,installationsandstructures;(ii)marinescientificresearch;(iii)theprotectionandpreservationofthemarineenvironment.Art.56(1)(b).Firstly,thecoastalStateshallhavetheexclusiverighttoconstructandtoauthorizeandregulatetheconstruction,operationanduseofartificialislands,installationsandstructuresforthepurposesprovidedforinarticle56andothereconomicpurposes,installationsandstructureswhichmayinterferewiththeexerciseoftherightsofthecoastalStateinthezone.Art.60(1).沿海國(guó)在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)應(yīng)有專屬權(quán)利建造并授權(quán)和管理建造、操作和使用:(a)人工島嶼;(b)為第五十六條所規(guī)定的目的和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)目的的設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu);(c)可能干擾沿海國(guó)在區(qū)內(nèi)行使權(quán)利的設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)。Secondly,coastalStates,intheexerciseoftheirjurisdiction,havetherighttoregulate,authorizeandconductmarinescientificresearch(MSR)intheirEEZ...Art.246(1).MSRintheEEZ…shallbeconductedwiththeconsentofthecoastalState.Art.246(2).CoastalStatesshall,innormalcircumstances,granttheirconsentforMSRprojectsbyotherStatesorcompetentint’lorganizations(各主管?chē)?guó)際組織)intheirEEZ…tobecarriedoutexclusivelyforpeacefulpurposesandinordertoincreasescientificknowledgeofthemarineenvironmentforthebenefitofallmankind(專為和平目的和為了增進(jìn)關(guān)于海洋環(huán)境的科學(xué)知識(shí)以謀全人類(lèi)利益).Art.246(3).Thirdly,coastalStates…mayinrespectoftheirEEZsadoptlawsandregulationsfortheprevention,reductionandcontrolofpollutionfromvessels,dumping,theland,seabedactivities,artificialislands,structuresandinstallationsandsoon(以防止、減少和控制來(lái)自船只、傾倒，陸地活動(dòng)，海底活動(dòng)，人工島嶼、設(shè)施核結(jié)構(gòu)等等的污染).Art.211★★

ThecoastalStatealsohasotherrightsanddutiesprovidedforinUNCLOS.Forexample,underart.220(6),suchrightsanddutiesmayincludeciviljurisdictionoverforeignshipswithregardtounlawfuldischargeintheEEZ.TherighttoclaimanEEZisdiscretionaryandnotmandatory.TheUKclaimed200nmrightin1977onlyafter12monthsoftheendof"TheCodfishwar”withIceland.TheUKisanon-signatoryof1982Convention.Itexplaineditsdecisionofclaimfor200nmEFZinsteadofEEZasfollowing:“theUKalreadyhasafisheryzoneextendingtoamaximumof200nm.Sincerightsoverourcontinentalshelfareinherentanddonothavetobeproclaimed,therewouldbenoadvantageindeclaringsuchazone”.5.3rightsofotherstatesAllStatesenjoythefreedomsofnavigationandoverflightandofthelayingofsubmarinecablesandpipelines,andotherinternationallylawfulusesofthesearelatedtothesefreedoms,suchasthoseassociatedwiththeoperationofships,aircraftandsubmarinecablesandpipelines,andcompatiblewiththeotherprovisionsofthisConvention(諸如同船舶和飛機(jī)的操作及海底電纜和管道的使用有關(guān)的并符合本公約其他規(guī)定的那些用途).Art.58(1).5.4FurtherthoughtsontheEEZRegime

WhobenefitmostfromtheEEZregime?AretheLatinAmericanStatessupposedtobethewinners?ItseemsthatfewdevelopingcountriesareamongthemainbeneficiariesofEEZs.OnlyaboutthirtyStateshavegainedsignificantlyfromestablishinganEEZ,atleastintermsofarea.African,CaribbeanandMiddleEasternStates,inparticular,comeoffbadly.NotonlydomostsuchStateshavesmallEEZs,theirEEZsarepoorinresources.ThefifteenleadingbeneficiariesofEEZs:USA(2831400squarenauticalmiles),France(2083400),Indonesia(1577300),NewZealand(1409500),Australia(1310900);Russia(1309500),Japan(1126000),Brazil(924000),Canada(857000),Mexico(831500);Kiribati(770000),PapuaNewGuinea(690000),Chile(667300),Norway(590500),India(587600).HastheEEZledtoanyfundamentalredistributionoftheocean’sresources?Forfisheryresources,areductioninthecatchesofdistant-waterfishingnationsandanincreaseinthecatchesoftheStatesoffwhosecoaststheyfished.Forresourcesotherthanfish,inthecaseofoffshoreoilandgastheintroductionoftheEEZhaseffectednoredistribution;Inthecaseofmanganesenodules,theestablishmentoftheEEZmeansthatabouttenpercentofthenodulesarenowundernationaljurisdictionratherthanintheInt’lSeabedArea.5.5DelimitationoftheEEZArt.74ofUNCLOSprovidesthat:“1.ThedelimitationoftheexclusiveeconomiczonebetweenStateswithoppositeoradjacentcoastsshallbeeffected

byagreementonthebasisofinternationallaw,asreferredtoinArticle38oftheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,inordertoachieveanequitablesolution.2.Ifnoagreementcanbereachedwithinareasonableperiodoftime,theStatesconcernedshallresorttotheproceduresprovidedforinPartXV.3.Pendingagreementasprovidedforinparagraph1,theStatesconcerned,inaspiritofunderstandingandcooperation,shallmakeeveryefforttoenterintoprovisionalarrangementsofapracticalnature(作出實(shí)際性的臨時(shí)安排)and,duringthistransitionalperiod,nottojeopardizeorhamperthereachingofthefinalagreement.Sucharrangementsshallbewithoutprejudicetothefinaldelimitation.4.WherethereisanagreementinforcebetweentheStatesconcerned,questionsrelatingtothedelimitationoftheexclusiveeconomiczoneshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthatagreement.”5.6China’slawsandpracticeChinaisoneofthedevelopingstatesthatbenefitfromtheestablishmentofEEZ.ThewholeBohai,partoftheYellowSea,theEastChinaSeaandtheSouthChinaSeaaresubjecttoChina’sEEZregime.Chinaneedstodelimittheseaboundarieswithherneighbors.LawontheExclusiveEconomicZoneandtheContinentalShelf1998(《專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架法》)

A2PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，為PRC領(lǐng)海以外并鄰接領(lǐng)海的區(qū)域，從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起延至200海里。A3PRC在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)為勘查、開(kāi)發(fā)、養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理海床上覆水域、海床及其底土的自然資源，以及進(jìn)行其他經(jīng)濟(jì)性開(kāi)發(fā)和勘查，如利用海水、海流和風(fēng)力生產(chǎn)能等活動(dòng)，行使主權(quán)權(quán)利。PRC對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)的建造、使用和海洋科學(xué)研究、海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)和保全，行使管轄權(quán)。本法所稱專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的自然資源，包括生物資源和非生物資源。A5任何國(guó)際組織、外國(guó)的組織或者個(gè)人進(jìn)入PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)從事漁業(yè)活動(dòng)，必須經(jīng)PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，并遵守中華人民共和國(guó)的法律、法規(guī)及PRC與有關(guān)國(guó)家簽訂的條約、協(xié)定。PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)采取各種必要的養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理措施，確保專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的生物資源不受過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)的危害。A6PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的跨界種群、高度洄游魚(yú)種、海洋哺乳動(dòng)物、源自PRC河流的溯河產(chǎn)卵種群、在PRC水域內(nèi)度過(guò)大部分生命周期的降河產(chǎn)卵魚(yú)種，進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理。PRC對(duì)源自本國(guó)河流的溯河產(chǎn)卵種群，享有主要利益。A7任何國(guó)際組織、外國(guó)的組織或者個(gè)人對(duì)PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……的自然資源進(jìn)行勘查、開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)……必須經(jīng)PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，并遵守PRC的法律、法規(guī)。A8PRC在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……有專屬權(quán)利建造并授權(quán)和管理建造、操作和使用人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)。PRC對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……的人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)行使專屬管轄權(quán)，包括有關(guān)海關(guān)、財(cái)政、衛(wèi)生、安全和出境入境的法律和法規(guī)方面的管轄權(quán)。PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……的人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)周?chē)O(shè)置安全地帶，并可以在該地帶采取適當(dāng)措施，確保航行安全以及人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)的安全。A9任何國(guó)際組織、外國(guó)的組織或者個(gè)人在PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……進(jìn)行海洋科學(xué)研究，必須經(jīng)PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，并遵守PRC的法律、法規(guī)。A10PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)采取必要的措施，防止、減少和控制海洋環(huán)境的污染，保護(hù)和保全專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……的海洋環(huán)境。A11任何國(guó)家在遵守國(guó)際法和PRC的法律、法規(guī)的前提下，在PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)享有航行、飛越的自由，在PRC的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……享有鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道的自由，以及與上述自由有關(guān)的其他合法使用海洋的便利。鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道的路線，必須經(jīng)PRC主管機(jī)關(guān)同意。A12PRC在行使勘查、開(kāi)發(fā)、養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的生物資源的主權(quán)權(quán)利時(shí)，為確保PRC的法律、法規(guī)得到遵守，可以采取登臨、檢查、逮捕、扣留和進(jìn)行司法程序等必要的措施。PRC對(duì)在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……違反PRC法律、法規(guī)的行為，有權(quán)采取必要措施，依法追究法律責(zé)任，并可以行使緊追權(quán)。A13PRC在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)……享有的權(quán)利，本法未作規(guī)定的，根據(jù)國(guó)際法和PRC其他有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)行使。VI.Thecontinentalshelf(大陸架)DefinitionDelimitationRightsanddutiesChina’spracticeTheterm“continentalshelf”apparentlywasfirstusedinageologicalandgeographicalcontextinthelatenineteenthcentury.Thecontinentalshelfisknown,geologically,asthosesubmarineareaswhichextendfromtheshoretothepointatwhichthereisamarkedfall-offtotheoceanfloorofthedeepseabed.Itformspartofthecontinentalmargin.Before1945,nostatesassertedtherightsintheseabedandsubsoilbeyondandcontiguoustotheterritorialsea.In1945,presidentTrumanissuedproclamation“PolicyoftheUnitedStatesWithRespecttotheNaturalResourcesoftheSubsoilandSeaBedoftheContinentalShelf”(關(guān)于美國(guó)對(duì)大陸架底土和海床自然資源的政策宣言),assertingtitleofand,jurisdictionandcontrolover

thenaturalresources

ofthesubsoilandseabedofthecontinentalshelfbeneaththehighseasbutcontiguoustothecoastsoftheUnitedStateswithoutaffectingthestatusofsuperjacentwaters.TheTrumanProclamationhasbeenacknowledgedbyICJasbeing“thestartingpointofthepositivelaw

(實(shí)在法)onthesubject(ofthecontinentalshelf)”andpromptedgreatlynumerousclaimsofsovereigntyoverthecontinentalshelf,itsseabedandsubsoil,itssuperjacentwaterandeventheover-lyingairspace.ConventionontheContinentalShelf1958andUNCLOS1982.6.1DefinitionofthecontinentalshelfArt.76UNCLOS1982providesthat:1.“ThecontinentalshelfofacoastalStatecomprisesthesea-bedandthesubsoilofthesubmarineareasthatextendbeyonditsterritorialseathroughoutthenaturalprolongationofitslandterritorytotheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargin,ortoadistanceof200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasuredwheretheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargindoesnotextenduptothatdistance.”3.“ThecontinentalmargincomprisesthesubmergedprolongationofthelandmassofthecoastalState,andconsistsofthesea-bedandthesubsoiloftheshelf,theslopeandtherise.Itdoesnotincludethedeepoceanfloorwithitsoceanicridgesorthesubsoilthereof.”“200milepluscontinentalmargin”criterion(1.沿海國(guó)的大陸架包括其領(lǐng)海以外依其陸地領(lǐng)土的全部自然延伸，擴(kuò)展到大陸邊外緣的海底區(qū)域的海床和底土，如果從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起到大陸邊的外緣的距離不到二百海里，則擴(kuò)展到二百海里的距離。3.大陸邊包括沿海國(guó)陸塊沒(méi)入水中的延伸部分，由陸架、陸坡和陸基的海床和底土構(gòu)成，它不包括深洋洋底及其洋脊，也不包括其底土。)深海地貌單元圖示RL9909003/6MHeKrystallinskkontinentalskorpeOceaniccrustMid-oceanicridgeContinentalShelf(scientific)ContinentalslopeMeltedmantleEarth'smantleFootofslopeDeepoceanfloorContinentalmarginThecontinentalshelf-juridicalv.scientificconceptCrystallinecontinentalcrustSediments6-15Km30-50KmContinentalriseContinentalshelf(juridical)Nauticalmiles(M)01002006.2delimitationofthecontinentalshelfIfthatnaturalprolongationfallsshortof200nauticalmilesfromthebaselines,thelegal“continentalshelf”isregardedasneverthelesscontinuingupto200nauticalmilesfromthebaselines(不足200海里時(shí)可延伸至200海里).Ifthenaturalprolongationexceeds200nauticalmilesfromthebaselines,thecoastalstate’s“continentalshelf”continuesuntilthenaturalprolongationends.AndthecoastalStateshalldelineatetheouterlimitsofitscontinentalshelfbystraightlinesnotexceeding60

nauticalmilesinlength,connectingfixedpoints,definedbycoordinatesoflatitudeandlongitude.