土木工程專業(yè)英語課件

土木工程專業(yè)英語主講王雪石南京工業(yè)大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院系列課程Lesson1CivilEngineering

土木工程N(yùn)ewwordsandphrases:predominategeotechnical

SpecificationsupervisesubcontractorhurricaneasphaltaluminumrunofflockfillscrubberincinerationtoxiccombustiblerampexcavatepreciselyAerialsonicplottingmunicipalCommissiondrainagesystem排水系統(tǒng)

WordsPredominate=pre(前、預(yù))+dominate(控制)Geotechnical=geo(地球的、地的)+technical(技術(shù)的)Specification=specify(規(guī)定)+ation(名詞后綴)規(guī)定、規(guī)范、說明書Supervise=super(超的、在上面的)+vise(vision看的詞根)Subcontractor=sub(次、下)+contractor(承包商)Combustible=combust(燃燒)+ible(可能的)=可燃的2.geotechnical[d?i:?u'teknik?l]巖土工程的

geo-[構(gòu)詞成分]：地球、土地

geography[d?i'?ɡr?fi]地理學(xué)

geobiology['d?i:?ubai'?l?d?i]

地理生物學(xué)

geocentric

[,d?i(:)?u'sentrik]

以地球?yàn)橹行牡?.subcontractors

轉(zhuǎn)包商

sub-[前綴]：

（1）在……底下subsoil（2）（地位、級別）低、副subeditor（3）分、再subdivide（4）幾乎、近于subarctic

suburban

WordsCivilengineeringStructural

engineering

WaterresourcesengineeringGeotechnicalengineeringEnvironmentalengineeringTransportationengineeringPipelineengineeringConstructionengineeringCommunityandurbanplanningPhotogrametry，surveying，andmappingEngineeringmanagementEngineeringteachingOrganizationofthistext

Civilengineering，theoldestoftheengineeringspecialties，istheplanning，design，construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment．Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples，fromirrigationanddrainagesystemstorocket-launchingfacilities.土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、施工和管理。這個(gè)環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施的所有根據(jù)科學(xué)原理建造的結(jié)構(gòu)物。Civilengineersbuildroads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，powerplants，waterandsewagesystems，hospitals，schools，masstransit，andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations．土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水系統(tǒng)和污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設(shè)施。CivilengineeringandcivilengineersTheyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairports,railroads，pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial，commercial,orresidentialuse．

他們也修建私人擁有的設(shè)施，如機(jī)場、鐵路、管線、高樓大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設(shè)計(jì)的其他大型建筑。Inaddition，civilengineersplan，design，andbuildcompletecitiesandtowns，andmorerecentlyhavebeenplanninganddesigningspaceplatformstohouseself-containedcommunities．

spaceplatform=spacestation空間站，宇宙站self-contained（1）沉默寡言的（2）設(shè)備齊全的（3）（社會團(tuán)體等）獨(dú)立的此外，土木工程師規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)和修建整個(gè)城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，最近已經(jīng)開始規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)空間站以容納獨(dú)立的（科研）團(tuán)體。

CivilengineeringandcivilengineersThewordcivilderivesfromtheLatinforcitizen．

“土木”這個(gè)詞是從拉丁語“citizen”派生而來。In1782，EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofthemilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime．1782年，英國人JohnSmeaton用這個(gè)術(shù)語來區(qū)分他的非軍事工程項(xiàng)目和當(dāng)時(shí)占統(tǒng)治地位的軍事工程師的工程項(xiàng)目。Sincethen，thetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilities，althoughthefieldismuchbroader．從那以后，土木工程這個(gè)術(shù)語已經(jīng)被用來指那些修建公共設(shè)施的工程師們，盡管這個(gè)領(lǐng)域比以前更廣。CivilBecauseitissobroad，civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties．

因?yàn)橥聊竟こ痰姆秶珡V，所以它被細(xì)分為許多技術(shù)專業(yè)。Dependingonthetypeofproject，theskillsofmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded．

根據(jù)工程的類型，就需要土木工程師專家的各種技能。Whenaprojectbegins，thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement--water，sewer，andpowerlines．

當(dāng)一項(xiàng)工程開始時(shí)，土木工程師要勘測現(xiàn)場并繪圖，他們還要確定水管、污水管道和電線的實(shí)用布置。Geotechnicalspecialistsperformsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject．巖土工程專家要做土工試驗(yàn)以確定該土是否能承受這項(xiàng)工程的重量。Scope范圍Environmentalspecialistsstudytheproject’simpactonthelocalarea：thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution，theproject’simpactonlocalanimalandplantlife，andhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment．環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當(dāng)?shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設(shè)計(jì)才能滿足政府對保護(hù)環(huán)境的要求。Transportationspecialistsdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsandothertransportationnetworksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject．運(yùn)輸專家要確定需用什么類型的設(shè)施來減輕由完工的工程產(chǎn)生的荷載對當(dāng)?shù)氐缆泛推渌\(yùn)輸網(wǎng)帶來的壓力。Meanwhile，structuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesigns，plans，andspecificationsfortheproject．同時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)專家用初始資料來做工程的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)，規(guī)劃和說明書。Scope范圍Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists，frombeginningtoendoftheproject，aretheconstructionmanagementspecialists．從工程開始到結(jié)束，施工管理專家監(jiān)督和協(xié)調(diào)這些土木工程專家們工作。Basedoninformationsuppliedbytheotherspecialists，constructionmanagementcivilengineersestimatequantitiesandcostsofmaterialsandlabor，scheduleallwork，ordermaterialsandequipmentforthejob，hirecontractorsandsubcontractors，andperformothersupervisoryworktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeandasspecified．根據(jù)其他專家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程師要估計(jì)材料和勞動力的數(shù)量和成本，安排所有的工作，訂購工作所需的材料和設(shè)備，雇承包商和轉(zhuǎn)包人，以及做其他的監(jiān)督管理工作以確保工程能按照說明按時(shí)完工。Scope范圍Throughoutanygivenproject，civilengineersmakeextensiveuseofcomputers．對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計(jì)算機(jī)。

Computersareusedtodesigntheproject’svariouselements(computer-aideddesign，orCAD)andtomanageit．計(jì)算機(jī)被用來設(shè)計(jì)工程的各個(gè)部分并進(jìn)行管理。Computersareanecessityforthemoderncivilengineerbecausetheypermittheengineertoefficientlyhandlethelargequantitiesofdataneededindeterminingthebestwaytoconstructaproject．計(jì)算機(jī)對于現(xiàn)代土木工程師而言是必不可少的，因?yàn)樗鼈兛墒构こ處煾咝У靥幚泶罅繑?shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)是在確定最優(yōu)施工方案時(shí)所需要的。

Scope范圍Inthisspeciality，civilengineersplananddesignstructuresofalltypes，includingbridges，dams，powerplants，supportsforequipment，specialstructuresforoffshoreprojects，theUnitedStatesspaceprogram，transmissiontowers，giantastronomicalandradiotelescopes,andmanyotherkindsofprojects．在這個(gè)專業(yè)里面，土木工程師規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)所有類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，包括橋梁、大壩、電站、設(shè)備的支撐、近海工程的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)、美國的太空計(jì)劃、發(fā)射塔、巨型天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡和無線電望遠(yuǎn)鏡，以及許多其他工程。Structuralengineering結(jié)構(gòu)工程Usingcomputers，structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresist：itsownweight,windandhurricaneforces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials，andearthquakes．結(jié)構(gòu)工程師用計(jì)算機(jī)確定結(jié)構(gòu)必須抵抗的力：自重、風(fēng)力、引起建筑材料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。

Theyalsodeterminethecombinationofappropriatematerials：steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，orotherconstructionmaterials．他們還確定適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧辖M合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他的建筑材料。Structuralengineering結(jié)構(gòu)工程

Civilengineersinthisspecialtydealwithallaspectsofthephysicalcontrolofwater．在這個(gè)專業(yè)的土木工程師處理水的自然調(diào)節(jié)的各個(gè)方面。Theirprojectshelppreventfloods，supplywaterforcitiesandforirrigation，manageandcontrolriversandwaterrunoff，andmaintainbeachesandotherwaterfrontfacilities．他們的工程幫助阻擋洪水，為城市和灌溉系統(tǒng)供水，管理和控制河流流量，維修河灘和其他濱水區(qū)的設(shè)施。

Inaddition，theydesignandmaintainharbors，canals，andlocks，buildhugehydroelectricdamsandsmallerdamsandwaterimpoundmentsofallkinds，helpdesignoffshorestructures，anddeterminethelocationofstructuresaffectingnavigation．此外，他們還設(shè)計(jì)和維修港口、運(yùn)河和船閘，修建大型水力發(fā)電大壩和小型水壩以及各種類型的圍堰，他們還幫助設(shè)計(jì)海上建筑物，以及確定影響航運(yùn)結(jié)構(gòu)物的位置。Waterresourcesengineering水資源工程Civilengineerswhospecializeinthisfieldanalyzethepropertiesofsoilsandrocksthatsupportstructuresandaffectstructuralbehavior．專攻此領(lǐng)域土木工程師分析支撐結(jié)構(gòu)物并影響結(jié)構(gòu)性能的土壤和巖石的特性。Theyevaluateandworktominimizethepotentialsettlementofbuildingsandotherstructuresthatstemsfromthepressureoftheirweightontheearth.他們計(jì)算建筑和其他結(jié)構(gòu)由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。Theseengineersalsoevaluateanddeterminehowtostrengthenthestabilityofslopesandfillsandhowtoprotectstructuresagainstearthquakesandtheeffectsofgroundwater．這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強(qiáng)邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)免遭地震和地下水的影響。Geotechnicalengineering巖土工程Inthisbranchofengineering，civilengineersdesign，build，andsupervisesystemstoprovidesafedrinkingwaterandtopreventandcontrolpollutionofwatersupplies，bothonthesurfaceandunderground．在工程的這個(gè)分支里，土木工程師設(shè)計(jì)、修建和監(jiān)督各個(gè)系統(tǒng)以提供安全的飲用水，防止和控制地表水和地下水供應(yīng)的污染。Theyalsodesign，build，andsuperviseprojectstocontroloreliminatepollutionofthelandandair．他們也設(shè)計(jì)、修建和監(jiān)督各項(xiàng)工程以控制或消除土地和空氣污染。Environmentalengineering環(huán)境工程Theseengineersbuildwaterandwastewatertreatmentplants，anddesignairscrubbersandotherdevicestominimizeoreliminateairpollutioncausedbyindustrialprocesses，incineration，orothersmoke－producingactivities．這些工程師修建水廠和污水處理廠，設(shè)計(jì)空氣凈化器和其他設(shè)備以減少或消除由工業(yè)加工、焚燒或其他一些產(chǎn)生煙霧的行為導(dǎo)致的空氣污染。Theyalsoworktocontroltoxicandhazardouswastesthroughtheconstructionofspecialdumpsitesortheneutralizingoftoxicandhazardoussubstances．他們也采取措施，通過修建專門的垃圾場或者進(jìn)行有毒和有害物質(zhì)的無害化處理來控制有毒有害廢棄物。Inaddition