給水排水專業(yè)英語

Watertreatmentdescribesthoseindustrial-scaleprocessesusedtomakewatermoreacceptableforadesiredend-use.Thesecanincludeusefordrinkingwater,industry,medicalandmanyotheruses.Suchprocessesmaybecontrastedwithsmall-scalewatersterilizationpracticedbycampersandotherpeopleinwildernessareas.Thegoalofallwatertreatmentprocessistoremoveexistingcontaminantsinthewater,orreducetheconcentrationofsuchcontaminantssothewaterbecomesfitforitsdesiredend-use.Onesuchuseisreturningwaterthathasbeenusedbackintothenaturalenvironmentwithoutadverseecologicalimpact.Theprocessesinvolvedintreatingwaterfordrinkingpurposemaybesolidsseparationusingphysicalprocessessuchassettlingandfiltration,andchemicalprocessessuchasdisinfectionandcoagulation.Biologicalprocessesareemployedinthetreatmentofwastewaterandtheseprocessesmayinclude,forexample,aeratedlagoons,activatedsludgeorslowsandfilters.水處理是描述那些用于使水更容易被接受成為一個被需要的最終目標的工業(yè)化進程。這些可以包括用于飲用水、工業(yè)、醫(yī)療和許多其他用途。這些過程可與露營者和其它人在荒野地區(qū)的小規(guī)模水殺菌練習進行對比。水處理的目的是消除在水中存在的污染物的過程,或減少污染物的濃度,使水成為適合其所需的最終用途。一個這樣的使用是把使用過的水返回到自然環(huán)境不造成不利的生態(tài)影響。生物過程用于廢水的治理，這些過程可能包括,例如,充氣瀉湖,活性污泥或慢砂過濾Waterpurificationistheprocessofremovingundesirablechemicals,biologicalcontaminants,suspendedsolidsandgasesfromcontaminatedwater.Thegoalistoproducewaterfitforaspecificpurpose.Mostwaterispurifiedforhumanconsumption(drinkingwater),butwaterpurificationmayalsobedesignedforavarietyofotherpurposes,includingmeetingtherequirementsofmedical,pharmacological,chemicalandindustrialapplications.Ingeneralthemethodsusedincludephysicalprocessessuchasfiltration,sedimentation,anddistillation,biologicalprocessessuchasslowsandfiltersorbiologicallyactivecarbon,chemicalprocessessuchasflocculationandchlorinationandtheuseofelectromagneticradiationsuchasultravioletlight.Thepurificationprocessofwatermayreducetheconcentrationofparticulatematterincludingsuspendedparticles,parasites,bacteria,algae,viruses,fungi;andarangeofdissolvedandparticulatematerialderivedfromthesurfacesthatwatermayhavemadecontactwithafterfallingasrain.水凈化的過程就是從受污染的水中消除不良化學物質、生物污染物、懸浮固體和氣體。目標是產生水適合一個特定的目的。大多數水凈化供人類食用(飲用水),但水凈化也可能是專為各種各樣的其他用途,包括會議需求的醫(yī)療、藥理、化學和工業(yè)應用。通常使用的方法包括物理過程,如過濾、沉淀、蒸餾、生物過程,如慢砂過濾或生物活性炭、化學過程,如絮凝和氯化和使用電磁輻射如紫外線。水的凈化過程可以減少顆粒物的濃度包括懸浮粒子、寄生蟲、細菌、病毒、真菌、藻類;和一系列的溶解的顆粒。Thestandardsfordrinkingwaterqualityaretypicallysetbygovernmentsorbyinternationalstandards.Thesestandardswilltypicallysetminimumandmaximumconcentrationsofcontaminantsfortheusethatistobemadeofthewater.飲用水質量標準通常由政府設定或國際標準。這些標準通常會設定的最低和最高濃度的污染物Itisnotpossibletotellwhetherwaterisofanappropriatequalitybyvisualexamination.Simpleproceduressuchasboilingortheuseofahouseholdactivatedcarbonfilterarenotsufficientfortreatingallthepossiblecontaminantsthatmaybepresentinwaterfromanunknownsource.Evennaturalspringwater–consideredsafeforallpracticalpurposesinthe19thcentury–mustnowbetestedbeforedeterminingwhatkindoftreatment,ifany,isneeded.Chemicalandmicrobiologicalanalysis,whileexpensive,aretheonlywaytoobtaintheinformationnecessaryfordecidingontheappropriatemethodofpurification.由視覺檢查是不可能知道水是否符合標準。簡單的程序如沸騰或使用家用活性炭過濾器是不足以處理所有可能的污染物，那些污染物出現在水來源不明。甚至天然泉水——在19世紀之前被認為是安全的可用于所有實用目的,現在也必須被測試以待確定什么樣的處理,如果需要的話。化學和微生物分析,是昂貴的,是唯一的來獲取必要的信息對決定用適當的方法來凈化的方法。Accordingtoa2007WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)report,1.1billionpeoplelackaccesstoanimproveddrinkingwatersupply,88percentofthe4billionannualcasesofdiarrhealdiseaseareattributedtounsafewaterandinadequatesanitationandhygiene,and1.8millionpeoplediefromdiarrhealdiseaseseachyear.TheWHOestimatesthat94percentofthesediarrhealcasesarepreventablethroughmodificationstotheenvironment,includingaccesstosafewater.Simpletechniquesfortreatingwaterathome,suchaschlorination,filters,andsolardisinfection,andstoringitinsafecontainerscouldsaveahugenumberofliveseachyear.[2]Reducingdeathsfromwaterbornediseasesisamajorpublichealthgoalindevelopingcountries.根據2007年世界衛(wèi)生組織(世衛(wèi)組織)報告,11億人缺乏一種改進的飲用水供應,88%的每年發(fā)生40億例腹瀉病是由于不安全的水和衛(wèi)生設施不足、衛(wèi)生不到位。每年180萬人死于腹瀉疾病。世衛(wèi)組織估計,94%的腹瀉病例是可以通過改變環(huán)境,包括獲得安全用水來預防的。在家里簡單的水處理技術,例如氯化、過濾器、和太陽能消毒,并將其存儲在安全的容器可以保存大量的生活用水。在發(fā)展中國家，減少死于水源性疾病的人數是一個重大的公共衛(wèi)生目標。ProcessesfordrinkingwatertreatmentThereisnouniquesolution(selectionofprocesses)foranytypeofwater.Also,itisdifficulttostandardisethesolutionintheformofprocessesforwaterfromdifferentsources.Treatabilitystudiesforeachsourceofwaterindifferentseasonsneedtobecarriedouttoarriveatmostappropriateprocesses.沒有獨特的解決方案(選擇流程)能試用任何類型的水。同樣,很難對不同來源的水的解決方案確定一個標準。能治療性研究對于在不同季節(jié)的每個源水需要展開并進行到最合適的流程。Theabovementionedtechnologiesarewelldeveloped,andgeneraliseddesignsareavailablethatareusedbymanywaterutilities(publicorprivate).Inadditiontothegeneralisedsolutions,anumberofprivatecompaniesprovidesolutionsbypatentingtheirtechnologies.Thedevelopedworldemploysaconsiderableamountofautomationforwaterandwastewatertreatment.Thedevelopingnationsworldwideuseautomationalongwithmanualoperations.Thelevelofautomationisachoiceofoperators.Theaspectsthatgovernthechoiceoflevelofautomationarecapitalandoperatingcosts,skills上面提到的技術很發(fā)達、普遍的設計被許多水務(公共或私人)使用。除了全面的解決方案,很多私人公司提供解決方案來取得技術專利。發(fā)達國家使用了大量的自動化用于水和廢水處理。發(fā)展中國家使用自動化以及手動操作。自動化水平是操作人員的一個選擇。管理方面的自動化水平的選擇是資本和運營成本、技能,Sewagetreatmentistheprocessofremovingcontaminantsfromwastewaterandhouseholdsewage,bothrunoff(effluents),domestic,commercialandinstitutional.Itincludesphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessestoremovephysical,chemicalandbiologicalcontaminants.Itsobjectiveistoproduceanenvironmentallysafefluidwastestream(ortreatedeffluent)andasolidwaste(ortreatedsludge)suitablefordisposalorreuse(usuallyasfarmfertilizer).Usingadvancedtechnologyitisnowpossibletore-usesewageeffluentfordrinkingwater,althoughSingaporeistheonlycountrytoimplementsuchtechnologyonaproductionscaleinitsproductionofNEWater.污水處理的過程就是從污水,生活污水,徑流(廢水)、國內、商業(yè)和機構消除污染物。它包括物理、化學和生物過程來去除物理、化學和生物的污染物。它的目標是產生一個環(huán)境安全的液體廢物流(或處理污水)和適合處理或重用(通常作為農業(yè)肥料)的固體廢物(或處理污泥)。使用先進的技術現在可以再利用污水廢水作為飲用水,雖然新加坡是唯一實施這種技術在其生產的新生水上的國家IndevelopingcountriesAsof2006,waterbornediseasesareestimatedtohavecaused1.8milliondeathseachyear.Thesedeathsareattributabletoinadequatepublicsanitationsystemsandinthesecases,propersewerage(orotheroptionsassmall-scalewastewatertreatment)needtobeinstalled.在2006年,水源性疾病每年估計造成180萬人死亡。這些死亡是由于公共衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)的不足,在這些情況下,適當的污水(或其他選項作為小規(guī)模污水處理)需要安裝。Appropriatetechnologyoptionsinwatertreatmentincludebothcommunity-scaleandhousehold-scalepoint-of-use(POU)designs.MilitarysurpluswatertreatmentunitsliketheERDLatorarestillseenindevelopingcountries.NewermilitarystyleReverseOsmosisWaterPurificationUnits(ROWPU)areportable,self-containedwatertreatmentplantsarebecomingmoreavailableforpublicuse.選擇適當的技術在水處理包括社區(qū)規(guī)模和家庭規(guī)模的角度使用(POU)設計。軍事盈余水處理單位像ERDLator仍出現在發(fā)展中國家。新的軍事風格反滲透凈水單元(ROWPU)是可移植的,獨立的污水處理廠越來越多地供公共使用。Inorderforthedecreaseofwaterbornediseasestohavelongtermeffects,watertreatmentprogramsimplementedbyresearchanddevelopmentgroupsindevelopingcountriesmustbesustainablebytheircitizens.為了減少水源性疾病有長期影響,發(fā)展中國家水處理項目實施的研究和發(fā)展組織在必須是可持續(xù)的。IndustrialwatertreatmentWatertreatmentisusedtooptimizemostwater-basedindustrialprocesses,suchas:heating,cooling,processing,cleaning,andrinsing,sothatoperatingcostsandrisksarereduced.Poorwatertreatmentletswaterinteractwiththesurfacesofpipesandvesselswhichcontainit.Steamboilerscanscaleuporcorrode,andthesedepositswillmeanmorefuelisneededtoheatthesameamountofwater.Coolingtowerscanalsoscaleupandcorrode,butleftuntreated,thewarm,dirtywatertheycancontainwillencouragebacteriatogrow,andLegionnaires'Diseasecanbethefatalconsequence.Also,watertreatmentisusedtoimprovethequalityofwatercontactingthemanufacturedproducte.g.semiconductors,and/orcanbepartoftheproducte.g.beverages,pharmaceuticals,etc.Intheseinstan