第八講-科技翻譯課件

第8講科技翻譯（1）ScienceandTechnologyTranslationEnglishforscienceandtechnology

ByDr.RamakantaSahuAssociateProfessorFacultyofEducationMahweet

Overthepastfewyears,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinfocusontheuseofaspecializedvarietyofEnglishforspecificdisciplines.Thisisbroadlyknownasregister-basedEnglishorEnglishforspecialpurposes(ESP).M.A.K.Halliday,aprominentlinguist,defines‘register’as‘languagedistinguishedaccordingto‘use’notto‘user’.WithinthebroadframeworkofgeneralEnglish,registerbaseduseofEnglishformsasubsetwherethereishighcorrelationbetweenlinguisticfeaturesandsubjectmatter.ExamplesofregisterbaseduseofEnglishare:EnglishforScienceandTechnology(EST),EnglishforBusinessandTrade(EBT),LegalEnglish,ReligiousEnglishandsoforth.

Inscienceandtechnology,languageisusedtodefine,classify,report,explain,andprove.ClarityofconceptsandlogicalthinkingareveryimportantcornerstonesofscientificEnglish.ThecentralconcernofESTistheaccessibilityofknowledge.‘WethusneedarhetoricthatrevealshowknowledgeismappedintotheprintandsoundsystemofEnglish.’

(KeithJones1975)

Thelanguagehereservesapurelyreferentialpurpose.Objectivityandimpersonaltonearethewatchwordsinscienceandtechnology.Mostoftenitisconcernedwiththereferentialorpropositionalmeaningoflanguageandnotwiththepragmaticorasocio-linguisticmeaning.Obviously,thelanguageinscienceandtechnologyisvaluedforobjective,propositionalcontent,whereaninterrogativestructuremeansaquestionandadeclarationisembeddedinastatement.

Englishforscienceandtechnologyisavarietyoflanguageusage.Herethelanguageismanifestedinacertainwayintheexpressionofconceptsandproceduresthatcharacterizesthestudyofscienceandtechnology.Hencewordsareprimarilyassociatedwith,whatMAKHallidaycalls,“theheuristicandrepresentationalfunctions”ascontrastedwith“personalandinteractionalfunction.”ThereforewordsusedinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyhavetobeimmunetoanyculturalassociationsorimplications.

Thereisahighdegreeofcorrelationbetweengrammaticalstructuresandthepurposeoflanguage.Asfarasthestyleofwritingisconcerned,thereislittlescopeforindividualstyleofwriting.Asanaturalcorollaryofthis,agreateremphasisisputonthelanguage‘use’andnotthe‘user’.Moreover,thereislittleconsiderationforrolerelationships.

ThemostimportantpurposeofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyis,sotosay,nottoshowhowbeautifullyonecanwrite,howwideisone’svocabulary,howvariedisone’ssentencestructure,buttofocusonitsreferential,rolesandfunctions.Keepingthisinview,Englishforscienceandtechnologyshouldbeproperlytaughtandlearnt.

CharacteristicsofEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)

1.Vocabulary:specializedtermsSplash:（水等飛濺）tolandinwater,especiallyintheocean,afteraspaceflight（宇宙飛船等從太空歸航時濺落于大洋水面）2Grammar1）Nominalizatione.g.determination,transmission,evaluation,programming,teaching,processing.ExpandedNounPremodifiersIlluminationintensitydetermination=determinationoftheintensityofillumination照明強度測定a.Theearthrotatesonitsownaxis,whichcausesthechangefromdaytonight.b.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。

2）NonfiniteVerbsa.Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsalwaysinthesamedirection.b.Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動的電流。3）passivevoiceTranslationmethod1.Passivevoice---activevoiceSandmaybecarriedmanymilesawaybythewind.風可以把沙土帶到許多英里以外的地方。Anewdevicewasputinthechimneyandsonoharmfuldirtysmokespreadout.一種新的裝置裝入了煙囪,從而有害的污煙便不再冒出來。Communicationssatellitesareusedforinternationallivingtransmissionthroughouttheworld.全世界都將通訊衛(wèi)星用于國際間的實況轉(zhuǎn)播。2.ChangeofsubjectStrokevictimsshouldbewarnedtostopsmoking,toexerciseandcontrolcholesterol.應(yīng)當警告腦中風患者停止吸煙、加強鍛煉和控制膽固醇。PotassiumandsodiumareseldommetintheirnaturalState.人們很少見到自然狀態(tài)的鉀和鈉。Temperatureischangedquicklyfromroomtemperatureto125°Candisheldthereforatleast15minutes.使溫度很快地從室溫升高到125°C,并至少保持15分鐘。

3.“據(jù)說”“據(jù)信”“據(jù)報道”“聽說”Itisbelievedthat?人們相信,大家相信Itisestimatedthat?據(jù)統(tǒng)計(推算)Ithasbeenfoundthat?已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn);實踐證明Itmustbekeptthat?必須記住Itispredictedthat?據(jù)估計;據(jù)預(yù)計Itmustberealizedthat?必須了解(認識、明白)Itissuggestedthat?有人建議Itisunderstoodthat?人們理解;不用說It’sbelievedthatherplansforamoviecareerhadallbeenmerelyapipedream.有人說她那些當明星的計劃全都是些非非遐想罷了。5.“是…的”“遭受”、“遭到”、“受到”“為…所”,“加以”、“予以”等Thetemperaturesandpressuresarecontrolledandadjustedwiththeseswitches.溫度和壓力是用這些開關(guān)來調(diào)節(jié)的。Plasticarticlesarenotdamagedbywater.塑料制品不會為水所損壞。6.multiplicationThedistanceiseighttimesaslongasthepreviousone.這一距離為前者的8倍這一距離8倍于前者這一距離比前者長7倍Autoaccidentsincreasedby2.5timescomparedwithlate1960s.車禍比60年代末期增多了1.5倍車禍增加到60年代末期的2.5倍SinceVestaisabout2.4timesfartherFromtheSunthanistheEarth,itreceivesonlyaboutone-sixthofthelightandheatthatwedo.灶神星離太陽的距離是地球離太陽的距離的2.4倍，它從太陽那里接受的光和熱只相當于地球從太陽那里接受的光和熱的六分之一。Signalswillbeissuedeveryfourthminute.每4分鐘發(fā)出一次信號。ComputersandPeopleInfuture,cashwillbeusedless