動(dòng)名詞22的資料

PAGEPAGE4動(dòng)名詞TheGerundI.動(dòng)名詞的具有名詞功能的動(dòng)詞-ing形式叫作動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特點(diǎn)。因此在句子中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如：Workingwithyouisapleasure.（主語(yǔ)）Seeingisbelieving.（主語(yǔ)）Whathegotinhismindwaswalkingallthewaytotown.（表語(yǔ)）Myjobisteaching.（表語(yǔ)）Tokeepmoneythatyouhavefoundisstealing.（表語(yǔ)）Hershoeswantsmending.（賓語(yǔ)）Ihavefinishedwritingthisbook.(賓語(yǔ))Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）Mybrotherisfondofskating.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）Thankyouforgivingmesomehelp.(介詞賓語(yǔ))由于動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，因此動(dòng)名詞也具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，可以帶直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以被副詞修飾。例如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Ilikedrivingfast.Meetingyouhasbeenagreatpleasure.II.動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：（與現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相同）主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式(同時(shí)或其后)doingbeingdone完成式(之前)havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式在其前面加not。III.動(dòng)名詞的一般式和完成式：動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生，表示抽象籠統(tǒng)的動(dòng)作；完成式表示的特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。如：Ihategoingoutinsuchweather.這種天氣，我討厭外出。Heputoffmakingadecision.他推遲做決定。Livingincitiesgivespeoplemorechancestosucceed.在城市中居住給人們帶來(lái)更多的成功的機(jī)會(huì)。Girlsenjoywearingfashionableclothes.女孩都喜歡穿著時(shí)尚。Readingmakesamanperfect.讀書使人完美。Idon’trememberhavingseenhimbefore.我不記得以前見過(guò)他。Maryfeltdisappointedfornothavingseenheridol.沒(méi)見到偶像，Mary很失望。Theboyadmittedhavingbrokenthemirror.男孩承認(rèn)打破了窗戶。Ihavefailedagain.Iregretnothavingtakenhisadvice.我又失敗了。真后悔沒(méi)聽他的建議。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，雖然動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的，但我們可以用動(dòng)名詞的一般式。例如：Excusemeforcominglate.Onarrivinghome,hecalledme.Thankyouforattendingthemeetinginsteadofme.Idon’tremembereverseeingheranytime.Heapologizedforinterruptingus.Thankyouforofferingmesomuchhelp.IV.動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：動(dòng)名詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種形式。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：

Idon’tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共場(chǎng)合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。Beforebeingused,theinstrumentshouldbetested.HowcanIentertheclassroomwithoutbeingnoticed?Youcan'tgooutwithoutbeingallowed.Youcan'teatmeatbeforebeingoperatedon.Didyoumindbeingpunishedbytheteacher?

（2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如：

Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonoredwithamedal.我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌IrememberhavingbeentakentoBeijingbeforeChristmasin1998.Hecan’trememberbobhavingbeenscoldedbyhisbossforthatmatter.Afterhavingbeentreatedinthespecialway,hecoulddealwitheverythingaroundhimsmoothly.

（3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：

Excusemeforbeinglate.我來(lái)晚了請(qǐng)你原諒。

Idon’trememberevermeetingsomewhere.我記不得原來(lái)在什么地方見過(guò)。

Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。

（4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中。如：Iforgetoncebeingtaken(havingbeentaken)tothecityzoo.我曾被帶到過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。

（5）動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式同形，但無(wú)進(jìn)行意義，being不可省略。如：Sheisafraidofbeingtakentothepublic.她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。以上句子可以看出：句子的主語(yǔ)就是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，但要注意邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者還是承受者。V.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：1.作主語(yǔ)PlayingtricksnoothersiswhatIdislikes.Sweepingthefloorismywife'severydaywork.Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.Learningwithoutpracticeisnotgood.注意以下句型，“it”是形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是正真的主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Itisnogoodsmokinganddrinking.Isuggestthatyoushouldgivethemup.ItisawasteoftimewatchingTVallday.Itisnouseoperatingonthiswoman.Sheoughttohavebeensentheretwohoursago.Ithasbeenagreatpleasurelivingtogetherwithyou.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.作表語(yǔ)(表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容)MyjobisteachingEnglish.Theonlythingthatinterestsherisdancing.Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthecustomers.Tokeepmoneyyouhavefoundisstealing.【注意】一般來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容；而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特征和屬性。例如：Theworkassignedtousisbringingthechairsdownstairs.（表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容）Herjobisraisingpigs.（表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容）Thefilmwasexciting.（表示主語(yǔ)的特征）Itisannoyingthatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.（表示主語(yǔ)的特征）3.做定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)沒(méi)有明顯的邏輯主語(yǔ)，也很少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1）動(dòng)名詞單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在所修飾的名詞之前，表明用途。相當(dāng)于“名詞+for+doing”.aswimmingpoolthewaitingroomtheoperatingtablechewinggumboardingpass登機(jī)證buildingmaterialdrivinglicensewritingdeskdiningroomdrinkingwaterstartingpointworkingconditiondrawingboardlivingstandardrestingplacewashingmachinereadingroomshoppingmall/centre2)動(dòng)名詞前加of,for,at等介詞短語(yǔ)放在名詞后作定語(yǔ)。Haveyoucomeupwithanideaofdealingwiththematter?Theyhavefoundthewayofkeepingseeds.4.作賓語(yǔ)Andrewhatedtellinglies.Iwouldn'tmindgoingtherewithher.1)Spendtime(money)(in)花時(shí)間（錢）（干某事），2)bebusy(in)忙于（干某事）3)losenotime(in)不失時(shí)機(jī)（干某事）4)Thereisnopoint(in)（干某事）毫無(wú)意義5)wastetime(in)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間（干某事）6)keepon繼續(xù)（干某事）7)havenodifficulty(in)（干某事）沒(méi)有困難8)havefun(in)(干某事)有趣9)have(no)trouble(in)（干某事）有（沒(méi)有）困難10)haveheadaches(in)(干某事)頭痛11)endup(by)(以干某事)告終12)taketurns(at)輪流（干某事）13)bother(about)(因干某事)煩惱14)haveahardtime(in)(因干某事)吃苦15)bethrough(with)完成16)What'stheuse(of)…(干某事)有什么用？例如：Youneedn'tbother(about)comingup.你不必費(fèi)心來(lái)跑一趟。Let'staketurns(at)doingit.讓我們輪流干吧！5.如果一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞具有很多名詞的特點(diǎn)：可以有自己的冠詞，有自己的定語(yǔ)，在某種情況下有復(fù)數(shù)形式；并且也失去了許多動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：沒(méi)有完成式和被動(dòng)式，沒(méi)有自己的狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，這樣的動(dòng)名詞被稱為名詞化的動(dòng)名詞。如果要表示它邏輯上的賓語(yǔ)，通常在這個(gè)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞后加上一個(gè)介詞of,再加邏輯賓語(yǔ)。例如：Youshouldhavegiventheclassroomagoodcleaning.（有自己的冠詞）ItwasTomwhodidtherecording.（有自己的冠詞）Thisworkneedscarefulplanning.（有自己的定語(yǔ)）Didyoupayanyattentiontotheircomingsandgoings?（有復(fù)數(shù)形式）Mostofthedigging,movingandcompressingofearthwasdonebymachines.（有自己的邏輯賓語(yǔ)）6.動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)與不定式作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞主要說(shuō)明行為本身，用來(lái)表示抽象、泛指的動(dòng)作，并不明確表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，而不定式則表示某次具體的，尚未發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。例如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.（泛指的行為，表示職業(yè)）Myjobistoteachthemtoreadthetext.（表示一次具體的任務(wù)）主語(yǔ)如果是動(dòng)名詞，則表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞，不能用不定式。主語(yǔ)如果是不定式，表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用不定式，不能用動(dòng)名詞。例如：Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.如果動(dòng)作十分抽象，已經(jīng)失去動(dòng)詞性能而接近名詞，則用動(dòng)名詞。例如：Myhobbyisgardening.不能說(shuō)：Myhobbyistogarden.Myfavoritewintersportisskating.不說(shuō)：Myfavoritewintersportistoskate.7.動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示所修飾詞的用途，而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示所修飾詞的性質(zhì)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：writingdesk(=thedeskforwriting)fallingleaves(=theleavesthatarefalling)sleepingcar(=thecarforsleeping)sleepingboy(=theboywhoissleeping)washingmachine(=themachineforwashing)flyingmachine(=themachinethatcanfly)readingroom(=theroomforreading)anexcitingexperience(=anexperiencethatisexciting)restingplace(=theplaceforresting)amovingstory(=astorythatismoving)8.動(dòng)名詞和no搭配表示禁止。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在簡(jiǎn)短的禁令性語(yǔ)言中，常見于公共標(biāo)識(shí)。Nosmoking.Noburning.Nofishing.Nohunting.Noparking.Nophotographing.動(dòng)名詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí)()1.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped___inthehotbattle.A.havekilledB.tokillC.tobekilledD.beingkilled()2.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair___againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove()3.Don'tyouremember___?A.seeingthemanbeforeB.toseethemanbeforeC.sawthemanbeforeD.tohaveseenthemanbefore()4.Peoplecouldn'thelp___thefoolishemperorintheprocession.A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughingon()5.We'relookingforward___thephotoexhibition.A.tovisitingB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughingon()6.Doyouremember___meatapartylastyear?A.meetB.tomeetC.meetingD.met()7.Thissentenceneeds___.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved()8.--Whatareyougoingtodothismorning?--I'mthinkingof___tovisitmyaunt.A.goB.goingC.havinggoneD.mygoing()9.Ireallyenjoy___thatkindofjob.A.doB.doingC.todoD.tobedoing()10.Themextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying()11.Onlyoneofthesebooksis___.A.worthtoreadB.worthbeingreadC.worthofreadingD.worthreading()12.Ican'timagine___thatwiththem.A.doB.todoC.beingdoneD.doing()13.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch()14.Theywouldnotallowhim___acrosstheenemyline.A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing()15.Shedidn'tremember___himbefore.A.havingmetB.havemetC.tomeetD.tohavingmet()16.Thepicture___onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung()17.--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot___byboatforachange.A.totrygoingB.tyingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing()18.Iwouldappreciate___backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you'recalling()19.Howaboutthetwoofus___awalkdownthegarden?A.totakedB.takedC.takingD.tobetaking()20.--Imustapologizefor___aheadoftime.--That'sallrignt.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow()21.Themissingboyswerelastseen___neartheriver.A.palyingB.tobeplayingC.playD.topaly()22.--Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.--Well,nowIregret___that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone()23.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis___DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled()24.Doyoumind___aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.Jane'sbeingleftD.Janetobeleft()25.Seeingthesun___abovethesurfaceofthesea,weletoutashoutofjoy.A.toriseB.toraiseC.risingD.raising()26.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto___theflowerlinedgraden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin()27.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,___constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying()28.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan'thelp___intobuyingsomethingtheydon'treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded()29.--WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?--___hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing()30.Whatworriedthechildmostwas___tovisithismotherinthehospital.A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.hisbeingnotallowedD.havingnotbeenallowed()31.___youcompositioncarefully,somespellingmistakescanbeavoided.A.HavingcheckedB.CheckC.IfyoucheckD.Tocheck()32.___theletter,hewentouttopostit.A.WritingB.BeingwrittenC.HavingwrittenD.Written()33.Thegirl___underthattreeismysister.A.sittingB.sitsC.issittingD.sat()34.___anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.A.NotknownB.KnownnotC.KnowingnotD.Notknowing()35.Doyouknowtheboy___underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying()36.Therewasterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed()37.Thesecretaryworkedlateintonight,___alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing()38.___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NothavingreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreveivedD.Havingnotreceived()39."Can'tyouread?"Mar