聚合物與環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)

聚合物與環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)第一頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Lesson1(1)Pyrolysis(2)Hydrocarbon(3)Biodegradable(4)Thermalpenetrationthreshold(5)Dilutesolution(6)Thermaldegradation(7)Greenhouseeffect

Words熱解；高溫分解碳?xì)浠衔锷锝到獾臒釢B透閾值稀溶液熱降解溫室效應(yīng)第二頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(08)Specificsurfacearea

比表面積

單位質(zhì)量或體積物體的總表面積：?jiǎn)挝籧m2·g-1或cm2·cm-3(09)Electrostaticprecipitator靜電除塵器(10)Crystallinity結(jié)晶度Degreeofcrystallization

表示聚合物中結(jié)晶區(qū)域所占的比例，范圍一般從30-80%。

測(cè)定方法：1.密度法：結(jié)晶度=(Va-V)/(Va-Vc)*100%Va-完全無定形聚合物的比容(specificvolume)；Vc-完全結(jié)晶聚合物的比容；V-試樣的比容(密度的倒數(shù))

2.熱分析法：Differentialscanningcalorimentry(DSC)3.X射線檢測(cè)、核磁共振等，X-rayDiffraction(XRD)，Wide-anglex-raydiffraction(WAXD);single-anglex-raydiffraction(SAXD);第三頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(11)Meltingpoint熔點(diǎn)Thetemperaturebelowwhichaliquidturnsintoasolid.(12)Hydrophobic

疏水的；Hydrophilic親水的

i.水是極性分子，所以親水的幾乎都是極性分子。

ii.十二烷基苯磺酸鈉(肥皂)

肥皂去污原理示意圖第四頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(13)Curingshrinkagerate固化收縮率

(14)

Dielectricconstant

介電常數(shù);εInsulation

Stealth

第五頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(15)Microorganism微生物(16)Rectification

精餾

Theprocessofrefinementorpurificationofasubstancebydistillation.

Distillation:Theprocessofpurifyingaliquidbyevaporatingitandcondensingitsvapors.Athermodynamicsseparationtechnique,inviewofdifferentboilingpoint.第六頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(17)Catalyst催化劑(18)Stressrelaxation應(yīng)力松弛

回彈應(yīng)力隨時(shí)間逐漸降低的現(xiàn)象:打包帶變松、橡皮筋變松(19)Flocculant絮凝劑(20)Volatileorganiccompound揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物(21)Rawmaterialratio原材料配比(22)Reactionyield反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率第七頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(23)Engineeringplastics

工程塑料Polyformaldehyde,POM

Polyphenylether,PPOPolyamide,PAPolycarbonate,PC

Polyethyleneglycolterephthalate,PET

第八頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

WordsGeneralplastics通用塑料Polyethylene,PE

Polypropylene,PP

Polystyrene,PSPolrvinylchloride,PVCAcrylonitrilebutadiene-styreneresin,ABSABS(Anti-lockedBrakingSystem)-防抱死剎車系統(tǒng).第九頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(24)Syntheticrubber合成橡膠(25)Chemicalpurification化學(xué)純化(26)Flameretardant阻燃劑(27)Synergy協(xié)同(28)Photochemicaloxidants光化學(xué)氧化劑(29)Vacuumdrying

真空干燥(低于常壓)第十頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

WordsVacuumdryingoven1、放氣閥；2、銘牌3、真空表；4、門拉手5、溫度控制器；6、真空閥7、抽氣孔；8、電源開關(guān)9、電源指示燈；10、擱板11、觀察窗i.將箱門關(guān)上并將門拉手旋緊到位，關(guān)閉放氣閥，開啟真空閥(逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)90o)ii.接通真空泵電源，開始抽氣，當(dāng)真空表指示值達(dá)到-0.1Mpa時(shí)，先關(guān)閉真空閥后關(guān)閉真空泵電源，以防止真空泵機(jī)油倒流到干燥箱內(nèi)，此時(shí)箱內(nèi)處于真空狀態(tài)。第十一頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(30)Rotaryevaporator旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)(31)Centrifugalseparation離心分離(32)Dehydrator脫水劑(33)Thermostability熱穩(wěn)定性(34)Water-soluble水溶性的(35)By-products副產(chǎn)品(36)Relativemolecularweight相對(duì)分子量(37)Quantitativeanalysis定量分析(38)Polarmolecule極性分子(39)Exhaustgas尾氣第十二頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

Words(40)Thermosetresin熱固性樹脂Syntheticresin,whichcanundergoachemicalreaction,cross-linkedcuretobethenotdissolvedormeltedmaterials,underheating&pressing,orwiththeaidofcuringagent&UV-light.Advantage:greatrigidity,highhardness,goodtemperatureresistant,inflammableandexcellentdimensionalstability.Disadvantage:fragileKinds:phenolicresin,urearesin,melamine-formaldehyderesin,epoxyresin,unsaturatedpolyester,polyurethaneandpolyimide.第十三頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish(1)IonexchangeExchangingbetweenionsinsolidionexchangeandionsindilutesolution,inordertoachievetheextractionorremovethepurposeofsomeionsinthesolution,isakindofmasstransferseparationprocessunitoperation.Thestrengthofasolution;numberofmoleculesofasubstanceinagivenvolume(expressedasmoles/cubicmeter)(2)ConcentrationSubstancethatinitiatesoracceleratesachemicalreaction(3)Catalyst(4)PrecipitatorRemovesdustparticlesfromgasesbyelectrostaticprecipitation第十四頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(1)Pleasewriteout3-4kindsofpolymerizationmethodsSuspensionpolymerization;Precipitationpolymerization;Emulsionpolymerization;Seedemulsionpolymerization;Atomtransferradicalpolymerization(ATRP);Reversibleaddition-fracturechaintransferpolymerization(RAFT)Renewableresources:Solarenergy;Geothermalenergy;Hydroenergy;Windenergy;BiomassenergyPotentiallyrenewableresources:Trees;Grasses;Wildlifeanimals;Freshlake&streamwater;Groundwater;Freshair;FertilesoilUnrenewableresources:Peat;Coal;Petroleum;Naturalgas;Metallicmineral;Unmetallicmineral(2)Howmanytypescanresourcesbedividedinto?Whatare?Givethreeexamplesofeachtyperesource第十五頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(3)Pleaseprovide3-5kindsmethodstoanalyzeandcharacterizesurfacemodificationeffectsofmaterials.X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy,XPS,X光電子能譜儀Fouriertransforminfraredspectrometer.FTIR,傅立葉紅外Thermo-gravimetricanalyzer,TGA,熱失重分析Zetapotential,Zeta電位ContactAngles,接觸角Scanningelectronmicroscopy,SEM,掃描電子顯微鏡Atomicforcemicroscope,AFM,原子力顯微鏡X-raydiffraction.XRD,X衍射儀第十六頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(4)Givefourperiodicalsrelatedtochemistry,polymerandenvironmentPolymer,Carbon,JournalofAppliedPolymerScienceChemicalJournalofChineseUniversity,ACTAPolymericaSinicaACTAChimicaSinica,ACTAScientiaeCircumstantiaeMaterialsReview,JournalofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringChineseJournalofMaterialResearchActaMateriaeCompositaeSinacaChineseJournalofAnalyticalChemistryJournalofFunctionalMaterialsPolymerMaterialsScience&EngineeringEnvironmentalScienceChemicalIndustryandEngineeringProgress第十七頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(5)Whatarethemaintechnologiesforindustrialwastewatertreatment?Give2-3examplesofeachtypetreatmenttechnology.第十八頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(6)Give4-6examplesoffunctionalpolymersyouareinterested.Ionexchangeresin;SeparationmembraneThermalconductivityPolymers;PhotosensitivepolymersPolymercatalyst;SuperabsorbentpolymersMedicalpolymers;Liquidcrystalpolymer(7)DescribethetypesofinorganicconstituentsinwastewaterChloridesandSulphates;NitrogenandphosphorousCarbonatesandbicarbonates;Toxicsubstances(8)GiveallthetechnologiesofairpollutioncontrolCyclones;FabricFilters;WetScrubbers;Biofiltration第十九頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinesePlasticsrecycling:challengesandopportunities

Plasticsareinexpensive,lightweightanddurablematerials,whichcanreadilybemouldedintoavarietyofproductsthatfinduseinawiderangeofapplications.Asaconsequence,theproductionofplasticshasincreasedmarkedlyoverthelast60years.However,currentlevelsoftheirusageanddisposalgenerateseveralenvironmentalproblems.Around4percentofworldoilandgasproduction,anon-renewableresource,isusedasfeedstockforplasticsandafurther3-4%isexpendedtoprovideenergyfortheirmanufacture.Amajorportionofplasticproducedeachyearisusedtomakedisposableitemsofpackagingorothershort-livedproductsthatarediscardedwithinayearofmanufacture.第二十頁(yè)，共二十四頁(yè)，編輯于2023年，星期五

TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinesePlasticsrecycling:challengesandopportunities

Thetwoobservationsaloneindicatethatourcurrentuseofplasticsisnotsustainable.Inaddition,becauseofthedurabilityofthepolymersinvolved,substantialquantitiesofdiscardedend-of-lifeplasticsareaccumulatingasdebrisinlandfillsandinnaturalhabitatsworldwide.Recyclingisoneofthemostimportantactionscurrentlyavailabletoreducetheseimpactsandrepresentsoneofthemostdynamicareasinth