吳定柏《美國(guó)文學(xué)大綱》（第2版）筆記和考研真題詳解

絎?绔犮€€孌栨皯鍦版椂鏈熺殑緹庡浗鏂囧1.1銆€澶嶄範(fàn)絎旇鈪?/span>.NativeAmericanLiterature1Background2TraditionalLiterature3TransitionalLiterature4ModemLiterature鈪?/span>.LiteratureofColonialSettlements1Background2Puritanism3LiteratureofEarlySettlements4Characteristics鈪?/span>.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCentury1Background2JonathanEdwards(1703鈥?758)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements3BenjaminFranklin(1706鈥?790)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements(3)Autobiography(4)Style4ThomasPaine(1737鈥?809)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements5PhilipFreneau(1752鈥?832)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements鈪?/span>.NativeAmericanLiterature錛堢編鍥芥湰鍦熸枃瀛︼級(jí)1Background錛堣儗鏅級(jí)(1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusarrivedinNorthAmerica,wherethereweremorethantwothousandindependenttribesandaboutonemillionnativesofAsianorigin.(2)TheoralliteratureofallIndiantribesisrichinliterarytastesandforms,includingsongs,prayers,spells,charms,riddles,andstories.(1)1492騫達(dá)紝鍏嬮噷鏂寮椔峰摜浼﹀竷鍒拌揪鍖楃編媧詫紝閭ｉ噷鏈変袱鍗冨鐙珛鐨勯儴钀斤紝澶х害涓€鐧句竾鍦熻憲浜氭床灞呮皯銆?/p>(2)鎵€鏈夊嵃絎畨閮ㄨ惤鐨勫彛澶存枃瀛﹂兘寰堜赴瀵岋紝褰㈠紡澶氱澶氭牱錛屽寘鎷瓕鏇詫紝紲堢シ錛岀鍜掞紝璋滆鍜屾晠浜嬬瓑銆備笉鍚岀殑閮ㄨ惤鏂囧椋庢牸涓嶅悓銆?/p>2TraditionalLiterature錛堜紶緇熸枃瀛︼級(jí)Traditionalliteraturewasalmostalwaystransmittedorally.Foralongtime,NativeAmericanssawliteratureasfunctional.浼犵粺鏂囧鍑犱箮閮芥槸浠ュ彛澶村艦寮忎紶鎾€傚緢闀夸竴孌墊椂闂達(dá)紝鍗扮瀹変漢璁や負(fù)鏂囧鏄姛鑳芥€х殑銆?/p>3TransitionalLiterature錛堣繃娓℃枃瀛︼級(jí)Transitionliteraturereferstothetranslationof19th-centuryIndianspeakersandtherecollectionofthedominanceofAmericanwhiteinIndianlife.榪囨浮鏂囧鎸囩殑鏄?9涓栫邯鍗扮瀹夋紨璁茶€呯殑緲昏瘧鍜屽嵃絎畨鐢熸椿涓秹鍙?qiáng)鐧戒汉鍗犱刚d鍦頒綅鐨勫洖蹇嗐€?/p>4ModernLiterature錛堢幇浠ｆ枃瀛︼級(jí)Themodernliteratureincludesnovels,shortstories,andpoetrywritteninEnglishbyNativeAmericansofthe19thcenturytothe21stcentury.鐜頒唬鏂囧鍖呮嫭19涓栫邯鍒?1涓栫邯緹庡浗鏂囧瀹跺垱浣滅殑鑻辮闀跨瘒灝忚錛岀煭綃囧皬璇村拰璇楁瓕銆?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteratureofColonialSettlements錛堟畺姘戝湴鏃舵湡鐨勬枃瀛︼級(jí)1Background錛堣儗鏅級(jí)(1)ThefirstsettlersinNorthAmericaweretheSpanish.(2)In1620,thePilgrims,mainlymodestruralfolks,arrivedinPlymouth,NewEngland.(1)鏈€鏃╁埌杈懼寳緹庢床鐨勬畺姘戣€呮槸瑗跨彮鐗欎漢銆?/p>(2)1620騫達(dá)紝娓呮暀寰掞紝涓昏鏄唉閫婄殑鍐滄潙浜猴紝鏉ュ埌鏂拌嫳鏍煎叞鍦板尯鐨勬櫘鍒╄寘鏂€?/p>2Puritanism錛堟竻鏁欏緬錛?/p>ThePuritansinAmericawerepracticalidealists.Theylongedforreligiousfreedom,moreeconomicopportunities,land,andadventures.Theywerebothdogmatistsandopportunists.緹庡浗鐨勬竻鏁欏緬鏄疄闄呯殑鐞嗘兂涓諱箟鑰呫€備粬寮虹儓瑕佹眰瀹楁暀鑷敱錛涙復(fù)鏈涙洿澶氱殑緇忔祹鏈轟細(xì)錛屾復(fù)鏈涘湡鍦板拰鍐掗櫓銆傛竻鏁欏緬鏃㈡槸鏁欐潯涓諱箟鑰咃紝鍙堟槸鏈轟細(xì)涓諱箟鑰呫€?/p>3LiteratureofEarlySettlements錛堟棭鏈熸枃瀛︼級(jí)(1)EarlyNewEnglandliteraturemainlyexpressedPuritanidealism.(2)JohnSmith鈥檚AMapofVirginia(1612)andADescriptionoftheCountry(1616)glorifyhisadventuresinAmerica.(3)AnneBradstreetisapoetesswhosemasterpieceTheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica(1650)reflectstheproblemsfacedbywomensettlinginthecolonies.(1)鏂拌嫳鏍煎叞鏃╂湡鐨勬枃瀛︿富瑕佽〃杈句簡(jiǎn)娓呮暀寰掔殑鍞績(jī)涓諱箟銆?/p>(2)綰︾堪路鍙插瘑鏂殑銆婂紬鍚夊凹浜氱殑鍦板浘銆嬪拰銆婂浗瀹舵弿榪般€嬮紦鍚逛簡(jiǎn)浠栧湪緹庡浗鐨勬帰闄╁巻紼嬨€?/p>(3)瀹夊Ξ路甯冮浄鍏圭壒閲岀壒鏄竴浣嶅コ璇椾漢錛屽ス鐨勪唬琛ㄤ綔銆婄鍗佷綅緙柉銆嬪弽鏄犱簡(jiǎn)鍒版畺姘戝湴瀹夐】涓嬫潵鐨勫コ鎬ф墍闈復(fù)鐨勯棶棰樸€?/p>4Characteristics錛堢壒鐐癸級(jí)Alltheworksofthisperiodareutilitarian,polemical,ordidactic.ThepurposeofliteratureforPuritanswasaboveallusefulness.榪欎竴鏃舵湡鐨勬墍鏈変綔鍝侀兘鏄姛鍒╃殑錛屽ソ杈╃殑鎴栬鏁欑殑銆備負(fù)娓呮暀寰掓湇鍔＄殑鏂囧鐩殑棣栧厛鏄湁鐢ㄦ€с€?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCentury錛?8涓栫邯鐨勬枃瀛︼級(jí)1Background錛堣儗鏅級(jí)JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinwererepresentativeoftheidealismofPuritansandcrudematerialisminAmericainthe18thcentury,anageofreasonandorder.涔旂撼媯風(fēng)埍寰峰崕鍏瑰拰鏈澃鏄幝峰瘜鍏板厠鏋楁槸18涓栫邯鐨勪唬琛紝浠栦滑浠ｈ〃浜?jiǎn)娓呮暀寰掑ぉ鐪熺殑鍞績(jī)涓讳箟鍜屽師彗殑鍞墿涓讳箟銆?8涓栫邯鐨勭編鍥藉厖婊＄悊鎬у拰縐╁簭銆?/p>2JonathanEdwards(1703鈥?758)錛堜箶綰蟲(chóng)．路鐖卞痙鍗庡吂錛?/p>(1)Life錛堢敓騫籌級(jí)鈶?/span>EdwardsisthelastrepresentativeofAmericanCalvinism.Headvocatedreligiousfervoranddevotion.鈶?/span>However,Edwardsstrayedfromhisoriginalintention.In1750,hewasdismissedfromthechurch.鈶?/span>鐖卞痙鍗庡吂鏄編鍥芥渶鍚庝竴涓鍙ゅ姞灝?dāng)鏂囦钢M箟鐨勪唬琛ㄤ漢錛岀埍寰峰崕鍏瑰磭灝氫粬浠殑瀹楁暀鐑儏鍜屽繝璇氥€?/p>鈶?/span>鐒惰€岋紝鐖卞痙鍗庡吂鍋忕浜?jiǎn)鍒濊鱻?750騫達(dá)紝浠栬鏁欏爞瑙ｉ泧銆?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements錛堟枃瀛︽垚灝憋級(jí)ThePersonalNarrative,writtenaround1740,recountshowhebecamepiousandhisfeelingsafterward.銆婁釜浜哄彊榪般€嬪啓浜?740騫達(dá)紝璁拌堪浠栧浣曚俊浠板畻鏁欎互鍙?qiáng)淇′话瀹楁暀涔嬪悗鐨勬劅鍙椼€?/p>3BenjaminFranklin(1706鈥?790)錛堟湰鏉版槑路瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄錛?/p>(1)Life錛堢敓騫籌級(jí)鈶?/span>FranklinwasborninBoston.By1729,healreadyhadhisownprintingshopandpublishednewspaperPennsylvaniaGazette.鈶?/span>Hishumbleorigins,insistenceonself-improvement,andtalentforbusinessmadehimanexampleofself-relianceandsuccess.鈶?/span>瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐢熶簬娉㈠＋欏褲€?729騫達(dá)紝浠栧凡緇忔嫢鏈変簡(jiǎn)鑷繁鐨勫鍗板簵錛屽嚭鐗堜簡(jiǎn)鎶ョ焊銆婂澶曟硶灝間簹宸炲叕鎶ャ€嬨€?/p>鈶?/span>浠栧崙寰殑鍑?guó)欗n錛屽潥鎸佽嚜鎴戣繘姝ュ拰鍟嗕笟澶╄祴錛屼嬌浠栨垚涓鴻嚜绔嬫垚鍔熺殑浠ｈ〃銆?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements錛堟枃瀛︽垚灝憋級(jí)FranklincreatedtheimageoftheYankee,asimpleandintelligentordinaryman.Hisliterarystatuswaslargelyestablishedbyhisalmanacsandautobiographies,notablyPoorRichard鈥檚Almanac.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鍒涢€犱簡(jiǎn)緹庡浗浣殑褰㈣薄錛屼竴涓畝鍗曡€屽張鏅烘収鐨勬櫘閫氫漢銆傚瘜鍏板厠鏋楁枃瀛﹀湴浣嶇殑濂犲畾涓昏鏄洜涓轟粬鐨勫勾閴村拰鑷紶錛屼唬琛ㄤ綔鏄€婄┓鏌ョ悊騫撮壌銆嬨€?/p>(3)Autobiography錛堣嚜浼狅級(jí)EconomicindividualismandsocialmobilityarediscussedinhisAutobiographywrittenbetween1771and1790.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐨勭粡嫻庡埄宸變富涔夊拰紺句細(xì)嫻佸姩閮藉湪浠栫殑銆婅嚜浼犮€?1771鈥?790)涓緱浠ヤ綋鐜般€?/p>(4)Style錛堥鏍鹼級(jí)Franklin鈥檚style,thoughsimpleandunsophisticatedforhistime,isdifficulttounderstandformodernreaders.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐨勫啓浣滈鏍煎湪褰撴椂鏄畝鍗曟湸绱狅紝浣嗘槸瀵圭幇浠ｈ鑰呮潵璇達(dá)紝姣旇緝闅炬噦銆?/p>4ThomasPaine(1737鈥?809)錛堟墭椹柉路娼樻仼錛?/p>(1)Life錛堢敓騫籌級(jí)鈶?/span>PaineisapoliticalpamphleteersandthemostpersuasiverhetoricianduringtheWarofIndependence.鈶?/span>Paineisarevolutionaryinbothreligionandpolitics.鈶?/span>娼樻仼鏄斂娌誨皬鍐屽瓙浣滃錛屼篃鏄?gòu)珛鎴樹(shù)簤浜嬩笟鏈€鏈夎鏈嶅姏鐨勯泟杈╁銆?/p>鈶?/span>娼樻仼鏄畻鏁欏拰鏀挎不鏂歸潰鐨勪竴鍚嶉潻鍛借€呫€?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements錛堟枃瀛︿綔鍝侊級(jí)Paine鈥檚mostfamouspoliticalpamphletisCommonSense.娼樻仼鏈€钁楀悕鐨勬斂娌誨浼犲唽瀛愭槸銆婂父璇嗐€嬨€?/p>5PhilipFreneau(1752鈥?832)錛堣彶鍒╂櫘路寮椾雞璇猴級(jí)(1)Life錛堢敓騫籌級(jí)鈶?/span>FreneauisthefirstAmerican-bornpoetwhoseworksmarkedthebe