西方思想經(jīng)典課件

Renaissance1ARenaissance1AThewordRenaissancemeans“rebirth”.TheideaofrebirthoriginatedinthebeliefthatEuropeanshadrediscoveredthesuperiorityofGreekandRomancultureaftermanycenturiesofwhattheyconsideredintellectualandculturaldecline.TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedtheperiodroughlyfromthe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginItalyintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.HistoriansoftenarguethisintellectualtransformationwasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedinnovativefloweringofLatinandvernacularliteratures,beginningwiththe14th-centuryresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources.Humanistsubjectsconsistedofthemainbodyofeducation,thepraiseofhuman,humannature,andhumanlifeturnedintothekeynoteofliterature.Inpolitics,feudalismisreplacedbycentralizedpower,nationsofmodernconceptwasformed.Ineconomicfield,thisperiodwitnessedthegradualestablishmentofcapitalism,andthefastdevelopmentofbusinessandindustry.2AThewordRenaissancemeans“reInreligiousarea,theunificationoftheCatholicchurchwasbroken:theabsolutepowerofreligionnolongerexists;priestslostcontroloverpeople’smind;andevenincountriesofCatholicismbelievers,secularpoweroverweighedthechurch.Inthedomainofideology,theologygavewaytoscience,scholasticismwaschallengedbyhumanism.Insocialsphere,thenewly-emergingtownspeopleandbourgeoisbecamerisingclass,whichledtoelevationofpeople’ssocialstatusthroughindividualstruggleandsuccess.Itisperhapsbestknownforitsartisticdevelopments.Thoughavailabilityofpaperandtheinventionofmetalmovabletypespedthedisseminationofideasfromthelater15thcentury,thechangesoftheRenaissancewerenotuniformlyexperiencedacrossEurope.3A3AContentsRenaissanceIdeasBirthPlaceHumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissanceRenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountriesGeographicDiscovery4AContentsRenaissanceIdeas4ARenaissanceIdeasHumanismIndividualismSecularism5ARenaissanceIdeasHumanism5AHumanismHumanismisagroupofrationalthoughtswhichfocusesonhumanandhumannature,includingthevalue,dignityandtalentsofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallyprefersindividualthoughtandevidence(rationalism,empiricism),overestablisheddoctrineorfaith.Thepurposeofhumanismistoliberatehumanbeingsfromthebondageofreligionthroughtheadvocationofequalityamonghuman,theaffirmationofthislife,andtheassertionofpeople’srighttopersurepropertyandhappiness.Undertheinfluenceofhumanism,scholasticeducationgavewaytoclassics:rhetoric,grammar,poetry,history,Latin,Greek.6AHumanismHumanismisagroupofIndividualismItisthebasicideaandimportantcomponentofhumanism,itisreplacementofGodstandardbyhumanstandard.DuringtheRenaissance,asapoliticalandsocialphilosophy,itstresseednotselfishnessbutindividualfreedomandwill,personnalityanduniqueness,whichactuallyestablishasetofmoralideasaccomdatingtocaptilism.Focusonindividualthought:Renaissancehumanistsbelievedthatpeopleshouldbethemselvesandnotthesameaseverybodyelse.Thisnotonlyshowshowhumanistswantedpeopletofollowtheirdreams,butalsostrengthenspeople’sinnerconfidenceandenterprisingspirit.Italsopavesthewayforindividualequality.ThoughindividualismintheRenaissanceputemphasisonindividual,itdoesn’tmeandiscardofsocialobligationandothers’interest.Instead,itcallsforindividual’sserviceandcontributiontosociety,thuslivingapositiveandhonestlife.7AIndividualismItisthebasiciSecularismThesecondkeycharacterofhumanismisclosecorrelationwithrealiticlifeandtheproposalofsecularism.SecularismorSecularHumanismisawayoflifeandthoughtthatispursuedwithoutreferencetoGodorreligion.“Secular”cametomean“belongingtothisage,worldly.”Ingeneralterms,secularisminvolvesanaffirmationofthis-worldlyrealities,alongwithadenialorexclusionoftranscendent,other-worldlyrealities.Itisaworldviewandlifestyleorientedtotheprofaneratherthanthesacred,thenaturalratherthanthesupernatural.Secularismisanonreligiousapproachtoindividualandsociallife.Itlaysstressonabundanceandgoodlinessofreallife.Itleadpeopletoreevaluatethevalueofpossession.Affectedbythisidea,theRenaissancecultureismoresecular-orientedthanthatinmiddleages.8ASecularismThesecondkeycharaBirthPlaceofRenaissanceSocietyandcitieschangedinthe1300s.Specializationinagricultureincreased,resultinginmoretrade.Urbanareasbecamecentersofcommerce,particularlyinItaly.Italydidnotexistasapoliticalentityintheearlymodernperiod.Instead,itwasdividedintosmallercitystatesandterritories:theKingdomofNaplescontrolledthesouth,theRepublicofFlorenceandthePapalStatesatthecenter,theMilaneseandtheGenoesetothenorthandwestrespectively,andtheVenetianstotheeast,andthesecityrepublicsweredevotedtonotionsofliberty.ItalyappearedtohaveexitedfromFeudalismanditssocietywasbasedonmerchantsandcommerce.

Therelativepoliticalfreedomtheyaffordedwasconducivetoacademicandartisticadvancement.Likewise,thepositionofItaliancitiesmadethemintellectualcrossroads.9ABirthPlaceofRenaissanceSociVenicewasEurope’sgatewaytotradewiththeEast,whileFlorencewasacapitaloftextiles.Milan,westofVenice,isoneoftherichestcities,itcontrolstradethroughtheAlps.DuringtheRenaissance,moneyandartwenthandinhand.ThewealthsuchbusinessbroughttoItalymeantlargepublicandprivateartisticprojectscouldbecommissionedandindividualshadmoreleisuretimeforstudy.Besides,presenceofantiquitywasstrongerinItalythanelsewhereinEurope.10AVenicewasEurope’sgatewaytoHumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissanceHumanistsArtists11AHumanistsandArtistsinItaliHumanistsLeonardoBruni(1370-1444)LorenzoValla(1407-1457)GiovanniPicoDellaMirandola(1463-1494)NiccoloMachiavelli(1469-1527)12AHumanistsLeonardoBruni(1370-LeonardoBruni(1370-1444)Bruni’smostnotableworkisHistoryoftheFlorentinePeople,inwhichheglorifiedtherepublicansystemofFlorenceanditsculturalachievement,attributedtheprosperityofFlorencetobusinessmen,politiciansandculturalartistsratherthanchurchesandtheologians.Bydoingthis,hebroketheMedievaltraditionoftreatinghistoryasGod’swill,thusthisbookhasbeencalledthefirstmodernhistorybook.Bruniwasthefirsthistoriantowriteusingthethree-periodviewofhistory:Antiquity,MiddleAges,andModern,whichlaidtheconceptualgroundworkforatripartitedivisionofhistory.

WhileitprobablywasnotBruni’sintentiontosecularizehistory,thethreeperiodviewofhistoryisunquestionablysecularandforthatBrunihasbeencalledthefirstmodernhistorian.13ALeonardoBruni(1370-1444)BrunLorenzoValla(1407-1457)LorenzoVallawasanItalianhumanist,rhetorician,educator,andmostimportantlinguist.HeisbestknownforhistextualanalysisthatprovedtheDonationofConstantinewasaforgery.TheDonationofConstantineisaneighth-centuryforgerywhichsupportedthepapacy’sclaimtosupremepoliticalauthorityinwesternEurope.14ALorenzoValla(1407-1457)LorenGiovanniPicoDellaMirandola(1463-1494)GiovanniPicodellaMirandolawasanItalianRenaissancephilosopher.HeisfamedforwritingthefamousOrationontheDignityofMan,whichhasbeencalledthe“ManifestooftheRenaissance”,andakeytextofRenaissancehumanism.PicobelievedthatmanisGod’smasterpiece,auniquebeing,andthatmanhadthefreechoicetoshapehisdestiny.Thegreatestdignityofhumanityistheboundlesspowerofself-transformation.15AGiovanniPicoDellaMirandolaNiccoloMachiavelli(1469-1527)NiccolòdiBernardodeiMachiavelliwasanItalianhistorian,politician,diplomat,philosopher,humanistandwriter.Hewasregardedasafounderofmodernpoliticalscience,andmorespecificallypoliticalethicsforhismasterpiece,ThePrince.Hispoliticaltheoryisbasedonhisdimviewofhumannature.Underhistheorythat“theendjustifiesthemeans”,rulermustdowhatevernecessary,evenifcruel,tomaintainpoliticalpowerwithoutworryingaboutconscience.Healsoadvisesrulerstoseparatemoralsfrompolitics.Hisideasbecamefoundationforlaterpoliticalphilosophy.16ANiccoloMachiavelli(1469-1527RenaissanceArt

Theartisareflectionofthenewhumanistspirit.MedievalartandliteraturefocusedontheChurchandsalvation.Renaissanceartandliteraturefocusedonindividualsandworldlymatters,alongwithChristianity.

17ARenaissanceArtTheartisarRenaissanceArtists

RenaissanceArtistsembracedsomeoftheidealsofGreeceandRomeintheirart.Theywantedtheirsubjectstoberealisticandfocusedonhumanityandemotion.NewTechniquesalsoemerged:Frescos:Paintingdoneonwetplasterbecamepopularbecauseitgavedepthtothepaintings.Sculptureemphasizedrealismandthehumanform.Architecturereachednewheightsofdesign.18ARenaissanceArtistsRenaissancLeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519)TrueRenaissanceManHispaintingsarestillstudiedandadmiredWroteoutideas,filling20,000pagesofnotesHisinterests,enthusiasmboundlessHighlytalentedinallfieldsScientist,inventor,engineerandnaturalistDissectedCorpses19ALeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519)TMonaLisa20AMonaLisa20ATheLastSupper21ATheLastSupper21ANotebooks22ANotebooks22AMichelangeloStudiedanatomySculpturecommunicatesgrief,love,acceptance,immortalityMarblestatueofDavidMostfamouspainting,artworkonceilingofSistineChapelScenesfromOldTestament(Genisis)consideredoneofgreatestachievementsinarthistory23AMichelangeloStudiedanatomy23DavidMichelangelocreatedhismasterpieceDavidin1504.24ADavidMichelangelocreatedhisSistineChapelAboutayearaftercreatingDavid,PopeJuliusIIsummonedMichelangelotoRometoworkonhismostfamousproject,theceilingoftheSistineChapel.25ASistineChapelAboutayearaftRaphael(1483-1520)ManofgreatsensitivityandkindnessDiedattheageof37MostfamousworkisTheSchoolofAthensintheVaticanPalaceAlsowellknownformanypaintingsoftheMadonna,motherofJesus26ARaphael(1483-1520)ManofgreatPythagorasPlatoandAristotleSocrates27APythagorasPlatoandAristotleSRenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountriesRenaissanceinotherEuropeancountriesmainlyreferstoRenaissanceinnorthernEuropeannations,suchasFrance,Germany,SpainandBritain.ThefastdevelopmentofEuropeansocietypromotedideologicalandculturalcommunications.SoRenaissancethoughtswerewidelyspreaded.GrowingwealthinnorthernEuropesupportedRenaissanceideas.DiffernetfromItalianhumanists,whoturnedtoGreek-Romanclassicismdirectly,northernRenaissancethinkersmergedhumanistideaswithChristianity.SothenorthernRenaissancewasmarkedbystrongsecularcharacters.28ARenaissanceinOtherEuropeanRenaissanceinFranceFrequentwarswithItaly(1515-1547)broughtbackalargenumberofartsandbooksofItalianRenaissance,whichenlargedFrenchpeople’shorizonandhelpeddisseminationofRenaissanceideas.In1530,theestablishmentofTheFrenchAcademysignifiedthebeginningofFrenchReaissance,afterthatagroupofliteraturersandscholarsgatheredtostudyGreco-Romanculture.CalvinismwasalsoanaspectofFrenchRenaissance,butitwillbeelaboratedintheReligiousReformation.LawJurist:JeanBodinThefirstmanwhosystematicallyelaborateonnationalsovereignty,whichbecamethefoundationofwesternpolitics.29ARenaissanceinFranceFrequentLiteratureNovelist:FrancoisRabelais

GargantuaandPantagruel

isapopularnovelthatstandsatthebeginningofFrenchnovels.Poets:theFrenchRenaissance“Pléiade”

agroupofradicalyoungnoblepoets

DefenseandIllustrationoftheFrenchLanguagemaintainedthatFrenchwasaworthylanguageforliteraryexpressionandadvocatedtheuseofFrench,thusmadecontributiontounificationofFranceandformationofFrenchpoem.

Essayist:MichelMontaigne

EssaisHewritesabouthisdisgustwiththereligiousconflictsofhistime,reflectingaspiritofskepticismandbeliefthathumansarenotabletoattaintruecertainty,whichimposedeffectonlaterDescartes.

30ALiteratureNovelist:FrancoisRRenaissanceinGermanyRenaissanceinGermanystartedfromthestudyofancientlinguistics.Humanists’firstcareconcernedwithwhetherthereligiousdoctrinesreachingthemwerecredibleornot.Sotheyputemphasisonresearchoflanguageandtranslations.ThusmanyGermanhumanistswerelinguists.ThekeyfiguresofGermanRenaissancewereDesideriusErasmusandartistAlbrechtDurer.31ARenaissanceinGermanyRenaissaDesideriusErasmusThePraiseofFollyAnironicialworkonignoranceofreligiouschurch.GreekeditionsoftheNewTestament

Inthemiddleages,churchesandpriestsexplianedTheBible

anditspredictionsrandomly,

thisbookprovidesanauthoritativeversionforlaterpeople’scorrectresearchonTheBible.AlbrechtDurerThegreatestartistoftheNorthernRenaissanceTheApocalypse

series32ADesideriusErasmus32ARenaissanceinSpainUndertheinfluence,Spainishliteratureenteredintoitsgoldenperiod,withgreatachievementsinnovelanddrama,picaresquenovelwascreatedinthisperiod.

LitterateurMigueldeCervantesSaavedraHisinfluenceontheSpanishlanguagehasbeensogreatthatthelanguageisoftencalledthelanguageofCervantes.Hismostimportantwork

DonQuixote

belongstopicaresquenovel.DramaMostpopularculturalactivity.33ARenaissanceinSpainUndertheRenaissanceinBritainNovel

ThomasMoreUtopiaPoetry

EdmundSpenser

TheFaerieQueene

QualitiesofcapitalistsEssay

FrancisBaconToexpresshumanismandmaterialismthroughessaysDrama

ThomasKyd

TheSpanishTragedy

ChristopherMarloweTheJewofMaltaBothweremembersamong“universitytalents.”WilliamShakespeare

GreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld’spre-eminentdramatistAlsocalledEngland’snationalpoet34ARenaissanceinBritainNovelDraReasonsforGeographicDiscoveryTheRenaissancecoincidedwiththeAgeofExplorationinEuropeanhistory.TheAgeofDiscovery,alongwithitscontemporaryRenaissancemovement,canbeseenasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera,triggeringtheearlymodernperiodandtheriseofEuropeannation-states.Therearemanyreasonsforit:1)Economicmotivation2)TheMedievalgeographicviewandexistanceofseriesofmythrelatingtoseaislands3)Religion4)Improvementofvoyageandshipbulidingskills5)Capitalists’enterprisingspirit35AReasonsforGeographicDiscoveProcessPortugueseexploration

1487:DiscoveryoftheCapeofGoodHope(Africa)

provingfalsetheviewthathadexistedsincePtolemythattheIndianOceanwasland-locked.

1497:VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutedirectlyfromEuropetoIndia

encouragedEuropeans’resolutionandconfidence,leadingtofurthereasternexpansiontoSoutheasternAsia,Japan,andevenChina;occupiedMacaoofChinain