清華經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理教學(xué)課件11生產(chǎn)成本

第十三章Chapter13生產(chǎn)成本TheCostsofProduction生產(chǎn)成本TheCostsofproduction供給定律TheLawofSupply:◆當(dāng)某一物品的價格更高時,企業(yè)愿意生產(chǎn)和銷售更多的該種物品。Firmsarewillingtoproduceandsellagreaterquantityofagoodwhenthepriceofthegoodis◆其結(jié)果就是供給曲線向上傾斜Thisresultsinasupplycurvethatslopesupward.◆考察企業(yè)行為有助于更好地理解市場供給曲線背后的決策。Examiningfirmbehaviorwillgiveyouabetterunderstandingofwhatdecisionsliebehindthesupplycurveinamarket.企業(yè)的目標(biāo)Thefirm’sObjective企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)是追求利潤最大。Theeconomicgoalofthefirmistomaximizeprofitsfits企業(yè)的總收益與總成本AFirm'sTotalrevenueandTotalCost◆總收益Totalrevenue◆企業(yè)出售其產(chǎn)出而得到的金額Theamountthatthefirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput◆總成本TotalCost◆企業(yè)購買其投入所支付的金額。Theamountthatthefirmpaystobuyinputs企業(yè)的利潤AFirm'sProfit利潤就是企業(yè)的總收益減去它的總成本。Profitisthefirm'stotalrevenueminusitstotalcost利潤=總收益一總成本ProfitsTotalrevenue-Totalcost作為機(jī)會成本的成本CostsasOpportunityCosts個企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括其生產(chǎn)物品與服務(wù)的所有機(jī)會成本。Afirm'scostofproductionincludesalltheopportunitycostsofmakingitsoutputofgoodsandservices。顯性和隱性成本ExplicitandImplicitCosts企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括顯性成本和隱性成本Afirm'scostofproductionincludeexplicitcostsandimplicitcosts.◆顯性成本包括對生產(chǎn)要素直接的資金支出。Explicitcostsinvolveadirectmoneyoutlayforfactorsofproduction◆隱性成本不涉及直接的資金支出。Implicitcostsdonotinvolveadirectmoneyoutlay.顯性和隱性成本ExplicitandImplicitCosts隱性成本的例子ExamplesofImplicitcosts◆企業(yè)主將自有資金投資企業(yè)(而非儲蓄)Afirmownerinvestshisownmoneyintothefirm(vsownsassavings).◆農(nóng)民工自己種田(而非雇人)Amigrateworkerfarmsbyhimself(vShiresalabor).經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤和會計利潤EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfit◆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家衡量的是企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤,它是總收益減去所有的機(jī)會成本(顯性和隱性的)。Economistsmeasureafirmseconomicprofitastotalrevenueminusalltheopportunitycosts(explicitandimplicit).會計師衡量的是會計利潤,它是企業(yè)的總收益僅減去顯性成本。也即他們忽略了隱性成本。Accountantsmeasuretheaccountingprofitasthefirmstotalrevenueminusonlythefirmsexplicitcosts.Inotherwords,theyignoretheimplicitcosts經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤和會計利潤EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfit當(dāng)總收益超過顯性和隱性成本之和,企業(yè)就獲得了經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。Whentotalrevenueexceedsbothexplicitand