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ClauseLévi-Strauss
ByZhuWenzhaoContentsofthispresentation:IntroductionofStraussStructuralismwhatisstructurewhatisstructuralismStrauss’sfourprocedurestostructuralismAnthropologicaltheoriesMythwhatismythStrauss’sstudyofmyth
IntroductionofStraussStrauss(28November1908–30October2009)wasborntoFrenchparentswhowerelivinginBrusselsatthetime,wherehisfatherwasworkingasapainter.Hestudiedlawandphilosophy,butfoundneitherinteresting.Thenhetookupanthropology.HewasaFrenchanthropologistandethnologist,andhasbeencalled,alongwithJamesGeorgeFrazer,the“fatherofmodernanthropology”Majorworks《野性的思維》LaPensée
sauvage
(1962)《憂郁的熱帶》Tristes
tropiques(1955)
《神話學(xué)I-IV》MythologiquesI-IV
《結(jié)構(gòu)人類學(xué)》Anthropologie
structurale
(1958)《種族與歷史》Raceethistoire(1952)
《結(jié)構(gòu)人類學(xué)之二》Anthropologie
structurale
deux
(1973)《親屬關(guān)系的基本結(jié)構(gòu)》LesStructuresélémentairesdelaparenté
(1949)WhatisStructure?
Somethingmadeupofanumberofpartsthatareheldorputtogetherinaparticularway.Thewayinwhichpartsarearrangedorputtogethertoformawhole;makeup.TheinterrelationorarrangementofpartsinacomplexentityInotherwords,structureisrulesandprinciplesoperativeintheworld,orwecansay,theworldiscomposedofmanydifferentelements,eachofwhichhasitsownfunction,arecloselyboundupwitheachotherinsortofapatternorstructure.Whatisstructuralism?
StructuralismisanintellectualmovementwhichbeganinFranceinthe1950sandisfirstseenintheworkoftheanthropologistClaudeLevi-Strauss.Itsessenceisthebeliefthatthingscannotbeunderstoodinisolation----theyhavetobeseeninthecontextofthelargerstructurestheyarepartof(hencetheterm“structuralism”).ItemphasizeswholenessandsynchronicStrauss’sfourprocedurestoStructuralism
Straussspecifiedfourproceduresbasictostructuralism.StructuralanalysisexaminesunconsciousinfrastructuresofculturalphenomenaItregardstheelementsofinfrastructuresas“relational”,notasindependententities.Itattendssingle-mindedlytosystemItpropoundsgenerallawsaccountingfortheunderlyingorganizingpatternsofphenomenaAnthropologicaltheories
StrausssoughttoapplythestructurallinguisticsofSaussuretoanthropology.Atthetime,thefamilywastraditionallyconsideredthefundamentalobjectofanalysis,butwasseenprimarilyasaself-containedunitconsistingofahusband,awife,andtheirchildren.Nephews,cousins,aunts,uncles,andgrandparentsallweretreatedassecondary.Hearguedthatfamiliesacquiredeterminateidentitiesonlythroughrelationswithoneanother.Thusheinvertedtheclassicalviewofanthropology,puttingthesecondaryfamilymembersfirstandinsistingonanalyzingtherelationsbetweenunitsinsteadoftheunitsthemselves.Kinship:
Straussthoughtthatkinshiphadfourbasicelements:brother,sister,fatherandsonfromwhichotherrelativeswerederived.Inhisownanalysisoftheformationoftheidentitiesthatarisethroughmarriagesbetweentribes.Straussnotedthattherelationbetweentheuncleandthenephewwastotherelationbetweenbrotherandsister,astherelationbetweenfatherandsonistothatbetweenhusbandandwife,thatis,AistoBasCistoD.ThereforeifweknowA,B,andC,wecanpredictD,justasifweknowAandD,wecanpredictBandC.ThegoalofStrauss'sstructuralanthropologywastosimplifythemassesofempiricaldataintogeneralized,comprehensiblerelationsbetweenunits,whichallowforpredictivelawstobeidentified,suchasAistoBasCistoD.
AtraditionalstoryrootedinprimitivefolkbeliefsofculturesUsesthesupernaturaltointerpretnaturaleventsExplainstheculture’sviewoftheuniverseandthenatureofhumanity
Whatisamyth?Strauss’sstudyofmythMythemes(神話素):Straussbelievedthatmyth,liketherestofthelanguage,ismadeupofconstituentunits.Butwhatconsistsoflanguageisdifferentfromthatofthemyth–theybelongtoahigherandmorecomplexorder.Forthisreason,weshallcallthemmythemeWhatStraussbelievedhehaddiscoveredwhenheexaminedtherelationsbetweenmythemeswasthatamythconsistsofjuxtaposedbinaryoppositions(二元對立).Forexample,Oedipusconsistsoftheoverratingofbloodrelationsandtheunderratingofbloodrelations.
Straussseesabasicparadoxinthestudyofmyth.Ononehand,mythicalstoriesarefantasticandunpredictable:thecontentofmythseemscomplet
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