上海海事大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《357英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)》專業(yè)碩士歷年考研真題及詳解

2011年上海海事大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院357英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解一、英漢詞條互譯1.GMfood【答案】轉(zhuǎn)基因食物查看答案2.CPI【答案】消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)查看答案3.GDP【答案】國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值查看答案4.NBA【答案】美國(guó)職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)賽查看答案5.NASDAQ【答案】納斯達(dá)克指數(shù)查看答案6.HSBC【答案】匯豐銀行查看答案7.FederalReserve【答案】（美國(guó)）聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備系統(tǒng)查看答案8.Euro【答案】歐元查看答案9.Patriotmissile【答案】愛(ài)國(guó)者導(dǎo)彈查看答案10.currencyappreciation【答案】貨幣升值查看答案11.exchangerate【答案】匯率查看答案12.multilateraltradetalks【答案】多邊貿(mào)易談判查看答案13.domestically-orientedeconomy【答案】?jī)?nèi)向型經(jīng)濟(jì)查看答案14.exclusiveagency【答案】獨(dú)家代理商查看答案15.paternitytest【答案】親子鑒定查看答案16.民工【答案】migrantworker查看答案17.脫口秀【答案】talkshow查看答案18.九五折【答案】5%discount查看答案19.泥石流【答案】mudslide查看答案20.低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)【答案】low-carboneconomy查看答案21.勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)【答案】labor-intensiveindustry查看答案22.金磚四國(guó)【答案】BRICs查看答案23.人頭稅【答案】polltax查看答案24.（聯(lián)合國(guó)）安理會(huì)【答案】SecurityCouncil查看答案25.微軟公司【答案】Microsoft(Corporation)查看答案26.上市公司【答案】listedcompany查看答案27.董事會(huì)【答案】board查看答案28.一次性筷子【答案】disposablechopsticks查看答案29.和諧社會(huì)【答案】harmonioussociety查看答案30.第六次全國(guó)人口普查【答案】thesixthnationalcensus查看答案二、篇章翻譯SourceText1Beforetheinventionanddiffusionofwriting,translationwasinstantaneousandoral;personsprofessionallyspecializinginsuchworkwerecalledinterpreters.Inpredominantlyorwhollyliteratecommunities,translationisthoughtofastheconversionofawrittentextinanother,thoughthemodernemergenceofthesimultaneoustranslatororprofessionalinterpreteratinternationalconferenceskeepstheoralsideoftranslationverymuchalive.Thetranslationofpoetry,especiallyintopoetry,presentsveryspecialdifficulties,andthebettertheoriginalpoem,theharderthetranslator’stask.Thisisbecausepoetryis,inthefirstinstance,carefullycontrivedtoexpressexactlywhatthepoetwantstosay.Second,toachievethisend,thepoetcallsforthalltheresourcesofthelanguageinwhichheiswriting,matchingthechoiceofwords,theorderofwords,andgrammaticalconstructions,aswellasphonologicalfeaturespeculiartothelanguageinmetre,perhapssupplementedbyrhyme,assonance,andalliteration.Theavailableresourcesdifferfromlanguagetolanguage.Attheotherendofthetranslator’sspectrum,technicalprosedealingwithinternationallyagreedscientificsubjectsisprobablytheeasiesttypeofmaterialtotranslate,becauseculturalunification(inthisrespect),lexicalcorrespondences,andstylisticsimilarityalreadyexistinthistypeofusageinthelanguagesmostcommonlyinvolved,toahigherdegreethaninotherfieldsofdiscourse.Translationonthewholeisanart,notascience.Guidancecanbegivenandgeneralprinciplescanbetaught,butafterthatitmustbelefttotheindividualsownfeelingforthetwolanguagesconcerned.Almostinevitably,inatranslationofaworkofliteraturesomethingoftheauthorsoriginalintentmustbelost;inthosecasesinwhichthetranslationissaidtobeabetterworkthantheoriginal,anopinionsometimesexpressedabouttheEnglishwriterEdwardFitzgeralds“translation”ofTheRubáiyátofOmarKhayyám,oneisdealingwithanew,thoughderived,work,notjustatranslation.TheItalianepigramremainsjustified:Traduttoretraditore“Thetranslatorisatraitor.”[Keywords]diffusion:傳播EdwardFitzGerald:愛(ài)德華·菲茨杰拉德epigram:雋語(yǔ)【參考譯文】在書(shū)面語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生和傳播之前，翻譯是口頭的、即刻的，從事此工作的專業(yè)人員被稱為口譯員。在有文化的群體或文化人占大多數(shù)的群體中，翻譯被認(rèn)為是一種書(shū)面文本向另一種文本的轉(zhuǎn)換，但是在國(guó)際會(huì)議中出現(xiàn)的同聲傳譯譯員或?qū)I(yè)口譯員更加生動(dòng)地展現(xiàn)了翻譯中的口譯的特點(diǎn)。詩(shī)歌翻譯，尤其是將詩(shī)歌翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言的詩(shī)歌，十分有難度。而且原詩(shī)越精良，譯者的任務(wù)就越艱巨。首先這是因?yàn)樵?shī)歌是詩(shī)人認(rèn)真創(chuàng)作出來(lái)、為了表達(dá)特定意義的。第二，為了表達(dá)特定意義，詩(shī)人充分利用所用語(yǔ)言的資源，在用詞、詞序、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、獨(dú)特音位（可能與韻律、元音押韻、頭韻相結(jié)合）上都作了精心的設(shè)計(jì)。而每種語(yǔ)言的資源又是各不相同的。對(duì)于譯員來(lái)說(shuō)，內(nèi)容是國(guó)際公認(rèn)的科學(xué)知識(shí)的技術(shù)類文章可能是最簡(jiǎn)單的翻譯材料了，因?yàn)樽畛Ｒ?jiàn)的幾種語(yǔ)言中科學(xué)領(lǐng)域比其他領(lǐng)域的文化更統(tǒng)一，詞匯對(duì)應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，文體上更為相似。整體來(lái)看，翻譯是一門(mén)藝術(shù)，而不是一門(mén)科學(xué)?？梢灾笇?dǎo)并教授一些普遍翻譯原則，但之后，需要個(gè)人對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言的感知能力。在翻譯文學(xué)作品時(shí)，作者原先的意圖可能會(huì)在譯文中消失，這是難以避免的。也有一些譯文比原文更加精良的情況，有人曾評(píng)價(jià)英國(guó)作家愛(ài)德華·菲茨杰拉德對(duì)《魯拜集》的翻譯是以原文為依據(jù)、全新的作品，而不是譯文。意大利語(yǔ)中的一句警句仍然是有道理的——“譯者是原文的叛徒”。SourceText2在人類發(fā)展史上，曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)西亞兩河流域巴比倫文明，北非尼羅河流域的古埃及文明，地中海北岸的古希臘——羅馬文明，南亞印度河流域的古文明，發(fā)源于黃河——長(zhǎng)江流域的中華文明，等等。由于地震，洪水，瘟疫，災(zāi)荒，由于異族入侵和內(nèi)部動(dòng)亂，這些古文明，有的衰落了，有的消亡了，有的融入了其他文明。只有中華文明，以其頑強(qiáng)的凝聚力和雋永的魅力，歷經(jīng)滄桑而完整地延續(xù)了下來(lái)。中華民族的傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。早在2000多年前，就產(chǎn)生了以孔孟為代表的儒家學(xué)說(shuō)和以老莊為代表的道家學(xué)說(shuō)，以及其他許多也在中國(guó)思想史上有地位的學(xué)說(shuō)流派，這就是有名的“諸子百家”。中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化有它的許多珍貴品質(zhì)。比如，強(qiáng)調(diào)仁愛(ài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)群體，強(qiáng)調(diào)和而不同，強(qiáng)調(diào)天下為公。所有這些，對(duì)家庭，國(guó)家和社會(huì)起到了巨大的維系與調(diào)節(jié)作用?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】巴比倫文明：theMesopotamiancivilization【參考譯文】Inthehistoryofmankind,thereappearedasequenceofcivilizations:theMesopotamiancivilizationinWestAsia,theancientEgyptiancivilizationalongtheNileinNorthAfrica,theancientGreek-RomancivilizationalongthenorthernshoresoftheMediterranean,theancientIndiancivilizationintheIndusRiverValleyinSouthAsia,andtheChinesecivilizationoriginatingintheYellowandYangtzerivervalleys.Owingtoearthquakes,floods,plaguesorfamine,oralieninvasionorinternalturmoil,someoftheseancientcivilizationsdecayed,someweredestroyed,andothersbecameassimilatedintoothercivilizations.OnlytheChinesecivilization,thankstoitsstrongcohesivepowerandinexhaustibleappeal,survivedmanyvicissitudesandremainsintact.ThetraditionalChineseculture,bothextensiveandprofound,startsfarbackandrunsalong,longcourse.Morethan2,000yearsagothereemergedinChinaConfucianismrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius,Taoism,representedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,andmanyothertheoriesanddoctrinesthatfiguredprominentlyinthehistoryofChinesethought,allbeingcoveredbythefamousterm,“themasters’hundredschools.”ThetraditionalChineseculturepresentsmanypreciousqualities.Forexample,they