閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義課件

閱讀理解專(zhuān)題一---猜測(cè)詞義2020/12/21

猜測(cè)詞義是考生閱讀理解能力的一個(gè)重要方面.NMET

閱讀理解主要測(cè)試考生根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜出生詞詞義或舊詞新意的能力.

2020/12/22

猜測(cè)生詞的方法⑴根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)英語(yǔ)中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：（Derivation）（Conversion）（Compounding）派生轉(zhuǎn)化合成2020/12/23①派生：由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的單詞，該法是猜測(cè)英語(yǔ)單詞的主要方法。A.加前綴dis-,in-,re-,un-,non-,B.加后綴–able,-al,-an,-ful,-ive,-er,-ese,-ist,-ment,-ness,-tion,-fy,-ian,-ing,-is(z)e,-ly,-teen,-ty,-th,-ydisable,incorrect,rebuild,unimportant,nonstop,reasonable,chemical,American,helpful,handful,active,scientist,beautify,musician,realize,friendly,fully,2020/12/24如：unconditional，意為“無(wú)條件的”②轉(zhuǎn)化：由某一詞性轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成另一詞性，其意義也發(fā)生一定的變化。Iwasaskedtominutetherace.“minute”轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞，意為“為……計(jì)時(shí)”hand(n.)—hand(v.)empty(adj.)—empty(v.)Themansittinginthechairchairedthemeeting.2020/12/25③合成：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞組成一個(gè)新的單詞。如：blackboard,man-made,overthrow④首字母縮略ISBN：VIP：InternationalStandardBookNumber國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖書(shū)編號(hào)veryImportantperson貴賓、大人物2020/12/26⑤混合詞brunch:smog:⑥其他VS：XL:breakfast+lunch早午餐smoke+fog煙霧versus(=against)BrazilVSChinaextralarge2020/12/27⑵根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)沒(méi)有上下文，就沒(méi)有生詞的含義，不同的上下文會(huì)使一個(gè)相同的單詞含義截然不同。根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞常?？梢越柚ㄕZ(yǔ)從句、同位詞、并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等等來(lái)確定。2020/12/28①

利用解釋作為從上下文猜詞的線(xiàn)索,即根據(jù)定義猜詞.對(duì)生詞的解釋,往往能夠明確地告訴我們這個(gè)詞的準(zhǔn)確意思。常用的關(guān)鍵詞和句型有：...means表示......的意思，意指...is/are......是...,which...,where...is/arecalled被叫做

2020/12/29...is/areknownas被稱(chēng)為...canbedefinedas可被定以為

例如：(a)Desert

canbe

definedasalargeareaoflandwherethereisnotenoughrainandvegetationtosupporthumanlife.2020/12/210(b)A

linguist,anexpertonlanguages,isalwayslistening.根據(jù)上下文,后一句是前面劃線(xiàn)部分生詞的定義(同位語(yǔ)),即語(yǔ)言學(xué)家.2020/12/211②利用舉例作為從上下文猜詞的線(xiàn)索。文章的作者常常通過(guò)列舉一些名詞或事例來(lái)說(shuō)明他在文章中所用的一個(gè)詞。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞有：suchas例如like像，如especially尤其是forinstance例如forexample例如

例如：Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.2020/12/212③

利用重述作為上下文猜詞的線(xiàn)索。當(dāng)作者不能肯定讀者能夠理解他的意思時(shí)，他會(huì)用另外一種方式陳述自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。常見(jiàn)的用來(lái)表示重述的詞或短語(yǔ)有：

toputitanotherway

換句話(huà)說(shuō)or....即，或者說(shuō)thatis也就是說(shuō)thatistosay也就是說(shuō)inotherwords換句話(huà)說(shuō)2020/12/213例如：

(a).Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.(b)

Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是"脆"的意思。2020/12/214④利用近義詞的線(xiàn)索。作者可能會(huì)用一個(gè)近義詞或者同義詞去解釋另一個(gè)更難的詞，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近義詞往往出現(xiàn)在同一句或者同一段落中。

例如：Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenoughcapitaltostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.

2020/12/215⑤

利用反義詞作為猜詞的線(xiàn)索。作者常常用反義詞來(lái)使文章更具表現(xiàn)力，我們可以利用反義詞作為線(xiàn)索去猜句中出現(xiàn)的生詞的意思。例如：Metalexpandswhenheatedandcontractswhencooled.從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，expand與contract相對(duì)應(yīng)，whenheated與whencooled相對(duì)應(yīng)。因?yàn)榧訜崤c使冷卻是相反的動(dòng)作，那么expand與contract也應(yīng)該是相反的。2020/12/216Music，forinstance，wasonceasgroupsexperience.…Formanypeoplenow，however,musicisanindividualexperience.析:該句將人們現(xiàn)在對(duì)音樂(lè)的欣賞和過(guò)去對(duì)音樂(lè)的欣賞做比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)去人們以群體的形式欣賞音樂(lè)而現(xiàn)在則單個(gè)人在家里欣賞。2020/12/217⑥利用對(duì)比關(guān)系猜詞.

例如:Sheisusuallyprompt

forallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一節(jié)上了一半才來(lái)"，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向"準(zhǔn)時(shí)"的結(jié)論。2020/12/218⑦利用因果關(guān)系猜詞.Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結(jié)果"永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)"中，可以推測(cè)permanent的意思為"永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的"。2020/12/219歷年高考題2020/12/2201.Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.(2004年NMET全國(guó)，廣東卷)2020/12/22165.Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_______.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersB.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingC.causedthecustomerstoloseinterestD.attractedthecustomersstrongly

通過(guò)因果法可知答案為C2020/12/222２.(NMET2003,C篇,65)Fermat’sLastTheorem(定理).FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.2020/12/22365.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.解析:同義法．由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等并列關(guān)系，據(jù)此推斷出baffle為使困惑、難倒、難以理解的意思。故答案為B。2020/12/2243.(NMET2002,E篇,74)Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword‘hassle’probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests．2020/12/225解析:反義法．由前句的否定doesn’t與后句的肯定canbe這一對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以推斷出,為了慶祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻煩,可以買(mǎi)一個(gè)生日開(kāi)心包。hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反,而與difficulty,trouble等相近。故答案為C。2020/12/226Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.(NMET2000)2020/12/227

Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“Quitethereverse”?

A.Quiteright.B.Trueenough.C.Mostunlikely.D.Justtheopposite2020/12/2288.Thelargestplayer---ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCenteroffersawidevarietyofchoices---deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches.Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.(NMET2001)2020/12/229Thewords“deluxesedans”,“minivans”and“stationwagons”usedinthetextreferto___.A.carsinthemarketB.carrentingfirmsC.carsforrentD.carmakersC2020/12/230

(A)

Recently,studieshavebeenundertakentodetermineifarelationshipexistsbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinthestreetsofAmerica.Moreandbetterresearchisneededtoassessfullytheeffectsofexposuretoviolenceonhumanbehavior;Exercises2020/12/231however,earlyresultsseemtoindicatethatcertainelementsofsocietyareinfluencednegativelybywhattheyseeontelevision.Theword"assess"couldbestbereplacedbyA.undertaken B.determine C.indicate D.influence

∨2020/12/232

RememberthatPeopleonlinemaynotbewhotheyseem.Becauseyoucan'tseeorevenheartheperson.Itwouldbeeasyforsomeoneto

misrepresent

himself/herself.Thussomeonewhosaysthat"sheisa12-year-oldgirl."couldreallybeanoldman.

(B)2020/12/233makingawrongjudgmentaboutB.understandingsomebodywronglyC.givingawrongdescriptionof D.formingawrongopinionabout

∨2020/12/234

(C)

I'maresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwon'tgiveitupeasily.A.frighten B.braveandcareless C.firm D.angry

∨2020/12/235

Weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandtrainedfromourearlierdaystotrytogetmore.Thismaterialisticopinionhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.Fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethese