tpo1 34閱讀題目解析版

TPO10-1-1原文：hasoneoftheworld'soldestcontinuouscivilizations—despiteinvasionsandoccasionalforeignrule.Acountryasvastas withsolong-lastingacivilizationhasacomplexsocialandvisualhistory,withinwhichpotteryandporcelainyamajorrole.Thefunctionandstatusofceramicsin variedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.Theceramicsfallintothreebroadtypes—earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain—forvessels,architecturalitemssuchasrooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.Inaddition,therewasanimportantgroupofsculpturesmadeforreligioususe,themajorityofwhichwereproducedinearthenware.Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewareswerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorth wereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewaresproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryof 'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEast acquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein —thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithpots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,potterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettothetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcraneareemblemsoflonglife;andfishleafromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeanings eobscuredorevenlost.Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsyedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.Paragraph2:Thefunctionandstatusofceramicsinvariedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.Theceramicsfallintothreebroadtypes—earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain—forvessels,architecturalitemssuchasrooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.Inaddition,therewasanimportantgroupofsculpturesmadeforreligioususe,themajorityofwhichwereproducedinearthenware.Theword“status”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofThefunctionofceramicsremainedthesamefromdynastytoTheuseofceramicsastradeobjectsisbetteredthantheuseofceramicsasritualTherewaslittlevariationinqualityforanytypeofceramicsoverSomereligioussculpturesweremadeusingtheearthenwaretypeofParagraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewareswerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthwereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewaresproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryof'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Theword“evolve”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Whilestonewaresandporcelainsarefoundthroughoutmosthistoricalperiods,religioussculptureislimitedtotheancientperiod.Religioussculpturewascreatedinmostperiods,butitshistoryislessclearthanthatofstonewaresorporcelainsbecausesomeoldformstobeusedevenwhennewonesweredeveloped.Whilestonewaresandporcelainschangedthroughouthistory,religioussculptureremaineduniforminformanduse.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofreligioussculptureisrelativelyunclearbecausereligioussculpturessometimesresembleearthenwarearchitecturalornaments.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorCeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultipleEarthenwareceramicswereproducedinbeforestonewaresTheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainParagraph4:TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEasttheacquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein—thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.Theword“instigate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph4,oneconsequenceofthetradeofceramicsthetransferofadistinctivebluepigmentfromtotheMiddleanimmediatechangefromearthenwareproductiontoporcelainproductioninEuropeanproductionofwaresmadefortheEuropeanmarketadecreasednumberofporcelainvesselsavailableontheEuropeanParagraph5:JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithpots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,potterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettothetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcraneareemblemsoflonglife;andfishleafromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeanings eobscuredorevenlost.Theword“whereas”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningInparagraph5,theauthorcomparesthedesignsonpotstothoseonGreekpotsinordertoemphasizethatwhilepotsweredecorative,Greekpotswerearguethatthedesignsonpotshadspecificmeaningsandwerenotjustarguethattwentieth-centuryscholarsarebetterabletounderstandthesedesignsthanwereancientscholarsexinhowscholarshaveidentifiedthemeaningofspecificimagesonWhichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph5asbeingsymbolicallyrepresentedonceramics?rulersloveofloyallytosuccessinParagraph5suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthedecorationsonTheyhadmoreimportanceforaristocratsthanforordinaryTheirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearhadthenotcomeunderforeignTheycontainsomeofthesameimagesthatappearonGreekTheirsignificanceisnowascleartotwentiethcenturyobserversasitwastotheearlyParagraph6:Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsyedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.Theword“these”inthepassagerefersreligioustypesofParagraph4:TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.■Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEasttheacquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein—thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.■Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.■ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Foreigntradewasalsoresponsibleforcertaininnovationsincoloring.Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatnotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.CeramicshavebeenproducedinforaverylongTheAsaresultofBeforehadcontact…AnswerchoicesTheproducedearthenware,stoneware,andporcelainpotteryandtheyusedtheirceramicsforavarietyofutilitarian,architectural,andceremonialpurposes.Theshapeanddecorationofceramicsproducedforreligioususeinwereinfluencedbyceramicsproducedforexport.Asaresultoftraderelations,ceramicproductionchangedandinfluencedtheceramicsproductionofothercountries.burialceramicshavethelongestandmostvariedhistoryofproductionandwerefrequentlydecoratedwithwrittentextsthathelpscholarsdatethem.BeforehadcontactwiththeWest,themeaningofvariousdesignsusedtodecorateceramicswaswellunderstood.Ceramicsmadeinimperialfactorieswereusedinbothreligiousandnon-religious1.2.3.4.5.6.7.9.10.11.12.13.14.Theproduced…Asaresultoftrade… hadcontact…質(zhì)量；Ddesign 沒有辦法用來準確定位，因為整篇都在說它，所以這題通過選項定位。A這些陶瓷的功能是歷朝歷代都一樣的，通過function和dynastytodynasty定位到第一行，這句的動詞是varied變化，也就是它們的功能一直在變，所以A錯；B陶瓷作為貿(mào)易物品這個作用比它們作為儀式物品得到了更好的記錄，通過trade和ritual定位到第二行，這里說所以它們可能是功能性的，陪葬用的，trade收藏品，甚至是ritual用品，根據(jù)它們的質(zhì)量和制造時間判定。這句話之后再沒有同時出現(xiàn)trade，ritual這兩個東西了，這里只是兩者作為并列的例子出現(xiàn)，沒有比較關系，所以B錯；C各個時代不同種類陶瓷的質(zhì)量幾乎沒差別，quality在剛剛那句話最后一個小分句出現(xiàn)，那里說各種陶瓷分類要accordingto根據(jù)quality和era，所以質(zhì)量肯定有差別，C錯；D一些雕塑是土質(zhì)的，通過religious找到最后一句話，用于的雕塑大部分是用earthenware土質(zhì)的，some范圍小于themajority，D肯定對。延長，擴充；Dvanished，第四題，B，句子簡化題。先看原句，逗號后面的for表示原因，前半句是主句，說雕塑的傳統(tǒng)綿延了大部分歷史時期，but但是沒有石質(zhì)瓷器或者瓷器描述的清楚，delineate描butreligioussculpturestonewareorporcelains做對比，前者的歷史沒有后者描述清楚，后面從句先不看，來選項中找一下，只有BD說了religioussculpture的歷史沒有其他清楚，現(xiàn)在來看for后面的原因，it指代religioussculpture雕塑擁抱了，也就是融合了古俗和后來的形象，B的because后面說舊的形式仍然在用當oldformsoldcustom，newoneslaterB。D的becauseD也沒說新舊融合，所以肯定錯；A石質(zhì)陶器和瓷器在大多歷史時期都存在，而雕塑僅限于古老時期；C石陶器和瓷器隨著歷史不斷改變，而雕塑在形式和用途上都保AC錯。原句翻譯：，古老的土質(zhì)陪葬瓷器的習俗和后來的形象以及建筑裝飾。high-firedqualitygoodqualityA說反three-colormultiplecolors；C土質(zhì)陶器在石質(zhì)陶器之前產(chǎn)earthenwarestonewareearthenware，但是早在stonewareC也對；DSong定位到肯定對，D也不能選。第六題，D，詞匯題。instigated唆使，，選Dcaused引起，導致。Aimproved改善Binvestigated；Cnarrowed變窄第七題，C，細節(jié)題。問中國陶瓷貿(mào)易的一個結果是什么。細節(jié)題，trade在第一句就出現(xiàn)，這段都在說貿(mào)易，而且通過one知道結果肯定不只一個，所以這題沒辦法通過題干定位，繼續(xù)選項定位。A獨特的藍色顏料從中國傳到中東，通過 和MiddleEast定位到本段中間，說從中東，中國得到了一種藍色顏料，A說反了；BCD三項都有European，所以到文中找European，最后一句話，說中國采用了很多來自于西方的特別的容器形式，suchas例子不管，并專門為歐洲市場設計了很多裝飾性的樣品，所以本題選C，中國為歐洲市場制造的陶器。B錯，因為文中說中國的porcelain被帶到歐洲在上一句，但是并沒有說歐洲從earthenware到porcelain的轉變；D錯，因為最后一句說vessel只人采取了vessel的形式，沒有說歐洲市場vessel數(shù)量減少。驚人地；Dbecause意圖，通過和Greek定位到第一句話，因為后文再沒有它倆同時出現(xiàn)了，所以對比只在第一句，說就像希臘壺的圖畫裝飾，可能在今天似乎只是純粹的裝飾，whereas表轉折，B主張中國瓷器的設計有獨特的含義，不只是裝飾。A強調(diào)中C認為二十世紀的學者比古老學者更能理解這些設計；D解釋為什么學者要鑒定中國瓷器上特定圖案的含義；CD錯，因為這題只能看第一句，強調(diào)中國壺和希臘壺一樣，還沒說symbolicallyrepresented在原文找不到直接對應，同時這題選項很短，所以根據(jù)選項定位。A中國的者，在第三句話發(fā)現(xiàn)emperor，說龍代表，鳳代表皇后，皇后是者，所以本題選A。B對祖國的愛；C對朋友的忠誠；D貿(mào)易的成功；在第三第十一題，B，推斷題。問第五段暗示了關于中國陶瓷裝飾的哪一項。Suggest推斷題，本后一句，當歐洲裝飾被引進后，這些意義就變得模糊甚至丟失了，所以本題選B它們式是：Theirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearifthehadnotcomeunderforeigninfluence.其中foreigninfluence對應原文的Europeandecorativethemes。A它們對的意原文說的和希臘的裝飾都有意義，沒說圖案相同；D它們意義對現(xiàn)在20世紀的觀察第十二題，B，指代題。問“these”指代什么。指代題，these出現(xiàn)在句子中間，應該指代前它們有時，通過although轉折知道these就指描述，所以本題選B。A儀式；C器皿類型；D陶壺；都沒辦法和前半句內(nèi)容形成轉折。foreigntrade的影響，通過coloring知道后文應該有具體說顏色，貿(mào)易影響encourageddevelopment…andinstigatedresearch，之后說中國從中東將它們用于各種功能性的、建筑的和儀式的目的，第二段主旨，正確；B用于用途的瓷器的形狀和裝飾受到出口瓷器的影響，無中生有；C因為貿(mào)易的原因，中國瓷器生產(chǎn)發(fā)生了改變并且影響了其他國家的瓷器生產(chǎn)，第四段主旨，正確；D中國的陪葬瓷器內(nèi)容，正確；F窯廠制造的瓷器被用于和非領域，雖然第六段首句說瓷器可用在和非領域，但是沒說是imperialfactories做出來的瓷器，窯廠的瓷器可能只用于領域，所以F在文中找不到確鑿，不能選。釉的高溫炻器。六朝時期（公元265-589年，中國北方就有窯爐在燒制優(yōu)質(zhì)的高溫瓷器。從7世紀到10世紀，河北以及省產(chǎn)的白瓷逐漸演變成為享有盛名的宋瓷（公元960-1279年）——長久以來被認為陶瓷業(yè)歷史中的巔峰時期之一。雕塑。。來巨大的影響人對這些瓷器贊不絕口，于是他們鼓勵制陶來仿制瓷器，并激勵人們研究制作方法從中東獲得了一種藍色顏料——一種純化的氧化鈷，當時在色的錳元素17世紀大量中國裝飾類瓷器通過荷蘭東公司的活動流入歐洲，這刺激和影響了廣泛多樣的瓷器的生產(chǎn)，特別是代爾夫特。自己改良了很多種。。20。陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于和日常生活中分派了制作工作，并于元朝（公元1279-1368年）在景德鎮(zhèn)設立了一座官窯。陶瓷器皿在一些儀式上也有著重要的地。TPO10-1-2原文：VariationsintheOneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouserecords.Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofGenerally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoas temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Whatthe recordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingtoclimatevariabilitywillcombineisbyusingcomputermodelsoftheglobalclimate.Theycandoonlysomuchtorepresentthefullcomplexityoftheglobalclimateandhencemaygiveonlylimitedinformationaboutnaturalvariability.Studiessuggestthattodatethevariabilityincomputersimulationsisconsiderablysmallerthanindataobtainedfromthe Inadditiontotheinternalvariabilityoftheglobalclimatesystemitself,thereistheaddedfactorofexternalinfluences,suchasvolcanoesandsolaractivity.Thereisagrowingbodyofopinionthatboththesephysicalvariationshaveameasurableimpactontheclimate.Thusweneedtobeabletoincludetheseinourdeliberations.Somecurrentysesconcludethatvolcanoesandsolaractivityexinquiteaconsiderableamountoftheobservedvariabilityintheperiodfromtheseventeenthtotheearlytwentiethcenturies,butthattheycannotbeinvokedtoexintherapidwarminginrecentdecades.Paragraph1:Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingmustwefindoutinordertodeterminetheimpactofhumanactivitiesuponclimate?ThemajorchangesinclimateoverthepastThedegreetowhichtheclimatevariesThebestmethodformeasuringclimaticThemillenniumwhenhumansbegantointerferewiththeParagraph2:Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouserecords.Accordingtoparagraph2,anadvantageofrecordsoverinstrumentalrecordsistheyaremore-reliablemeasuresofclimaticvariabilityinthepasttheyprovidemore-accuratemeasuresoflocaltheyprovideinformationonclimatefluctuationsfurtherbackintheyrevealinformationaboutthehumanimpactontheParagraph3:Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasdata.temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Becausephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofsubstancesareunchanging,theyareusefulrecordsofclimatefluctuationsovertime.Forhundredsorthousandsofyears,peoplehavebeenobservingchangesinthechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofsubstancesinordertoinferclimatechange.Becauseittakeslongperiodsoftimefortheclimatetochange,systematicchangesinthepropertiesofsubstancesaredifficulttoobserve.Changesinsystematicallydepositedsubstancesthatareaffectedbyclimatecanindicateclimatevariationsovertime.Accordingtoparagraph3,scientistsareabletoreconstructtemperaturerecordsstudyingregionaldifferencesintemperaturestudyinganddatingchangesinthepropertiesofobservingchangesinpresentdayclimateinferringpastclimateshiftsfromobservationsofcurrentclimaticParagraph4:Whattherecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).Theword“striking”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph3:Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasdata.temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Paragraph4:Whattherecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10.000years(theHoloceneperiod).Accordingtoparagraphs3and4,datahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:RegionalclimatesmaychangeTheclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10,000GlobaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionalImportantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargeParagraph5:Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.Theword“erratic”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAllofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5asnaturalcausesofclimatechangetheslowmovementoffluctuationsintheamountoficeandchangesinoceanParagraph6:Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingt