跨文化交際-unit1-6-課后translation中英對照

Unit1Page22The

growth

of

intercultural

communication

as

a

field

of

study

is

based

on

a

view

of

history

that

clearly

demonstrates

people

and

cultures

have

been

troubled

by

a

persistent

inability

to

understand

and

get

along

with

groups

and

societies

removed

by

space,

ideology,

appearance,

and

behavior

from

their

own.

What

is

intriguing

about

many

of

human

civilization's

failure

is

that

they

appear

to

be

personal

as

well

as

global.

The

story

of

humankind

is

punctuated

with

instances

of

face-to-face

conflicts

as

well

as

international

misunderstanding--major

and

minor

quarrels

that

range

from

simple

name-calling

to

isolationism

or

even

armed

conflict.

It

is

obvious

that

increased

contact

with

other

cultures

and

subcultures

makes

it

imperative

for

us

to

make

a

concerted

effort

to

get

along

with

and

to

try

to

understand

people

whose

beliefs

and

backgrounds

may

be

vastly

different

from

our

own.

The

ability,

through

increased

awareness

and

understanding,

to

peacefully

coexist

with

people

who

do

not

necessarily

share

our

lifestyles

or

values

could

benefit

us

not

only

in

our

own

neighborhoods

but

could

be

the

decisive

factor

in

maintaining

world

peace.

縱觀歷史，我們可以清楚地看到，人們由于彼此所處地域、意識形態(tài)、容貌服飾和行為

舉止上存在的差異，而長久無法互相理解、無法和睦相處。在這種情況下，跨文化交際作為

一個特定的研究領(lǐng)域得以形成和發(fā)展。值得注意的是，人類文明在發(fā)展過程中所遭受的許多

挫折，既是個人的，又是全球性的；人類歷史進(jìn)程總是充滿了個人間的直接沖突和民族間的

誤解——從罵罵咧咧到孤立主義直至到武裝沖突，大大小小爭端不絕。

很顯然，文化間以及亞文化間的交往比以前多了，這迫切要求我們共同努力，去理解有

著不同信仰和文化背景的人們，并與之和睦相處。通過加深認(rèn)識和理解，我們能夠與生活方

式、價值觀念不同的人們和平共處；這不但有益于我們周遭環(huán)境的安定，也是維護(hù)世界和平

的決定性因素。Unit2Page60Cultureissometimesreferredtoasourmentalprogramming，our“softwareofthemind.”Butwecantakethatcomputeranalogyfurtherandsaythatcultureistheoperatingenvironmentthatenablessoftwareprogramstorun.CultureislikeDOSorUnixorWindows：itiswhatenablesustoprocessinformationinvariousspecificapplication.Themetaphorofwindowsseemstobeveryappealingtodescribeculture:cultureisamentalsetofwindows

throughwhichalloflifeisviewed.Itvariousfromindividualtoindividualwithinasociety,butitsharesimportantcharacteristicswithmenbersofasociety.Cultureislikethewaterfishswimin┄arealitythatistakenforgrantedandrarelyexamined.itisintheairwebreathandisasnecessarytoourunderstandingofwhoweareasairistoourphysicallife.Cultureisthepropertyofacommunityofpeople,notsimplyacharacteristicofindividuals.Societiesareprogrammedbyculture,andthatprogrammingcomesfromsimilarlifeexperiencesandsimilarinterpretationsofwhatthoseexperiencesmean.Ifcultureismentalprogramming,itisalsoamentalmapofreality.Ittellsusfromearlychildhoodwhatmatters,whattoprefer,whattoavoid,andwhattodo.Culturealsotellsuswhatoughttobe.Itgivesusassumptionsabouttheidealbeyondwhatindividualsmayexperience.Ithelpsusinsittingpriorities.Itestablishescodesforbehaviorandprovidesjustificationandlegitimizationforthatbehavior.文化有時候被稱為我們的心智程序，我們“頭腦的軟件”。但是，我們可以進(jìn)一步引申

這個用電腦所做的類比，把文化看作是支持運行的操作環(huán)境。文化就像電腦使用的

DOS

或者

Unix

或者

“視窗”（Windows）等操作系統(tǒng)一樣，使我們能在各種各樣的實際應(yīng)用中處理信

息。

用“視窗”這個比喻來描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我們心靈的視窗，透過它

我們審視生活的方方面面。一個社會中不同個體的視窗是不大一樣的，但都有著一些重要的

共同特征。

文化就好像是魚暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當(dāng)然地把文化看成是客觀存在的事實，因

而很少去研究它。文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對于我們了解我們自身之為何物

是必不可少的，就正如生命離不開空氣一樣。文化是特定群體的共有財產(chǎn)，而不單是個體的

特征。社會按照文化設(shè)定的程序運作，這種程序來自于相似的生活體驗以及對這種生活體驗

之含義的相似闡釋。

如果文化是一種心智程序，那么它也是現(xiàn)實的心靈地圖。從我們很小的時候開始，文化

就告訴我們應(yīng)該看重什么、偏好什么、規(guī)避什么和做些什么，文化還告訴我們事物應(yīng)該是什

么樣。文化為我們提供超越個體經(jīng)驗可能的理想典范，幫助我們決定應(yīng)該優(yōu)先考慮的人或事。

文化為我們建立起行為準(zhǔn)則，并視遵守這些準(zhǔn)則的行為為正當(dāng)、合法。Unit3Page96Althougheachofushasauniquesetofvalues,therealsoarevaluesthattendtopermeateaculture.Thesearecalledculturalvalues.Culturalvaluesgenerallyarenormativeinthattheyinformamemberofaculturewhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturevaluesdefinewhatisworthwhiletodiefor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeopleandtheirsocialsystems,whatareconsideredpropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Culturevaluesalsospecifywhatbehaviorsareofimportanceandwhichshouldbeavoidedwithinaculture.Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.Thevaluesheldbyparticipantsininterculturalcommunicationareimportantbecausevaluesdevelopstandardsandguidelinesthatestablishappropriateandinappropriatebehaviorsinasociety.Values,inotherwords,helpdeterminehowpeopleoughttobehavewiththeresultthatpeoplewillexhibitandexpectbehaviorsaccordingtotheirvaluesystems.Totheextentthatculturevaluesystemsdiffer,wemayexpectthatinterculturalcommunicationparticipantswilltendtoexhibitandtoexpectdifferentbehaviorsundersimilarcircumstances.雖然，我們每個人都有各自一套獨特的價值觀，但在每一文化里，總有彌漫于整個文化

之中的普遍的價值觀。這些被稱作文化價值觀

文化價值觀通常是規(guī)范性的，它使文化的成員知道什么是好的和壞的、什么是正確的和

錯誤的、什么是真的和假的、什么是積極的和消極的，等等。文化價值規(guī)定了什么是值得為

之性對于表達(dá)的看法往往不同：前者

傾向于直接明了，后者則傾向于間接委婉。女性覺得不用直接問就知道她想要什么是很重要

的。男性則覺得，如果女性能爽快地告訴他怎樣做才能讓她高興就再好不過了。Unit6Page215Non-verbalcommunicationmightbethoughtofasanyformofcommunicationwhichisnotdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,however,it’salittledifficulttoknowwheretoseparateverbalandnon-verbalformsofcommunication.Suchnon-verbalaspectsofcommunicationsasnoddingtheheadmostoftenaccompanyspeechandarepartandparceloftheverbalsystemoflanguageuse.Ontheotherhandsuchformsofcommunicationasdanceandmusicoftenhavenoverbalcomponentatall.Whatwewanttodohereissimplytocallattentiontothefactthatmanyaspectsofhumaninteractiondependuponformsofcommunicationwhichcannotbeeasilytranscribedintowordsandyetarecrucialtoourunderstandingofeachother.Ofcoursewehavetoemphasizetheimportanceofcommunicationalsotakesplacewithoutthewriting,andyet