初升高銜接一

PAGEPAGE4初升高銜接課程一：WhatisLanguage?語(yǔ)言（language）是社會(huì)交際的工具，是音義結(jié)合的詞匯和語(yǔ)法的體系。語(yǔ)法（Grammar）是語(yǔ)言的組織規(guī)律，它賦予語(yǔ)言以結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，而詞匯（Vocabulary）則是語(yǔ)言的建筑材料，它通過(guò)語(yǔ)法而賦予語(yǔ)言以意義內(nèi)容?！?lt;<ANewEnglishGrammarCoursebook>>英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)具有層次性。它可分為五個(gè)不同層次，即句子(Sentence),分句（Clause）詞組（Phrase）,詞（word）,詞素（Morpheme）.第一講各類詞性的概念，分類和用法一，名詞的概念和分類名詞是指表示人或者事物的名稱及其他抽象概念名稱的詞。名詞可在句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)等。名詞普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞worker,bus,book，集體名詞group,class,team,people不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞air,water,plastic抽象名詞friendship,passion專用名詞BillGates,China,NBA,theGreatWall二，代詞的概念和分類代詞就是代替名詞的詞或者代替起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)或句子的詞。常見(jiàn)的代詞有人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，相互代詞，疑問(wèn)代詞，不定代詞，替代詞等。1．人稱代詞表“我/你/他(她/它)”，“我們/你們/他們(她們/它們)”的詞叫人稱代詞，其有人稱，數(shù)，格的變化。數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱一二三一二三格主格賓格2.物主代詞數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱一二三一二三形容詞性名詞性3.反身代詞 反身代詞就是表示“某人或某物自己”，用來(lái)加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣。人稱一二三單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)4.指示代詞this,that,these,those他們既可以作代詞有可以作限定詞。5.相互代詞eachother和oneanother兩組。不要受漢語(yǔ)影響誤認(rèn)為相互代詞是副詞而將其用作狀語(yǔ)。例如要說(shuō)talktoeachother不能說(shuō)talkeachother,相互代詞還可以帶有自己的所有格。如Weshouldpointouteachother’s(=oneanother’s)shortcomings6.疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞就是用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句并在句中起名詞或者形容詞作用的代詞，有who,whom,what,whose,which.7.替代詞it,one,that,those.常用來(lái)替代前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞。8.不定代詞不具體指明某個(gè)特定名詞的代詞叫不定代詞。復(fù)合不定代詞some-Somebodysomeonesomethingany-anybodyanyoneanythingevery-everybodyeveryoneeverythingno-nobodynoonenonenothing兼做形容詞的不定代詞all，another，any，both，each，either，few，little，many，much，neither，other，some，三，動(dòng)詞的概念及分類表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞叫動(dòng)詞，其有人稱，時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。動(dòng)詞的分類特點(diǎn)及用法行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)意動(dòng)詞）（可以獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)）及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)可以直接跟賓語(yǔ)如：finish,say不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)不能跟賓語(yǔ)或不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如：die，stand，sit，talk(to/with/about)，agree(with…)系動(dòng)詞（連系動(dòng)詞）（不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞be持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞keep，remain，stay表象系動(dòng)詞seem，appear感官系動(dòng)詞feel，smell，sound，taste，look變化系動(dòng)詞become，turn，fall，get，go終止系動(dòng)詞prove，turnout助動(dòng)詞be/do/have及它們的相應(yīng)變化形式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如：can，could，may，might，shall，should，must，haveto四，介詞的概念及用法用來(lái)表明名詞，代詞與句中其他詞的關(guān)系的詞叫介詞。介詞是虛詞，不能重讀，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，需要和它后面的詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)（介賓短語(yǔ)）充當(dāng)句子成分，其后面的名詞，代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的部分就是它的賓語(yǔ)。五，形容詞的概念和用法修飾名詞和部分代詞，表示人或事物性質(zhì)狀態(tài)和特征的詞。常作定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。六，副詞的概念及用法用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，程度，方式等的詞叫副詞課后小練習(xí)（一）一、請(qǐng)將下列可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變成復(fù)數(shù)desk- bus- box- brush-watch- stomach- baby- country-boy- toy- thief- wife-roof- belief- proof- photo- hero-looker-on- passer-by-woman- tooth-mouse- sheep- deer- works-series-二、高考鏈接名詞1.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasarethetop(attract)ofChengDu.2.Weseedifferentpeopleweardifferentclothesaccordingtooccasions,theirlikesand(feel)3.NowKleynisreceiving(photo)andstoriesofpeoplebeginningtocleantheirwaterwaysfromplacesasforasTaiWan,China.4.I’mhonoredthatyouwouldaskmeforadvices.(改錯(cuò))形容詞與副詞5.I’mveryinterestinginthejobandI’dliketoapplytotheposition.（改錯(cuò)）6.Atfirsthetriedtokeepcalmly,butafterawhilehebegantolosehistemper.（改錯(cuò)）7.Unfortunate,Sheendedupdoingeverythingbutthat!（改錯(cuò)）8.Likemosttourists,Iwasveryinterestedinitasitthe(old)systemintheword.9.Shewasavery(care)motherandfor25day,Sheneverleftherbaby.10.Butevenso,theworkerswere(amaze)thattheshophadmorethandoubleditspreviousrecordbytheendoftheday.11.Ifyouknowmuchaboutthem,you’llfindfriedchickenandFrenchfriesarerichinfat,sugarandsalt.介詞12.Evenifyoucan’treturntoyoursportrightaway,adoctormighthavesuggestionsandadvicewhatyoucandotostayfit.13.Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpanda_________morethantwoyears.14.Settinggoalsforoneselfisfine,buttheyareimpossibletoreachhope.15.Thedictionaryisoutdatemanywordshavebeenaddedtothelanguagesinceitwaspublished.16.NowIamleavinghome______collage.代詞17.Inmanyways,theeducationsystemintheUSAisnotverydifferentfrom____________intheUK.18.(改)Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenyouview.19.WhenIhappentoseeafive-centcoinontheground,isnaturalformetoleaveitthereincasesomekidwillfind.20.Membersofthegenerationarealsomoreself-centered.Theywantmoretimefor(they)andarenotwillingtoworkovertime.21.Everytimemyfatherarrivedhomeattheendoftheday,we’dgreetheratthedoor.22.Ifyouthinkyou’vebeeninjured,pull(you)outthegameorstopdoingyouractivityorworkout.23.Girls,whoalwaysspendmoneyonclothesshouldkeepeyeopenfordiscountsyou’relikelytobuygoodsummerdressinwinteratareasonableprice.冠詞24.Atthefirst,IthoughtIkneweverythingandcouldmakedecisionsbymyself.25.TodayisbeautifuldaybutIcannotseeit.26.Whileoneofthelivelythree-month-oldtwinsisbeingbottlefed,otheriswithmum.27.Tostartwith,Beijing,thecapitalofChina,isattractivecitywithalonghistory.動(dòng)詞28.Thegiantpanda(love)bypeoplethroughouttheworld.29.NowIthoughtthatitisagoodidea.30.Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetablesandhighqualityoilareusingforcooking.31.In2001,hecreatedaTVspecialbasedonthesharkattacksthat(occur)alongthenewJerseyshorelinein1916一般過(guò)去.32.Jack(work)inthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.33.I(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend,34.Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,Who(learn)crosstalkfordecades,wantstomixitupwiththewe.35.Forfortyyears,Jane（help）therestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeofthoseanimals.36.Moreefforts,asreported,(make)intheyearsaheadtohelpsavetheendangeredanimals.37.Iheardsomethedoor.(close)38.Iheardthedoor.(close)39.(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,You’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.40.For25days,Sheneverleftherbaby,noteventofindsomething(eat)41.(order)overaweekago,thebookareexpectedtoarriveatanytime,42.Whenhisfatherdiscoveredhissonpracticingonaviolinoneday,hegamehimabeating(say)thathewasgoingtobeatthemusicoutoftheboy.43.Ilovetheweekend,becauseInotgetupearlyonSaturdaysandSundays.44.IhavechargedmycellphonelastnightNowthebatteryisrunningout①what+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+（主+謂）②what+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+（其他）③what+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+（其他）WhatabigappleNewYorkis.Whatbeautifulflowerstheseare.Whatsweetsugaritis.2，how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句其中心詞為形容詞和司，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)為：①How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)②How+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)Howlovelythebabyis.Howhardheworks.Howhehatedthecatbefore.3，其它感嘆句類型Oh,myGod!Goodidea!五，therebe句型therebe句型是一個(gè)存在句型，表示何時(shí)何地存在著某人或某物，句末常帶有一個(gè)時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，be動(dòng)詞后面的名詞為句子的真正主語(yǔ)，be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后所跟的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(主謂一致中的就近原則)。Thereisablackboardintheclassroom.Thereisatextbook,adictionaryandtwopensonthedesk.按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)分，英語(yǔ)中的句子可以分為兩種類型：簡(jiǎn)單句，復(fù)合句。一，簡(jiǎn)單句由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）所構(gòu)成的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。其結(jié)構(gòu)就是前面提到的五種基本句型。二，復(fù)合句由連詞連接的兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。1，并列復(fù)合句由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上平等關(guān)系的簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起構(gòu)成的句子叫并列復(fù)合句。常用的并列連詞有and，or，but，while(而，卻)等。Rosepromisedtoofferussomehelpandshedidn’teatherwords.Followmeclosely,oryou’llgetlost.2，主從復(fù)合句由連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上有主次地位的簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起構(gòu)成的句子叫主從復(fù)合句。占主要地位的句子叫主句，占次要地位的句子叫從句。在英語(yǔ)中，從句主要有三大類：名詞性從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句。(1)名詞性從句(包括主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句)Thatyoulostthegoldenopportunitywasnoneofmybusiness.Heinsistedthathe(should)goabroadtohaveafurtherstudy.Myadviceisthatyou(should)thinktwicebeforeyoumakethedecision.Ihadnoideawhyhesuddenlylosthistemper.(2)狀語(yǔ)從句(包括原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式狀語(yǔ)從句等)Whenhelookedintohereyes,hefellinlovewithher.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposesothatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearhimclearly.IknowhowtosolvethiskindofproblembecauseIhavedoneitbefore.(3)定語(yǔ)從句：Thefishwhichweboughtyesterdaywerenotfresh.Iwon’tforgetthevillagewhereIspenttheholiday.句子成分練習(xí)一、找出下列句子的主語(yǔ)Thesunrisesintheeast(n)Helikesdancing.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Whatheneedsisabook.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.二、謂語(yǔ)WestudyEnglish.Idon’tlikethepictureonthewall.Heisateacher.三：表Theoldmanwasfeelingverytire