英語專業(yè)語言學課件

Chapter9Languageandculture

Chapter9Languageandculture1Whatisculture?

Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.Whatisculture?Inabroadse2languageandcultureThesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.Languageexpressesculturalreality,reflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.Theculturebothemancipatesandconstrainspeoplesocially,historicallyandmetaphorically.Culturealsoaffectsitspeople’simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.Ontheonehand,languageasanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeatesinhisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld,languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality;ontheother,language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.languageandcultureThesame3Sapir-Whorfhypothesis

EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Whatdoyouthinkofthishypothesis?Giveexamplestosupportyourview.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisEdward4

FullEmptyFullEmpty5English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.English:horseshoe6Strongversion&weakversionStrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencesthelatter.Whichversiondoyousupport?Strongversion&weakversion7ContributionsofSWH----ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights:Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectsculturalpreoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.MorethaninWhorf’sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage.ContributionsofSWH----Thest8Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences

Denotativemeaning----ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Connotativemeaning----ameaningorideasuggestedbyawordorthinginadditiontotheformalmeaningornatureofthewordorthing.Iconicmeaning----theimageoriconinvokedinmindbyaword.Forexample,“rose”.

——aflower——love，fragrance,passion,beauty.——imageofaperson:“Myloveislikearedredrose”Linguisticevidenceofcultura9SomeculturaldifferencesinlanguageuseGreetingsandtermsofaddressThanksandcomplimentsColorwordsPrivacyandtaboosNumbersWordsandcultural-specificconnotationsCultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphorSomeculturaldifferencesinl10英語專業(yè)語言學ppt課件11GreetingsandtermsofaddressHowdoyoudo?Howareyou?VS.你好！Haveyoueaten?VS.你吃了么？KinshipTerms:Uncle,AuntVS.叔叔，阿姨Greetingsandtermsofaddress12Gratitudeandcompliments

Thankyou!American:youarewelcome.Chinese:It’snothing.YouspeakgoodEnglish.American:ThanksChinese:no,no!Gratitudeandcompliments

Tha13Colorwords7colortermsinChinese.2insomelanguages.Culturalhintofcolors:white,red.Idioms:greenwithenvy,greeneyes.Colorwords7colortermsinCh14PrivacyandtaboosAge,family,background,salary.Howoldareyou?Areyoumarried?Howmuchdoyouearn?PrivacyandtaboosAge,family,15NumbersCulturalassociations:4,8.Roundingoffnumbers:American:4ouncesinaquarterpound,4quartsinagallon.Age:yearoldsVS.歲NumbersCulturalassociations:16Wordsandcultural-specificconnotationsAterminonelanguagethatdoesnothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.(大表哥，fatherinlaw.)Termsinbothlanguagesthatappeartorefertobethesamemayarousedifferentconnotations.(dragon,weekend)Thingsorconceptsexpressedbyoneterminonelanguagemaybeexpressedbytwoormoretermsinanotherlanguage.(potato)Termsthathavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaningmayhaveconsiderablydifferentsecondarymeanings.(你覺得你是個洋芋，其實你只是個土豆)Wordsandcultural-specificco17Cultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphorkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“殺雞取卵”Coldwordsvs.冷言冷語Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Diamondcutdiamond.棋逢對手Killamanwhenheisdown.落井下石Cultural-relatedidioms,prove18CultureContactAcculturation(同化)(FrenchwordsinEnglish)Assimilation（吸收）(themeltingpot)Amalgamation（混合）(Mexico:Spanish+Indian)CultureContactAcculturation(19Culturaloverlap

Culturaloverlapreferstotheidenticalpartsofdifferentculturesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings.Forexample,thesuperiortendstorefertohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshipterms,suchas“Havedaddy/mummy/teachertoldyouthat?”CulturaloverlapCulturalove20CulturaldiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thisphenomenonisknownasculturaldiffusion.Onetypicalexampleofculturaldiffusionistheappearanceofloanwords.Thepracticeofobservingholidaysofforeignoriginsandacceptingconceptsfromothercultures.Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion(esp.culturalimperialismowingtolinguisticimperialism)CulturaldiffusionThroughcomm21Thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning

Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.Whatis“cultureshock”?Howdowesolvethisproblem?Thesignificanceofculturalt22CultureinlanguageteachingclassroomThreeobjectivesforustoteachcultureinourlanguageclass:1)Togetstudentsfamiliarwithculturaldifferences;2)Tohelpstudentstranscendtheirowncultureandseethingsasthemembersofthetargetculturewill;