英語(yǔ)專業(yè)綜合英語(yǔ)Unit6練習(xí)答案解析

./Unit6GiveMeLiberty,orGiveMeDeath課文I翻譯1. 議長(zhǎng)先生：我比任何人更欽佩剛剛在議會(huì)上發(fā)言的先生們的愛(ài)國(guó)主義精神和才干。但是,對(duì)同樣的問(wèn)題,智者見(jiàn)智,仁者見(jiàn)仁。因此,盡管我的觀點(diǎn)與他們大相徑庭,但是我仍要把自己的心里話一吐為快,并希望不要因此而被看做是對(duì)他們大不敬：現(xiàn)在不是講客套的時(shí)候。擺在議會(huì)面前的問(wèn)題關(guān)系到國(guó)家的存亡。我認(rèn)為,這是關(guān)系到享受自由還是蒙受奴役的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,而且正因?yàn)槭玛P(guān)重大,我們的辯論就要做到各抒己見(jiàn)。只有這樣,我們才能弄清事實(shí)的真相,才能不辜負(fù)上帝和祖國(guó)賦予我們的責(zé)任。在這種時(shí)刻,如果怕得罪人而閉口不言,我認(rèn)為就是叛國(guó),就是比對(duì)世上所有國(guó)君更為神圣的上帝的不忠行為。2. 議長(zhǎng)先生,對(duì)希望抱有幻覺(jué)是人的天性。我們往往緊閉雙眼不去正視痛苦的現(xiàn)實(shí),而是傾聽(tīng)海妖蠱惑人心的歌聲,讓她把我們變成禽獸。在為自由而進(jìn)行艱苦卓絕的斗爭(zhēng)中,這難道是聰明人的所作所為嗎？難道我們?cè)敢鉃閷?duì)獲得拯救如此至關(guān)重要的事情視而不見(jiàn),聽(tīng)而不聞嗎？就我來(lái)說(shuō),無(wú)論精神上有多么痛苦,我仍愿意獲悉全部的真相和最壞的事態(tài),并為之做好充分準(zhǔn)備。3.我只有一盞指路明燈,那就是經(jīng)驗(yàn)之燈。除了過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn),我沒(méi)有其他的方法去判斷未來(lái)。依據(jù)過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn),我倒希望知道,十年來(lái)英國(guó)政府的所作所為,憑什么使得各位先生有理由滿懷希望,并欣然用來(lái)安慰自己和議會(huì)呢？難道就是最近接受我們請(qǐng)?jiān)笗r(shí)的那種狡詐的微笑嗎？不要相信這種微笑,閣下,事實(shí)證明那是放置在您腳下的陷阱。不要被人家的親吻把自己出賣了!請(qǐng)你們捫心自問(wèn),接受我們請(qǐng)?jiān)笗r(shí)的和藹親善與遍布海陸疆域的大規(guī)模備戰(zhàn)怎么會(huì)相稱呢？難道出于對(duì)我們的愛(ài)護(hù)和和解,就有必要?jiǎng)佑脩?zhàn)艦和軍隊(duì)嗎？難道我們流露過(guò)絕不和解的愿望,因此結(jié)果為了重新贏得我們的愛(ài),而必須訴諸武力嗎？我們不要再欺騙自己了,閣下,這些都是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和征服的工具,是國(guó)王們采取的最后的辯解手段。4.我要請(qǐng)問(wèn)先生們,閣下,這些戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的部署如果不是為了迫使我們俯首稱臣,那又意味著什么？先生們能夠指出還有其他的動(dòng)機(jī)嗎？難道在世界的這個(gè)地方,還有什么敵人值得大不列顛如此興師動(dòng)眾,調(diào)集如此龐大的海陸軍隊(duì)嗎？沒(méi)有了,閣下,什么敵人也沒(méi)有。他們完全是針對(duì)我們的,而不是別人。他們是派來(lái)給我們緊緊套上英國(guó)政府長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)鑄造的鎖鏈的。5.我們用什么來(lái)抵抗呢？還要辯論嗎？閣下,我們已經(jīng)辯論了十年。難道對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還有什么新鮮觀點(diǎn)嗎？什么也沒(méi)有。我們已經(jīng)把各個(gè)方面全考慮過(guò)了,但是一切都徒勞枉然。難道我們只得苦苦哀告,微言乞求嗎？難道我們還能期望找到什么沒(méi)有窮盡的說(shuō)法嗎？閣下,我懇求您,我們千萬(wàn)不要再自欺欺人了。6.閣下,為了躲避這場(chǎng)即將降臨的風(fēng)暴,一切該做的事情我們都已經(jīng)做了。我們請(qǐng)?jiān)高^(guò),我們抗議過(guò),我們哀求過(guò)：我們?cè)莸乖谟?懇求制止國(guó)會(huì)和內(nèi)閣的殘暴行徑。我們的請(qǐng)?jiān)冈獾矫镆?我們的抗議招致格外的鎮(zhèn)壓和侮辱,我們的哀求被置之不理,我們被不以為然地從御座前一腳踢開(kāi)了。全都枉然,事已至此,我們還能沉湎于愚蠢的希望之中嗎？我們什么希望都沒(méi)有余地了。假如我們希望獲得自由,并維護(hù)我們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)為之獻(xiàn)身的崇高權(quán)力,假如我們不愿意卑鄙地放棄我們多年來(lái)的斗爭(zhēng),不獲全勝,絕不收兵,那么,我們必須戰(zhàn)斗！我再重復(fù)一遍,我們必須戰(zhàn)斗！我們只有訴諸武力,只有求助于千軍萬(wàn)馬之主的上帝。7.閣下,他們說(shuō)我們太弱小了——無(wú)法抵擋這么強(qiáng)大的敵手。但是,我們什么時(shí)候才能更強(qiáng)大呢？是下周,還是明年？難道要等我們被徹底解除武裝,家家戶戶都駐扎了英國(guó)士兵的時(shí)候嗎？難道我們靠猶豫不決,無(wú)所作為來(lái)積聚力量嗎？難道我們高枕而臥,抱有虛無(wú)縹緲的希望,等到敵人捆住了我們的手腳,就能找到有效抵抗敵人的良策嗎？閣下,只要我們恰如其分地利用好自然之神恩賜給我們的力量,我們并不弱小。一旦300萬(wàn)人民在自己的國(guó)土上武裝起來(lái)為了自由的神圣事業(yè)而戰(zhàn),那么敵人派遣來(lái)的任何武裝力量都無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝我們。此外,我們并非孤軍作戰(zhàn),公正的上帝主宰著各國(guó)的命運(yùn),他將號(hào)召朋友們?yōu)槲覀兌鴳?zhàn)。閣下,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利并非只屬于強(qiáng)者,它將屬于那些機(jī)警、主動(dòng)和勇敢的人們。何況我們已經(jīng)別無(wú)選擇。即使我們沒(méi)有骨氣,想退出戰(zhàn)斗,也為時(shí)已晚。退路已被切斷,除非甘愿蒙受屈辱和奴役。囚禁我們的鎖鏈已經(jīng)鑄成,叮叮當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)溺備D聲已經(jīng)在波士頓平原上回蕩,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)無(wú)可避免——讓它來(lái)吧!我重復(fù)一遍,閣下,讓它來(lái)吧！8.企圖使事態(tài)得到緩和是徒勞的,閣下。各位先生可以高喊,"和平,和平"——但是根本沒(méi)有和平。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)實(shí)際上已開(kāi)始了！從北方刮來(lái)的風(fēng)暴將把武器的鏗鏘的撞擊聲傳到我們的耳中。我們的兄弟們已經(jīng)上了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)！我們?yōu)槭裁催€要站在這兒袖手旁觀？先生們希望的是什么？他們會(huì)得到什么？難道生命就這么可貴,和平就這么甜美,竟值得以鎖鏈和奴役做代價(jià)？全能的上帝啊,制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人會(huì)如何行事：至于我,不自由,毋寧死！LanguageWorkI.Explaintheunderlinedpartineachsentenceinyourownwords.1>.Formyownpart,Iconsideritasnothinglessthanaquestionoffreedomorslavery.theverysamethingas2>.Andinproportiontothemagnitudeofthesubjectoughttobethefreedomofthedebate.appropriatelyinagreementwith3>.Wehaveheldthesubjectupineverylightofwhichitiscapable.consideredandtriedeverymeansinordertodealwiththesubject4>.…ifwemakeaproperuseofthosemeanswhichtheGodofnaturehathplacedinourpower.hasplacedatourdisposal5>.Threemillionsofpeople,armedintheholycauseofliberty,…withlibertyasourultimateaimtofightfor6>.Thebattle,sir,isnottothestrongalone.isnotdestinedtobewonbyII.Fillineachblankwithoneofthetwowordsfromeachpairintheirappropriateformsandnotethedifferenceofmeaningbetweenthem.solace consoleExplanation:Consolesuggeststheattempttomakeupforalossbyofferingsomethinginitsplace,aswellastheeffortofonepersontomitigatetheseriousgrieffeltbyanother.Solacemightsoundmorepreciousthancomfortanditsuggestsatenderintensityoffellow-feeling.1>.Shewasconsoledtothinkthatsheatleasthadanunderstandinghusbandtoturnto.2>.Thesoldiersattemptedtosolacehiswoundedcomradesbyminimizingtheextentoftheir3>.Theytriedtoconsolehimforlosingtheprizebytakinghimtothetheatre.4>.Theysolacedtheirwretchedness,however,byduetsaftersupper.petitionpleadExplanation:Bothwordsrefertoahumble,deferential,urgent,orformalrequestforhelp.Pleadsuggestsadignifiedhumility,stressinganurgency.Petitionsuggestsaformaladdresstoauthority,usuallyreferringtothebackingupofarequestbythesignedapprovalofothers.1>.Allthefourconvictspleadedguiltybutappealedforleniency.2>.Inthefaceofquestioningbythepolice,hepleadedignoranceofthebottleofwhitepowderinhissuitcase.3>.TheChurchofScotlandpetitionedthehomesecretaryforstrongercontrolsonadolescentdruguse.4>.Alldelegatestotheconventionwerepetitioningthegovernmenttotaketoughmeasuresagainstillegalcoal-mining.More…request:toaskforsomethingpolitely<notusedwiththeactualwordsspoken>.appeal:toaskstronglyforhelp,support,money,etc.beseech:toaskeagerlyandanxiouslyimplore:toasksomeoneinabeggingmannerforsth.ordoingsth.base<adj.>meanExplanation:Bothwordsarealikeindescribingpersonsoractionsregardedasbeingfarbelowcommonworthordignity.Meansuggestsacontemptiblesmallnessofmind,orapetty,ungenerousnature,whilebaseisusedtocondemnwhatisopenlyevil,selfish,dishonourableorotherwiseimmoral.1>.HeisthemeanestpersonIeverknow.Heisneverwillingtospendacentonotherpeople.2>.Raptonreachedthefinal;thatwasnomeanachievement,consideringall50classestookpartinthecompetition.3>.Thesoldierwasaccusedofbasecowardiceduringtheconfrontation.4>.Thecheatwasbaseenoughtoswindleasickwidowoutofherlife'ssavings.delusivemisleadingExplanation:Thetwowordsrefertothegivingorreceivingofmistakenimpressions.Misleadingisrestrictedtosomethingthatisapttogiveafalseimpression,anditcanalsoapplytogreatorsmallpotentialmisapprehensions,whetherfosteredintentionally,unintentionally,orwithoutanyintentwhatever.Delusivesuggestsmistakenimpressionsoraself-imposedbeliefthatcorrespondstoone'sownwishesorneeds.1>.Aterminallyillpatientusuallyhasadelusivefaithinawonderdrug.2>.Thereisnothingtrueaboutsuchanexpectation;itisonlydelusiveandvain.3>.Itwasamisleadingadvertisementthatdeliberatelyleftoutthedrug'ssideeffects.4>.Theambassadorreferredtothereportasdeceitfulandmisleading.III.Fillintheblankineachsentencewithawordorphrasetakenfromthebox,usingitsappropriateform.magnitude forge formidable snare temporal prostrate array anguishinvincible revere remonstrate subjugation1>.Hermannerisfriendlyandrelaxedandmuchlessformidablethansheappearsatherafter-gamepressconference.2>.Nothinghaseverequaledthemagnitudeandspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworldanddemolishingtheenvironment.3>.Whenheated,themixturebecomessoftandmalleableandcanbeformedbyvarioustechniquesintoavastarrayofshapesandsizes.4>.WhereIpartcompanywithhim,however,isoverthelinkheforgesbetweenscienceandliberalism.5>.Percywaslyingprostrate,hisarmsoutstretchedandhiseyesclosed.6>.Givendatawhicharefreefrombias,therearefurthersnarestoavoidinstatisticalwork.7>.Inpragmatics,thestudyofspeech,oneisabletoseehowspecificactsarerelatedtoatemporalandspatialcontext.8>.Hisdadmighthavebeenabletosaysomethingsolacing,hadhenotbeenfightingbackhisownfloodofanguish.IV.Makeasentenceofyourownforeachofthegivenwordswithmeaningsotherthanthoseusedinthetext.Youmaychangethepartofspeechofthesewords.1>.chainNomatterhowwe,mymumandI,protest,mydadchain-smokesaslongasheisawake.2>.termsThemeetingendedonreasonablyamicableterms.3>.slightThatdoesn'tinterestmeintheslightest.4>.plainItisplaintruththatwecan'taffordadeluxecar,sowehavetomakedowiththisoldgasguzzler.5>.entertainChildren'sprogramsonTVshouldaimtobotheducateandentertainatthesametime.6>.causeThecausesareablendoflocalandnationaltensions.V.Rewritethefollowingsentencesinsuchawayastoavoiddanglingnon-finiteclauses.1>.Hepaintedsowellthatheastonishedeveryoneofus.Hepaintedsowell,totheastonishmentofeveryoneofus.2>.Everyprecautionwastakensothattheplanmightnotfail.Everyprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.3>.IfithadnotbeenforJack,theywouldhavelostthefootballgame.ButforJack,theywouldhavelostthefootballgame.4>.Imustremindyouthatyouhavearesponsibilitytowardsyourchildren.Imustremindyouofyourresponsibilitytowardsyourchildren.5>.Thecommitteehasdecidedthatthemeetingbepostponed.Thecommitteehasdecidedonpostponingthemeeting.6>.NooneissorrythatPeterhasresigned.NooneissorryaboutPeter'sresignation.7>.Theywillnevergetthereunlesstheywalkalongway.Theywillnevergettherewithoutwalkingalongway.8>.WewereamusedthatyoumettheHarrisonsthere.WewereamusedatyourmeetingtheHarrisonsthere.9>.Thoughhehadanimmensefortune,hediedamostunhappyman.Forall/Despitehisimmensefortune,hediedamostunhappyman.10>.Clearevidenceshowedthatsmokingwasharmfultoone'shealth,butpeoplestillrefusedtobelievethat.Inspiteof/Despitetheclearevidenceshowingthatsmokingwasharmfultoone'shealth,peoplestillrefusedtobelieveit.Note: Aprepositionalphraseconsistsofaprepositionfollowedbyaprepositionalcomplement,whichischaracteristicallyanounphraseoraWh-clauseorV-ingclause.Aprepositionalphrasemaybeusedinplaceofanon-finiteclause,simplifyingthestructureofthesentence.TranslationI.TranslatingSentences1>.假如從不同的角度看這幅畫,你會(huì)有更好的感覺(jué)。<light>Ifyoulookatthispaintinginadifferentlight,you'dfeelmuchbetteraboutit.inabad/new/different,etc.lightusedfortalkingaboutpeople'sopinionofaparticularpersonorthingseesomeone/somethingina...light:e.g.Itwasanincidentthatmademeseehiminacompletelydifferentlight.2>.這位客座演講者將對(duì)同學(xué)們講述我們社會(huì)和諧的重要性。<address>Theguestspeakerwilladdressthestudentsontheimportanceofharmonyinoursociety.addressv. tospeakpubliclytoagroupofpeople e.g. Throughouttheconversation,headdressedhisremarkstomyhusband.Theprinceshouldbeaddressedas"Sir"atalltimes.3>.緊張的工作使得人們不再有憂慮和愉悅的空閑。<room>Theintensityofworkleaveslittleroomforpersonalgriefandpleasure.roomn. thepossibilityforsomethingtoexistorhappen e.g. Thereisclearlyroomforimprovementinanumberofmanagementareas.There'snoroomfordoubtastowhodidthis.4>.真正的以學(xué)生為中心的教學(xué)應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生在課堂上暢所欲言。<freelyandwithoutreserve>Genuinelearner-centeredteachingletsstudentsspeakoutinclassfreelyandwithoutreserve.withoutreservea.freelyandopenly:soastogivecompleteinformation e.g. answeredwithoutreserveb.withoutqualification,condition,orrestriction;usually:withoutafixedminimumpriceorotherrestrictiontosale5>.同樣重要的是,教師應(yīng)該有幽默意識(shí),這絕對(duì)是求不得的,而是自然的流露。<bindandrivet>Itisequallyimportanttobindandrivetontoteachersasenseofhumourwhichisnotbeseechedbutinsteadcomesoutnaturally.6>.他這個(gè)人總是言行不一,所以我當(dāng)然對(duì)他的花言巧語(yǔ)不屑一顧。<spurn>Aswhathesaysneveragreeswithwhathedoes,Icertainlyspurnthefinewordshemouthstome.spurnv. torefusetoacceptsomething,dosomething,ordealwithsomething e.g.Asanarmyman,Ispurnfearlesslyatalldangerandtheenemy.Ispurnyouroffer.7>.對(duì)于反對(duì)意見(jiàn),他非?；磉_(dá),與其尋求妥協(xié),他更樂(lè)意接受他們的合理性。<dispose>Heisgenerouslydisposedtoadmitthevalidityofopposingviewsratherthanreconcilethem.disposedto likelytobehaveorthinkinaparticularway e.g. Hewasamanofgoodcharacterandwasnotdisposedtoviolence.8>.他似乎忠告我們對(duì)外語(yǔ)能力不要抱有迷惑的幻想：我們不可能學(xué)得到本族人那樣的語(yǔ)言。<delusivephantom>Heseemstoadviseusnottohugthedelusivephantomofhopeforanative-likeforeignlanguageability.delusiveadj. havingthenatureofadelusion;false e.g. Adelusivefaithinawonderdrug.Everyoneknowsthatfairyislesaredelusiveandillusivethings.Stilleveryonewishestheywerereal.II.TranslatingPassageTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)：你們現(xiàn)在要離開(kāi)母校了,我沒(méi)有什么禮物送你們,只好送你們一句話罷。這一句話是："不要拋棄學(xué)問(wèn)。"以前的功課也許有一大部分是為了這張畢業(yè)文憑,不得已而做的,從今以后,你們可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強(qiáng),努力做一種專門學(xué)問(wèn)。少年是一去不復(fù)返的,等到精力衰竭時(shí),要做學(xué)問(wèn)也來(lái)不及了。即為吃飯計(jì)學(xué)問(wèn)決不會(huì)辜負(fù)人的。吃飯而不求學(xué)問(wèn),三年五年之后,你們都要被后來(lái)少年淘汰掉的。到那時(shí)再想做點(diǎn)學(xué)問(wèn)來(lái)補(bǔ)救,恐怕已太晚了。參考譯文：DearStudentsoftheGraduatingClass: Asyouareleavingyouralmamater,Ihavenothingtoofferyouasagiftexceptawordofadvice. Myadviceis,"Nevergiveupthepursuitoflearning."Youhaveperhapsfinishedyourcollegecoursesmostlyforobtainingthediploma,or,inotherwords,outofsheernecessity.However,fromnowonyouarefreetofollowyourownbentinthechoiceofstudies.Whileyouareintheprimeoflife,whynotdevoteyourselvestoaspecialfieldofstudy?Youthwillsoonbegonenevertoreturn.Anditwillbetoolateforyoutogointoscholarshipwheninyourdecliningyears.Knowledgewilldoyouagoodturnevenasameansofsubsistence.Ifyougiveupstudieswhileholdingajob,youwillinacoupleofyearshavehadyourselvesreplacedbyyoungerpeople.Itwillthenbetoolatetoremedythesituationbypickingupstudiesagain.TopicfordiscussionOnlybyrememberingthedayswhenourownnationwasoncesubjectedtooppressionanddeprivationoffreedomcanwerealizethatpeopleintheworldtodayarebynomeanswillingtotoleratethebullyingandabusesbyforeigninvaders.NowdiscusswithyourfellowstudentsPatrickHenry’sstatement:"Thebattleisnottothestrongalone,itistothevigilant,theactive,thebrave."Youmighttakeadvantageofthefollowingpointsinyourdiscussion： 1>AseriesofwarssuchastheGreatChineseWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseInvadersinthe1930s-1940s,theKoreanWarinthe1950s,thewarbetweentheU.S.andVietnaminthe1960s,etc.couldpossiblybeinstancestoillustratePatrick'sviewpoints. 2>TheU.S.isnowseekingtoestablishglobalhegemony.Youmayanalyzeitsintentionandconsequences,basedonthehostilityithasarousedthroughouttheworld,aswellasitslossesintermsofpolitics,theeconomy,andhumanlives.TipsfordiscussionOnlybyrememberingthedayswhenone’sownnationwasoncesubjectedtooppressionanddeprivationoffreedomcanwerealizethatpeopleintheworldtodayarebynomeanswillingtotoleratethebullyingandabusesbyforeigninvaders.IfyouagreewithPatrickHenryonhisstatement:"Thebattleisnottothestrongalone,itistothevigilant,theactive,thebrave,"youmighttakeadvantageofthefollowingpointsinyourdiscussion.1>AseriesofwarssuchastheGreatChineseWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseInvadersinthe1930s?0s,theKoreanWarinthe1950s,thewarbetweentheU.S.andVietnaminthe1960s,etc.couldpossiblybeinstancestoillustratePatrick'sviewpoints.

2>TheU.S.isnowseekingtoestablishglobalhegemony.Youmayanalyzeitsintentionandconsequences,basedonthehostilityithasarousedthroughouttheworld,aswellasitslossesintermsofpolitics,theeconomy,andhumanlives.ListeningExercisesI.Listenforthemainidea.Task:Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthespeaker’spurpose?ToelaboratesomecausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.TodelveintothedifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.TodiscusstheresultsandtragediesoftheAmericanCivilWar.ToclarifythereasonfortheSouth’swithdrawalfromtheUnion.Key:[A]II.Listenforthedetails.Whilelisteningtakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtask.Donotrefertotheadaptedversionuntilyouhaveheardthelecture.Pleasemakeuseofthefollowingnoteform.TheAmericanCivilWar 1.theworkingdefinition: 2.theaimofthewar:3.fourfactorscausingthewarwhichcanbetracedtothedifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth:Task:accordingtothenotesyou’vetaken,filleachofthefollowinggapswithnomorethansixwords.InthislectureI’dliketodelveintosomecausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.ItsworkingdefinitionisanAmericancivilwarwhichwasfought<1>between1861and1865,andwasbroughtaboutwhen<2>11southstatesintheUnitedStatesdeterminedtowithdrawfromtheUnion,and<3>formanewgovernment.Thewaraimedat<4>preservingtheUnion.TherearefourfactorscausingthewarwhichcanbetracedtothedifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth. One,theNorthfavored<5>ahightariffforitproducedmanufacturedgoodsthatwouldcompetewithEuropeanproducts,whereastheSouthproducedcottontocompetewiththatfromothercountriesby<6>favoringlowtariffstokeepcottoncostslow.Moreover,thefederalsubsidyand<7>governmentalregulationoftradewerefavoredbytheNorth,whiletheSouthgainedlittlefrom<8>federallysubsidizedbusinessofcentralizedgovernment.Two,troubleswereproducedby<9>bringingnewterritoriesintotheUnionasStates.TheSouthdemandednewslavestatesforland.ButtheNorthpreferred<10>freestatesinfearofamajorityof<11>pro-slaveryrepresentativesinthegovernment.Thetwosidesfailedtofindasolution. Three,asubtledistinctionbetweenthecityandthecountryexisted.TheSouththoughttheNorth’sindustryinurbanareas<12>ruineditscountrysidewithitspeopleinfectedwithgreed,andcontemptuousoftradition.TheruraltraditionrepresentedbytheSouthincludedrestrained,educatedleadership;<13>honest,localgovernmentandattentiontothe<14>individualneeds.Four,thewarcanalsobeblamedon<15>sectionalismandaninflexibilityoftheoldpartysystem,unableto<16>adjusttochangingtimes.ScriptoftheLectureTheAmericanCivilWarbyRussellM.HortonInthislectureI'dliketodelveintosomecausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.First,however,aworkingdefinitionisnecessary.TheCivilWar,foughtbetween1861and1865,wasbroughtaboutwhen11southstatesofthethen34statesintheUnitedStatesdecidedtowithdrawpoliticallyfromtheUnion,andformanewgovernment,calledtheConfederateStatesofAmerica.Itwas,essentiallyawaraimedatpreservingtheUnion.WecantracemanyofthefactorscausingthewartothedifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.First,sincetheNorthproducedmanufacturedgoodsthatwouldcompetewithEuropeanproducts,itfavoredahightariff.Conversely,sincetheSouthproducedcottonthathadtocompetewithcottonfromothercountriesontheworldmarket,itfavoredlowtariffstokeepcottoncostsattractivelylow.Further,toencouragetrade,theNorthfavoredfederalsubsidyoflandimprovementsandgovernmentalregulationoftrade.TheSouth,againinconflict,gainedlittlefromfederallysubsidizedbusinessofcentralizedgovernment.Second,themethodofbringingnewterritoriesintotheUnionasStatescausedtroubles.TheSouth,needingland,wantednewslavestates.TheNorth,takingamoralstandandfearfulofthecreationofamajorityofpro-slaveryrepresentativesinthegovernment,favoredtheadmissionofterritoriesasfreestates.Numerouscompromiseattemptsfailedtosolvetheproblem.Third,thereexistedasubtledistinctionbetweenthecityandthecountry.TotheSouth,theNorth,withexpandingurbanareas,representedtheevilsofmoderncivilization:itscountrysidewasruinedbyindustry,itspeopleinfectedwithgreed,contemptuousoftradition,andfilledwithcoarseness.TheConfederatesfelttheyrepresentedtheruraltradition:restrained,educatedleadership;honest,localgovernment;andattentiontotheindividualneeds.TheyfeltslaverytobemorehumanthantheoftenoppressivecheaplaborsystemoftheNorth.Fourth,sectionalfeelingswerereflectedinheightenedchaosingovernment.Onehistorianhasreferredtothepoliticiansofthateraasa"blunderinggeneration".Thetraditionalpartysystem,embroiledinthesectionalquestion,ceasedtofunction,leavingnonationalparties.Threeregionalpartiesappeared:theRepublicansinNewEnglandandtheMiddleWest;theoldDemocratsintheWest;andthenewDemocratsintheSouth.So,theelectionitselfconstitutedabreakdowninthedemocratictradition.Thus,thewarcanalsobeblamedonsectionalismandaninflexibilityoftheoldpartysystem,unabletoadjusttochangingtimes.TextIIIHAVEADREAMMartinLutherKingJr.QuestionsforDiscussion1>.WhatdoesKingimplywhenhespeaksof"themanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination"?HecomparesthesegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves.HedefiestheracialandpoliticalboundariesofAmerica.ThroughouthisspeechKingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphorstoaddvividnessandvitalitytohisspeech.2>.Whatisthe"promissorynote"towhichKingrefers?Whatdiditguarantee?Literally,apromissorynoteisawrittenpromisetopayasumofmoneyatafuturetime.Hereitmetaphoricallyrefe