華南理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《英語語言文學(xué)綜合》歷年考研真題及詳解

2014年華南理工大學(xué)870語言學(xué)和英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識考研真題及詳解PartOneFundamentalsofLinguisticsandLiterature（外國語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)和英語語言文學(xué)考生共答部分）Ⅰ.Definethefollowingtermsinyourownwords(每題必答，共20分)1.argument【答案】Anargumentcanbedefinedasastatementorasetofstatementsusedinordertotrytoconvinceothersthatyouropinionaboutanissueiscorrect.Itisanattempttodemonstratethetruthofanassertion,anditisareasonedandresearchedclaim.查看答案2.consonant【答案】Consonantsareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.查看答案3.sense【答案】Sensereferstotheabstractpropertiesofanentity.Itisdefinedintermsofrelationshipswhichholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Itisconcernedwithintra-linguisticrelations.查看答案4.minimalpair【答案】Inphonology,minimalpairsarepairsofwordsorphrasesinaparticularlanguagethatdifferinonlyonephonologicalunitandhavedistinctmeanings.Theyareusedtodemonstratethattwophonesaretwoseparatedphonemesinthelanguage.查看答案5.foregrounding【答案】Foregroundingisdefinedasartisticallymotivateddeviation.Thisdeviation,oruncommonusage,involvesalllevelsoflanguage:vocabulary,sound,meaning,graphology,etc.查看答案6.thegildedage【答案】ItiscoinedbyMarkTwainsatiricallydescribingthetimeperiodinordertoaddresssomeoftheproblemsintheUnitedStates,suchasreconstruction,povertyinallareasoftheUS,politicalandcorporatecorruptionandsoon.查看答案7.individualism【答案】Individualismisthemoralstance,politicalphilosophy,ideology,orsocialoutlookthatemphasizesthemoralworthoftheindividual.Individualistspromotetheexerciseofone’sgoalsanddesiresandsovalueindependenceandself-reliance,andadvocatetheirinterestsoftheindividualshouldachieveprecedentoverthestateorasocialgroup,whileopposingexternalinterferenceuponone’sowninterestsbysocietyorinstitutionssuchasthegovernment.查看答案8.cavalierpoets【答案】ThecavalierpoetsbelongtoaschoolofEnglishpoetsinthe17thcentury,whichcamefromtheclassesthatsupportedKingCharlesⅠduringtheEnglishcivilwar(1642—1651).Charles,aconnoisseuroffinearts,supportedpoetswhocreatedtheartshecraved.ThesepoetsinturngroupedthemselveswiththeKingandhisservice,thusbecomingcavalierpoets.9.naturalism【答案】ThetermnaturalismwascoinedbyEmileZola,whodefinesitasaliterarymovementwhichemphasizesobservationandscientificmethodinthefictionalportrayofreality.Othercharacteristicsofliterarynaturalisminclude:detachment,inwhichtheauthormaintainsanimpersonaltoneanddisinterestedpointofview;determinism,theoppositeoffreewill,inwhichacharacter’sfatehasbeendecided,evenpredetermined,byimpersonalforcesofnaturebeyondhumancontrol;andasensethattheuniverseitselfisindifferenttohumanlife.查看答案10.pointofview【答案】Pointofviewistheperspectivefromwhichastoryiscommunicated.Itdescribesthepositionofthenarrator,thatis,thecharacterofthestory-teller,inrelationtothestorybeingtold.Itcanbethoughtofasacameramountedonthenarrator’sshoulderthatcanalsolookbackinthenarrator’smind.查看答案Ⅱ.Answerthefollowingquestions(每題必答，共40分)1.Whatislanguageaptitude?Pleasegivethreeexamplestoillustratethisconcept.【答案】PeopledifferintheextenttowhichtheypossessanaturalabilityforlearninganL2.Thisability,knownaslanguageaptitude,isbelievedtobepartiallyrelatedtogeneralintelligencebutalsotobeinpartdistinct.Languageaptitudeisthoughttobeacombinationofvariousabilities,suchastheabilitytoidentifysoundpatternsinanewlanguage,theabilitytorecognizethedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsofwordsinsentences,andtheabilitytoinferlanguagerules,andsoon.Ithasbeengenerallyacceptedthatlearnerswhoachievehighscoresinlanguageaptitudetestslearnrapidlyandachievehighproficiencyinsecondlanguagelearning.Yethowthecomponentsworkonthelearner’sinter-languagedevelopmentstillremainsspeculative.查看答案2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaproficiencytestandanachievementtest?【答案】Anachievementtestisatestofdevelopedskillorknowledge.Themostcommontypeofachievementtestisstandardizedtestdevelopedtomeasureskillsandknowledgelearnedinagivengradelevel,usuallythroughplannedinstruction,suchastrainingorclassroominstruction.Achievementtestsareoftencontrastedwithteststhatmeasureaptitude,amoregeneralandstablecognitivetrait.Aproficiencytestisusuallycommissionedbyanationforthosewhoareasecondlanguagelearnerofthelanguageofthenation.Itisoftendividedintoseverallevelsfromthebasisonetothehighestgrade.Anditisconductedaccordingtodifferentabilities,generallyincludingreading,listeningandwriting.查看答案3.TherearemanywaysofwordformationinEnglishlexicology.Canyoudefinebackformationandgivetwoexamples?【答案】Backformationreferstoanusuallyabnormaltypeofwordformationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Take“televise”forexample.Theword“television”appearedbefore“televise”.Thefirstpartoftheword“television”waspulledoutandanalyzedasaroot,eventhoughnosuchrootoccurselsewhereintheEnglishlanguage.Insteadoftakingoutpartofawordasaroot,backformationallowsustotakeoutawordofagivencategoryandformanewhomophonouswordofadifferentcategory,suchasthenounform“white-wash”thatbecomestheverbform“whitewash”.查看答案4.Whatdoes“TheLostGeneration”referto?【答案】ItisaternregularlyusedaftertheFirstWorldWarinreferencetothehostofyoungmenwhowerekilledinit,andalsototheyoungmenwhosurvivedandwhothereafterwereadrift-morallyandspiritually.ThetermisbelievedtohavebeeninventedbyGertrudeStein(1874—1946).Themoodofthelost-generation,amoodofdisenchantmentandsometimescynicism,waswellrepresentedbysomeAmericannovelists;particularlyScottFitzgerald.Thegroupofmenwholatercametobeknownasthe‘warpoets’alsobelongedtothelostgeneration.查看答案5.Whatdoes“TheBeatGeneration”referto?【答案】Theterm‘beat’,inthisrestrictedsense,isgenerallybelievedtohavebeendevisedbyJackKerouac(1922—1969).Itbearsconnotationsofdown-beat,off-beat,drop-outandbeatitudeanddenotesagroupofAmericanwriters(especiallypoets)whobecameprominentinthe1950s.TheyareparticularlyassociatedwithSanFrancisco,USA,andtheirgenerallyacceptedfather-figureswereKennethRexroth,HenryMillerandWilliamBurroughs.TheBeatwriters,highlyinfluencedbyjazz,ZenBuddhismandAmericanIndianandMexicancults,livingaBohemianlife-styleassociatedwithdrugsand‘free’-sex,developedtheirownslangandahighlyidiosyncraticstyle.Theirconvictionsandattitudeswereunconventional,provocative,anti-intellectual,anti-hierarchicalandanti-middle-class(the‘squares’).查看答案6.WhoisJaneAusten(1775—1817)?【答案】JaneAusten(1775—1817)wasanEnglishnovelistknownprimarilyforhersixmajornovels,whichinterpret,critiqueandcommentupontheBritishlandedgentryattheendofthe18thcentury.Austen’splotsoftenexplorethedependenceofwomenonmarriageinthepursuitoffavorablesocialstandingandeconomicsecurity.Herworkscritiquethenovelsofsensibilityofthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyandarepartofthetransitionto19th-centuryliteraryrealism.Heruseofbitingirony,alongwithherrealismandsocialcommentary,hasearnedheracclaimamongcriticsandscholars.ShewrotePrideandPrejudice(1813),SenseandSensibility(1811),Emma,NorthangerAbbey(1803)andMansfieldPark(1814).PartTwoTestforStudentsofLinguisticsandAppliedLinguistics（外國語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)考生必答部分）Ⅰ.Discussandcommentonthefollowingtopics(每題必答，共40分)1.Theinnativeviewoflanguageacquisition【答案】Theinnatenessviewsaysthattheabilitytoacquireahumanlanguageispartofthebiologicallyinnateequipmentofthehumanbeing,andthataninfantisbornwiththisabilityjustasitisbornwithtwoarms,twolegs,andabeatingheart.Italsoclaimsthatthisbuilt-inabilityislinkedinsomemannertophysiologicalmaturation,thatitisthestrongestintheverysmallchild,andthatsomedegreeofdecayinitsfunctionbeginsaroundthetimeofpuberty.Evidencefortheinnatenesshypothesisisverystrong.Forexample,thereisnoformalinstructioninfirstlanguageacquisition.Childrenbecomecompetentspeakersofalanguageatacomparativelyearlyagebeforetheyarereadyforothercognitivelycomplextaskssuchaslearningmathematics,physicsorchemistry.Ithasalsobeenobservedthatchildrenallovertheworldgothroughthesamestagesinlanguageacquisitionregardlessoftheirlinguisticenvironment.Childrendonotchoosetheirfirstlanguage;theycanlearnanylanguageequallywellaslongastheyareintherightlinguisticenvironment.查看答案2.Criteriaindeterminingaword’scategory【答案】Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword’scategory,threecriteriaareemployed.Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningsassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.Forexample,whenwesaythatprettygirl,weareattributingtheproperty“pretty”tothatgirl,andinthesentence“Jennyleavesquickly”,theadverb“quickly”indicatesthemannerinwhichJennyleaves.Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword’scategoryisinflection.Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.Suchnounsas“boy”and“desk”takethepluralaffix-s.Verbslike“work’and“help”takethepasttenseaffix-ed.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindeterminingaword’scategory,itdoesnotalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.Forexample,nounslike“fog”donotalwaystakepluralsuffix-s.Thelastmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.Thatiswhattypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword.Forexample,nounscantypicallyappearwithadeterminerlike“thegirl”and“thecard”,verbswithanauxiliarysuchas“shouldstay”and“willgo”.Aword’sdistributionalfactstogetherwithinformationaboutitsmeaningandinflectionalcapabilitieshelpidentifyitssyntacticcategory.3.Sentencemeaningandutterancemeaning【答案】Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiesastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesutterance,anditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyutteredorused.Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.查看答案4.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety【答案】Languageisregardedasamirrorofsociety,throughwhichwecanunderstandsocialactivitiesofacertainsocietybetter.Functionally,societyprovideslanguagewithasuitablecontextofuse,inwhichwecanenjoyaspectsoflanguagevividlyandtruthfully.Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneofthemisthatwhilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.Thissocialfunctionoflanguageisembodiedintheuseofsuchutterancessuchas“Goodmorning”.Anotherindicationisthatusersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground,andlanguage,initsturn,revealsinformationaboutitsspeaker.Whenwespeak,wecannotavoidgivingcluestoourlistenersaboutourselves.Thentosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.ForexamplewhilethereisonlyonewordinEnglishfor“snow”,thereareseveralinEskimo.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,andtheevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial.Toalinguist,alllinguisticformsandaccentsareequallygoodasfarastheycanfulfillthecommunicativefunctionstheyareexpectedtofulfill.Therefore,judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.查看答案5.Theroleofwordstressindistinguishingmeaning【答案】Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Abasicdistinctionismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentthanthelatter,whichmeansthatstressisarelativenotion.Atthewordlevel,itonlyappliestowordswithatleasttwosyllables.Atthesentencelevel,amonosyllabicwordmaybesaidtobestressedrelativetootherwordsinthesentence.Stressmaychangeoverhistoryandexhibitregionalordialectaldifferences,andsometimesitisplacedonadifferentsyllableforthedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsawordplays.Forexample,theform“produce”ispronounceddifferentandfunctionsdifferentlywhenstressisputonthefirstandthesecondsyllablerespectively.Sentencestressismoreinteresting.Ingeneralsituations,notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsaregenerallyunstressed.查看答案Ⅱ.Analyzethelanguagedataaccordingtotherequirements(每題必答，共50分)1.Analyzethefollowingspeecheventintermsoftherelatedpragmatictheory(15points)Hamlet:Whosegrave’sthis,sirrah?Clown(gravedigger):Mine,sir....Hamlet:Whatmandostthoudigitfor?Clown:Fornoman,sir.Hamlet:Whatwomanthen?Clown:Fornone,neither.Hamlet:Whoistobeburiedin’t?Clown:Onethatwasawoman,sir;but,resthersoul,she’sdead.(Shakespeare,Hamlet)【答案】Thisspeecheventviolatesthecooperativeprinciple.Thecontentofcooperativeprincipleistomakeyourconversationalcontributionasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionoftheexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Anditcontainsthefollowingmaxims.QualityTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.(1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.(2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevident.Quantity(1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).(2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.RelationBerelevant.MannerBeperspicuous.(1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.(2)Avoidambiguity.(3)Bebrief.(4)Beorderly.Apparently,inthisspeechevent,theclownviolatesthemaximofqualityasheanswersthatthegraveisnotformanorwoman.Asaresult,therecomesconversationalimplicature.Conversationalimplicaturearisesfromeitherstrictlyanddirectlyobservingordeliberatelyandopenlyfloutingthemaxims.Conversationalimplicatureisatypeofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.Inthisspeechevent,theclownwantstoimplythatsoulistheessenceofapersonandhersoulisdeadsoshedigsthegravetoburyherself.2.Explaintherulesandprinciplesunderlyingtheungrammaticalityorinappropriatenessinvolvedinthefollowingsentences(20points)a.*Atthisverymoment,Ifeelveryexcitingandwanttoextendmysincerestthankstoallofyouhereforyourinspiration,encouragementandsupportduringmystayatCambridgeUniversity.b.*Thegovernmenthasalreadyadoptedeffectivemeasuresagainstthegrowingcorruptionappearedintheprocessofeconomicreform.【答案】a.Theword“exciting”ismisusedhere.Thesuffix-ingisoftenaddedbehindaverbtoformanadjectiveinordertomodifyinanimateobjects,whilethesuffix-edisoftenaddedbehindaverbtoformanadjectiveinordertomodifypeople.Theword“exciting”meanscausinggreatinterestorexcitement.Andtheword“excited”meansfeelingorshowinghappinessorenthusiasm.Herethesubjectis“I”,aperson,therefore,theadjectiveusedhereshouldbe“excited”.b.Theword“appeared”ismisusedhere.Theverb“appear”hereisusedasapost-modifierofthenoun“corruption”.Ascanbeseenfromthesentence,theverb“appear”isanon-predicateelement.Sinceitcannotbeusedinpassivevoice,thepastparticipleof“appear”cannotbeuseddirectlyafterthenoun“corruption”.Andconsideringthetenseofthissentence,thegrowingcorruptionhasappearedintheprocessofeconomicreform.Therefore,thecorrectformshouldbe“againstthegrowingcorruptionhavingappearedintheprocessofeconomicreform”.3.Analyzethefollowingpassageintermsoftherelatedstylistictheory(15points)Youdon’tknowaboutmewithoutyouhavereadabookbythenameofTheAdventuresofTomSawyer;butthatain’tnomatter.ThatbookwasmadebyMr.MarkTwain,andhetoldthetruth,mainly.Therewasthingswhichhestretched,butmainlyhetoldthetruth.(MarkTwain,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn)【答案】Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthefeaturesofsituationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Thedoublenegationinthefirstsentenceisattractiveanditseemsabitredundant.However,justbecauseofthisconventionaluseofstructure,theimportanceofreadingthenovelTheAdventuresofTomSawyerisforegrounded,andthisistheintentionofthespeaker.Theninthesecondsentence,thespeakerchangeshispointofview.Thespeakerchoosesthethird-personpointofviewratherthandirectlysayingthatheistheauthorofthebooksothatthestatementismadeobjectiveandpersuasive.Andthefinalsentenceisasupplementtothesecondonetomakewhathehassaidmoreaccurateandrigorous.Therepetitionofthecontentagainconstructsforegrounding.Thistimethespeakertriestoemphasizetheword“truth”.Althoughtherearethingsthosearemadeupinthenovel,themainpartistrueandisworthreading.查看答案PartThreeTestforStudentsofEnglishLanguageandLiterature（英語語言文學(xué)考生必答部分）Ⅰ.Discussandcommentonthefollowingtopics(請選答其中的4道題。請勿多答，若多答，只評前4題。共40分)1.DoyouknowtheImagistPoetry?Explainandcommentonit.【答案】(1)ImagistpoetryisastyleofpoetrythathadbeenpromotedbytheImagists,firstledbyEzraPoundthenAmyLowellandH.Doolittle,duringImagismmovement,thatstresses“a.directtreatmentofthe‘thing’,whethersubjectiveorobjective;b.touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;c.asregardingrhythmtocomposeinsequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinsequenceofthemetronome.”(2)TheImagismmovementthoughhasdeeplyinfluencedthecourseofmodernistpoetryinEnglish,thereshortcomingsasWallaceStevenssuggests“notallobjectsareequal”,itsdemandforhardness,clarityandprecisionanditsinsistenceonfidelitytoappearancecoupledwithitsrejectionofirrelevantemotions.2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutT.S.Eliot’s“tradition”?Describeandcommentonit.【答案】AsEliotsuggeststhat“traditionisamatterofmuchwidersignificance”,“cannotbeinherited”andoneneedsgreatefforttoobtainit.“Itinvolves,inthefirstplace,thehistoricalsense”.(1)Eliotattachesgreatimportancetotradition.Hissenseoftraditionisaunitedsystemwhichmainlyinvolveshishistoricalsense,strongreligiousbeliefsandmythicalmethods.Itrepresentsanadherencetothepast,atrendtogobacktohistory,toadheretotradition.Historyandpastareviewedfromtheperspectiveofboththepastandthepresent.(2)ToEliot,literarytraditioniskeptthroughwriters’impersonalcreationandtobecomeimpersonalinwriting,writersareobligatedtoconstantlysubjectthemselvestotradition,becauseithaslaiddownruleswhichestablishedit.(3)Socialtradition,inEliot’sopinion,isestablishedandmaintainedbyanidealsocialorder.Religionandmytharetwoessentialelementstoensuretraditionandorder.查看答案3.WhatisDavidCopperfield,thenovelwrittenbyDickens,about?Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisnovel?【答案】(1)ThenoveltellsthestoryofDavidCopperfield,andiswritteninfirstperson,fromhischildhoodtomiddleage,withhisownadventuresandtheweboffriendsandenemieshemeetsalonghisway.(2)Therethreemajorthemeshavebeendepictedinthisnovel:(a)theplightoftheweak,throughoutDavidCopperfield,thepowerfulabusetheweakandhelpless,Dickensfocusesonorphans,women,andthementallydisabledtotheexploitationinanindustrialsociety;(b)theequalityinmarriage,intheworldofthenovel,marriagessucceedtotheextentthathusbandandwifeattainequalityintheirrelationship;(c)wealthandclass,throughoutthenovel,Dickenscriticizeshissociety’sviewofwealthandclassasmeasuresofaperson’svalue.Forinstance,DickensusesSteerforth,whoiswealthy,powerful,andnoble,toshowthatthesetraitsaremorelikelytocorruptthanimproveaperson’scharacter.(3)Thisnovel,likeOliverTwist,hasexposedtheproblemoftheemploymentofyoungchildreninfactoriesandmines,andchildprostitutionandabuseinVictorianinstitutions,harshlycriticizedthebutteredandcreamedcrueltyunder“industrialcivilizations”.ItssocialinfluencehasnotonlybroughtfametoDickenshimself,butalsoalegislativereformtoVictoriansociety.LikemanyothernovelsofDickens,itisanovelofbothentertainingandeducation.4.WhatdoyouknowaboutLeavesofGrass?Commentonitsartisticachievement.【答案】LeavesofGrass,collectionofpoetrybyAmericanauthorWaltWhitman,firstpresentedasagroupof12poemspublishedanonymouslyin1855.ThepoemsofLeavesofGrassarelooselyconnected,witheachrepresentingWhitman’scelebrationofhisphilosophyoflifeandhumanity.Thisbookisnotableforitsdiscussionofdelightinsensualpleasureduringatiewhensuchcandiddisplayswereconsideredimmoral.Itwashighlycontroversialduringitstimeforitsexplicitsexualimagery,especiallyinthefirstedition.Wheremuchpreviouspoetry,especiallyEnglish,reliedonsymbolism,allegory,andmeditationonthereligiousandspiritual,itexaltedthebodyandthematerialworld.InfluencedbyRalphWaldoEmersonandtheTranscendentalistmovement,itselfoffshootofRomanticism.查看答案5.ExplainandCommenton“blankverse”.【答案】(1)Blankverse,unrhymediambicpentameter,thepreeminentdramaticandnarrativeverseforminEnglish.Itsrichnessandversatilitydependontheskillofthepoetinvaryingthestressesandthepositionofthecaesura(pause)ineachline,incatchingtheshiftingtonalqualitiesandemotionalovertonesofthelanguage,andinarranginglinesintothoughtgroupsandparagraphs.(2)HenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,introducedthemeter,alongwiththesonnettoEnglandinthe16thcentury.ChristopherMarlowedevelopeditsmusicalqualitiesandemotionalpower.ShakespearetransformedthelineandtheinstrumentofblankverseintothevehicleforthegreatestEnglishdramaticpoetry.JohnMilton,laterhasrestoredblankversetoliveinhisParadiseLost(1667),EdwardYoung,WilliamWordsworth,P.B.Shelly,JohnKeats,andRobertFrosthaveallappliedblankverseintheirworks.Itisagreatandlong-lastingpoeticformindeed.Ⅱ.Analysisandappreciation(每題必答，共50分)1.Readthefollowingpassageandwriteananalyticalessayinabout250words(25points)Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity;itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair;wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway—inshort,theperiodwassofarlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedonitsbeingreceived,forgoodorforevil,inthesuperlativedegreeofcomparisononly.【答案】(1)Thesefamouslines,whichopenATaleofTwoCities,hintatthenovel’scentraltensionbetweenloveandfamily,ontheonehand,andoppressionandhatred,ontheother.Itestablishedtheerainwhichthenoveltakesplace,EnglandandFrancein1775.Theageismarkedbycompetingandcontradictoryattitudes.“Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes”.Thepassagemakesmarkeduseofanaphora,therepetitionofaphraseatthebeginningofconsecutiveclauses—forexample,“itwastheage...itwastheage”and“itwastheepoch...itwas