小升初介詞和連詞的概念及應(yīng)用（講義）譯林版英語六年級(jí)下冊(cè)

介詞和連詞的概念及應(yīng)用介詞相當(dāng)于“中介〞，一般用于名詞或者代詞前面,表示名詞、代詞等與句中其他詞的關(guān)系，在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。一、時(shí)間介詞1.in,on,at在……時(shí)in表示較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，如世紀(jì)、朝代、時(shí)代、年、季節(jié)、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如：inthe20thcentury,inthe1950s,in1989,insummer,inJanuary,inthemorning,inthenight,inone’slife,inone’sthirties等。on表示詳細(xì)某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。如：onMay1st,onMonday,onNewYear’sDay,onacoldnight，inJanuary,onafinemorning,onSundayafternoon等。at表示某一時(shí)刻或較短暫的時(shí)間，或泛指圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)等。如：at3:20,atthistimeofyear,atthebeginningof,attheendof…,attheageof…,atChristmas,atnight,atnoon,atthismoment等。2.in,after在……之后“in+段時(shí)間〞表示將來的一段時(shí)間以后；Mymotherwillebackinthreeorfourdays.“after+段時(shí)間〞表示過去的一段時(shí)間以后；Hearrivedafterfivemonths.“after+將來點(diǎn)時(shí)間〞表示將來的某一時(shí)刻以后。Shewillappearafterfiveo’clockthisafternoon.3.from,since和forfrom僅說明什么時(shí)候開頭，不說明某動(dòng)作或狀況持續(xù)多久；Hestudiedthepianofromtheageofthree.since表示某動(dòng)作或狀況持續(xù)至說話時(shí)刻，通常與完成時(shí)連用；Therehavebeenmanychangessincethewar.for指動(dòng)作連續(xù)貫穿整個(gè)過程，后接時(shí)間段，主句用完成時(shí)。Theyhavelivedatthesmalltownforalmostthirtyyears.4.after,behind在……之后after主要用于表示時(shí)間；She’sleavingthedayaftertomorrow.AfterbreakfastAmyorderedataxi.behind主要用于表示位置。Hecouldjustaboutseethelittlemanbehindthecounter.Theywereparkedbehindthetruck.5.in與duringduring與in都加一段時(shí)間，區(qū)分在于during強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的連續(xù)性，而in那么只是一般指某一時(shí)間。TheyvisitedmanycitiesduringtheirstayinChina.Hergrandpawaskilledinthewar.6.by表示時(shí)間時(shí)，意思是“到……以前〞、“不遲于〞、“到……時(shí)〔為止〕〞。Hehadlearned1000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm.二、方位介詞1.at,in,on方位介詞用法例詞at表較小的地方atthecorner,athome,atschool,atthebusstop,attherailwaystation,attheairport,etc.in表較大的地方inBeijing,inChina,inAsia,intheworld表示“在……里面〞，或表小地方inthebag,intheroom,inthebuilding,etc.on在平面上onthetable,onthefarm2.in,on,toin表示在范圍內(nèi)；BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.on表示毗鄰，接壤；RussialiesonthenorthofChina.to表示在……范圍外，不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否接壤。FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.3.above,over,on在……上above指在……上方，不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否垂直，與below相對(duì)；over指垂直的上方，與under相對(duì)，但over與物體有肯定的空間，不直接接觸；on表示某物體上面并與之接觸。4.below,under在……下面under表示在……正下方；below表示在……下，不肯定在正下方。三、方式介詞by,with,in表示方法、手段、工具。Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.四、其他介詞1.between,amongbetween指在兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)事物之間；among指在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物之間。ThereisafootballmatchbetweenClassOneandClassTwoontheplayground.Theteacherisstandingamongthestudents.2.besides,except都表示“除了〞besides的用法就等于aswellas。WelikebiologybesidesEnglish.除了英語外，我們還喜愛生物。〔生物和英語都喜愛〕Everyoneisexcitedexceptme.除我以外的每個(gè)人都很沖動(dòng)?！菜麄儧_動(dòng)，而我卻不沖動(dòng)〕3.by,with,in表示方法、手段、工具。by以……方法、手段或泛指某種交通工具；with表示用……工具、手段，一般接詳細(xì)的工具和手段；in表示用……方式，用……語言(語調(diào)、筆墨、顏色)等。Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.4.for為……由于……至于……Heworksforthispany.Shecamebacktotheclassroomforshehadleftherbooksintheclassroom.5.across,through通過，穿過across表示橫過，即從物體外表通過，與on有關(guān)；through穿過，即從物體內(nèi)部穿過，與in有關(guān)。Sheswamacrosstheriver.Hewalkedthroughtheforest.6.to到……，向……，趨于。Towards也只趨向，但是不強(qiáng)調(diào)目的地。for表方向時(shí)，一般是leavefor,startfor的固定應(yīng)用Howlongisitfromheretothestation?從這兒到車站有多遠(yuǎn)?Hewantedtogotothepark.表示他的目的地就是公園。Hewalkedtowardsthepark.他只是朝著公園走，但是目的地不肯定是公園。7.without沒有，不，在……之外Wecan’tdoitbetterwithoutyourhelp.沒有你的關(guān)心，我們就做不好。Wecouldn’tlivewithoutairandwater.沒有空氣和水，我們就不行能生存。五、連詞連詞是用來連接詞與詞、詞組與詞組或句子與句子、表示某種規(guī)律關(guān)系的虛詞。連詞的分類：類型詳細(xì)舉例并列連詞并列關(guān)系and,both…and…選擇關(guān)系or,either…or…轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but,though因果關(guān)系for,so附屬連詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句what,where引導(dǎo)狀語從句assoonas,until六、并列連詞并列連詞是連接兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或句子的連詞。依據(jù)其意義，并列連詞又可分為表示關(guān)聯(lián)、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇和因果等四種關(guān)系的連詞。如：and,but,or,for,so,notonly...butalso,either...or...,both...and,neither...nor等。1.and的用法用于確定的并列：Iamastudentandheisateacher.用在動(dòng)詞e,go,run,stay,stop等不及物動(dòng)詞之后，表示前面動(dòng)作的目的，如：Goandbuyapencilforme.用于“祈使句+and+句子〞結(jié)構(gòu)中，祈使句表示條件，后面的句子表示結(jié)果，如：Studyhardandyou’llpasstheexam.2.both...and...“兩者都〞的意思，如：Thefilmisbothinterestingandinstructive.3.neither...nor...“兩者都不〞的意思，也可以理解為both...and...的否認(rèn)形式，如：NeitherInorhehasseenthefilm.Ineithersmokenordrink.4.notonly...butalso...和aswellas的用法notonly...butalso...和aswellas都表示“不但……而且……〞，只是各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。notonly...butalso...側(cè)重點(diǎn)在butalso后面的局部；aswellas側(cè)重點(diǎn)在aswellas前面局部。試比擬：Shehasnotonlyknowledgebutalsoexperience.〔強(qiáng)調(diào)閱歷〕Shehasknowledgeaswellasexperience.〔強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)問〕5.or的用法表示“或者〞：TomorIamtobeblame.〔謂語動(dòng)詞就近原那么〕表示否認(rèn)的并列：Hecan’tspeakEnglishorChinese.表示“否那么〞的意思：Takethisbusoryouwon’tgetthereintime.6.either...or...“要么……要么……〞“是……還是……〞的意思，表示二選一，如：IwanttovisiteitherParisorLondon.7.whether...or...“不管是……還是……〞的意思，如：Whetherhedrivesortakesthebus，he’llbehereontime.8.ratherthan“寧愿……而不愿……〞的意思，如：Hewentawayratherthanstayasanunweleguest.

〔接動(dòng)詞原形〕9.orelse與otherwise：在祈使句后，表示“否那么〞的意思，如：Hurryuporelse/otherwiseyou’llbelate.10.while相當(dāng)于“然而“的意思，表示兩者或者兩種狀況的比照，如：Wangworkshard,whileLidoesn’t.

11.表示緣由的并列連詞有：for(由于)，so(所以)，therefore(因此)，thus(因而)。七、附屬連詞附屬連詞是引導(dǎo)狀語從句、賓語從句及其他從句的連詞，簡(jiǎn)而言之，附屬連詞就是引導(dǎo)從句的連詞。而所謂從句，是把簡(jiǎn)潔句的一個(gè)成分用一句話來代替，例如賓語從句，就是把賓語用一句話來代替。如：在句子Hesaidthathewas10yearsold.中，hewas10yearsold是said的賓語，是he所說的內(nèi)容。因此，hewas10yearsold是賓語從句，而hesaid是整個(gè)句子主句的主語和謂語，那么連接主句主、謂語和從句的that就是附屬連詞。下面是一些常用附屬連詞的用法舉例。1.引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞一般有：who，whose，whom，whoever，what，which等。如：Whowrotethenovelisunknown.Whichteamwillwinthechampionshipisuncertain.留意：引導(dǎo)賓語從句的附屬連詞that可以省略，Hesaid(that)hewas10yearsold.在think，believe等動(dòng)詞引起的賓語從句中，否認(rèn)形式要將主句謂語think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉裾J(rèn)形式，如：Idon’tthinkheisright.我認(rèn)為他不對(duì)。2.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：when，while，after，since，assoonas，once等。如：Weshouldstrikewhiletheironishot.Wewillsendyouthegoodsassoonaswereceiveyourcheque.3.引導(dǎo)緣由狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：because,as,since等。如：AsIhadafever,Iwasabsentfromschool.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbegin.4.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：where，wherever。如：WhereverImaybe,Iwillbehappy.5.引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：if，evenif，incase，unless，so/aslongas等。如：Iwon’tloseheartevenifIfailagain.

Incasethereisanydifficulty,askhimtohelpyou.

Hewillnoteunlessheisinvited.6.引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：that，sothat，inorderthat，lest等。如：eroundtothewindowsothatIcanseeyou.

Becarefullestyoufailfromthattree.Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.7.引導(dǎo)比擬狀語從句的附屬連詞一般有：as,as...as...，notso...as...，more...than...等。如：Heisaskindashisbrother(is).

BobisclevererthanJohn.考點(diǎn)及重難點(diǎn)一、考點(diǎn)：1.介詞：時(shí)間介詞、方位介詞、方式介詞、其它常見介詞。2.連詞：表轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、選擇、因果的并列連詞和引導(dǎo)賓語從句、狀語從句、定從等的附屬連詞。二、重難點(diǎn)：1.介詞的類型和用法比擬簡(jiǎn)單，形似意義之間介詞的辨析是考查的重點(diǎn)：如between和among，across和through等近義詞之間的區(qū)分，時(shí)間介詞和地點(diǎn)介詞的區(qū)分以及方位介詞的用法等。另外考查表示時(shí)間介詞和地點(diǎn)介詞選擇也是介詞考查的重點(diǎn)。2.小升初考中涉及連詞較多，考查的主要內(nèi)容是連詞的用法。詳細(xì)包括：考查并列連詞〔both…and;either…or;neither...nor;notonly…butalso…等〕，主要通過所給語境及前后句的規(guī)律關(guān)系等，老考查同學(xué)對(duì)并列連詞的理解和把握。典題探究題模一：介詞例Hewillreturn_________threedays.A．a(chǎn)fterB．inC．onD．a(chǎn)t例HewenttoHubei_________October,1998andcamebackhome_________themorningofNov.5.A．a(chǎn)t;inB．on;atC．in;onD．by;from例_________thesun,nothingwouldgrow.A．ForB．WithC．UnderD．Without例用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。1.Mybirthdayis_________November7th.Iwasborn_________2010.2._________SaturdaysIalwaysgotothemarket.3.Ican’tseehim_________themoment.I’mbusy.4.Thereisabiglibrary______theleft.5.JetLiisafamousactor_________shortblackhair.題模二：連詞例選取恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空。so…thatorso…thatorandbutboth…and1.IlikeEnglish_________helikesit,too.2.WeboughtGrannyapresent,_________shedidn’tlikeit.3.Runquickly,_________we’llmisstheearlytrain.4.Heran_________fast_________hewontherace.5.Heisonlytenmonths.Hecan_________read_________write.例Idon’tlikereading_________watchingTV.Whataboutyou?Idon’tlikereadingallday,_________IlikewatchingTVplays.A．a(chǎn)nd;butB．a(chǎn)nd;andC．or;andD．or;but例Youwon’tknowthevalue(價(jià)值)ofthehealth_________youloseit.A．untilB．a(chǎn)fterC．whenD．because當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)隨練Whattimedoyouusuallygetup,Rick?Iusuallygetup_________5o’clock.A．inB．a(chǎn)tC．onD．for隨練Hecansingalotofsongs_________English.A．onB．withC．inD．a(chǎn)t隨練Iwanttobuyashirt_________myfather.A．toB．forC．onD．in隨練_________Sundays,Iusuallygotovisitmygrandfather.A．InB．AtC．OnD．with隨練Theyaretalking_________themovie.A．a(chǎn)boutB．toC．withD．in隨練Putonmoreclothes,_________you’llcatchcold.A．a(chǎn)ndB．forC．orD．but隨練Shesaidshemighte_________Saturday_________Sunday.A．neither;norB．either;orC．too;toD．so;that隨練Thatmathsproblemis_________difficult_________nobodycandoit.A．too;toB．very;thatC．very;butD．so;that隨練I’llgiveherthemessage_________sheesback.A．sinceB．beforeC．untilD．a(chǎn)ssoonas隨練_________theteachercameintotheclassroom,manystudentsweretalkingtoeachother.A．WhenB．IfC．SinceD．While隨練用and，as，after，before，what，or，but，if，where和because填空。1.Studyhard_________you’llpasstheexam.2.Takethisbus_________youwon’tgetthereintime.3.Whatshallwedo_________itrainstomorrow?4.Sheisverybusy,_________shealwaysfindstimeforhousework.5.Iplayedvideogames_________Ifinishedmyhomework.6.Hewenttobedearly_________hewastired.7._________thereisawill,thereisaway.8._________weneedismuchmoretime.課后穩(wěn)固作業(yè)1Whydon’tyougotoschool_________Julythisyear?Becausewe’llhavingthesummervocationearlier.A．forB．a(chǎn)tC．withD．in作業(yè)2WehaveEnglishlessons_______Monday________Friday.A．on;toB．a(chǎn)t;onC．from,to作業(yè)3Shecan’twatchTV_____schoolnights.A．inB．onC．a(chǎn)t作業(yè)4Teachers’Dayis_____September10th.A．a(chǎn)tB．inC．on作業(yè)5Miss.Gaohasbeenateacher_________1990.A．beforeB．sinceC．a(chǎn)fterD．in作業(yè)6_________Lily_________Lucylikesinging.A．Both…andB．Neither…nor…C．Either…orD．So…that作業(yè)7Peopleoftenmistakeusforeachother_________wearetwins.A．ifB．whenC．becauseD．a(chǎn)fter作業(yè)8Areyousure_________Mr.Liwilletoyourbirthdayparty?A．whenB．thatC．forD．if作業(yè)9Readthesentencesslowly_________wecanunderstandwhatyouread.A．beforeB．sothatC．untilD．because作業(yè)10_________shewasnotwell,Idecidedtogowithouther.A．ThoughB．AsC．WhenD．Becauseof作業(yè)11選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或連詞填空〔可重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)介詞〕。onacrossatamongbyunderinonacrossatamongbyunderinoverwhensothatso…that