2023年川農(nóng)考博英語英語

四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學招收攻讀博士學位碩士考試試題科目名稱：1080英語(總分：100分)考生注意：所有答案必需寫在答題紙上，否則無效！本試題隨同答題紙交回！EnglishTestforCandidatesofDoctors(SichuanAgriculturalUniversity)PartOne:Readingcomprehension(40%)Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody'ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse."Ananimalthatcan'tdetectdangercan'tstayalive,"saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.AtitscoreisaclusterofdeepinthebrainknownastheLeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalareceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdalaappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey'reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,"Ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear."Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worryThat'snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell."Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,"hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere'sarightwaytoworry."Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,"hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe'refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,sobeendifficulttogetfactsabouthowweshouldrespond.That'swhyHallowellbelievesitokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforandbuyinggasmasks.1.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”（Sent.1,Para.1）refersto“”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation2.FormthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingsoffearD)theamygdalaplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger3.Fromthepassageweknowthat.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents4.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.5.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas.A)ridiculousB)understandableC)over-cautiousD)sensiblePassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent（富裕旳）SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,"hunger,sickness,andcold"threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote."Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours."AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas"anecessaryevil".It'softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel"squeezed"becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkerstearthey’vebecomethedisposableAmericanasLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedUtopian(烏托邦式旳)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlessphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.6.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A）Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B）Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.C）Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D）Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.7.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause .A）publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpectedB）thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC）theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD）materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety8.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A）Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B）Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C）Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweentherichandthepoor.D）Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.9.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby"thedisposableAmerican"(Sent.3,Para.5)?A）Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B）Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C）PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D）Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.10.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?Renewedeconomicsecurity.Asenseofself-fulfillment.C）Newconflictsandcomplaints.D）Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities."Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofhatbefore?"Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromVtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.11.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"untaughtminds"inthefirstparagraph?A)Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.B)Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.C)Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.D)Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.12.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdiffersinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?A)Thevarietyofideastheyhave. B)Theintelligencetheypossess.C)Thewaytheydealwithproblems.D)Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.13.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because. .A)RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativityB)thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthingsC)thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofview D)thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented14.Thephrase"marchtoadifferentdrummer"(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare.A)diligentinpursuingtheirgoalsB)reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthingsC)devotedtotheprogressofscienceD)concernedabouttheadvanceofsociety15.Themostsuitabletitleforthispassagemightbe.DiscoveriesandInnovationWhatAreSoSpecialaboutCreativeIndividualsToBeaCreativeExpertintheStudyofHumanCreativityTheRelationbetweenCreationandDiligencePassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Contrarytowhatmanypeoplebelieve,highlyintelligentchildrenarenotnecessarilydestinedforacademicsuccess.Infact,so-calledgiftedstudentsmayfailtodowellbecausetheyareunusuallysmart.Ensuringthatagiftedchildreacheshisorherpotentialrequiresanunderstandingofwhatcangowrongandhowtosatisfytheunusuallearningrequirementsofextremelybrightyoungpeople.Onecommonproblemgiftedkidsfaceisthatthey,andthosearoundthem,placetoomuchimportanceonbeingsmart.Suchanemphasiscanbreedabeliefthatbrightpeopledonothavetoworkhardtodowell.Althoughsmartkidsmaynotneedtoworkhardinthelowergrades,whentheworkiseasy,theymaystruggleandperformpoorlywhentheworkgetsharderbecausetheydonotmaketheefforttolearn.Ifthescholasticachievementofhighlyintelligentchildrenremainsbelowaverageforanextendedperiod,manyteacherswillfailtorecognizetheirpotential.Asaresult,suchstudentsmaynotgettheencouragementtheyneed,furtherdepressingtheirdesiretolearn.Theymayfallfarbehindintheirschoolworkandevendevelopbehaviorproblems.IQisjustoneingredientamongmanyintherecipeforsuccess—ChildrenthriveorstruggleinschoolforahostofreasonsapartfromIQ.Theseincludemotivationandpersistence,socialcompetence,andthesupportoffamily,educatorsandfriends.Emphasizingtheimportanceofpersistenceandhardwork,forexample,willhelpachildavoidthelazinesstrap.Giftedchildrenalsoneedintellectualchallenges—toteachthemhowtoworkhard.Becausehighlygiftedchildrensolvethemostvariedthoughtproblemsfasterandmorethoroughlythanthosewithmoreaverageaptitudesdo,theyneedadditionalintellectualstimulationwhiletheywaitfortherestofthekidstolearnthebasics.Twocentralapproachesareusedtosatisfytheeducationalneedsofsuchchildren:accelerationandenrichment.Accelerationmeansstudyingmaterialthatispartofthestandardcurriculumforolderstudents.Enrichmentinvolveslearninginformationthatfallsoutsidetheusualcurriculum.Achildmightskiponeormoregradesasawayofacceleratinginschool.Butbeingwitholderchildrenfortheentireschoolday—andperhapsforgrade-basedextracurricularactivitiessuchassports—canmakeachildfeelinferiorineveryrealmoutsideofacademics.Oneverybrightfourth-graderwhohadskippedtwogradesremainedfaraheadofhisclassmatesintellectually,butashisclassmatesreachedpuberty,hissocialandothershortcomingsbecamepainfullyapparent.Whileaccelerationisnotanoption,ornotagoodone,enrichmentcanbe.Afterall,schoolisnotaracebutanadventureinlearning.Assuch,thegoalisnotfinishingfirstbutabsorbingasmuchknowledgeaspossibleinthetimeallotted.Thus,providingopportunitiesforachildtostudytopicsoutsidetheregularcurriculumcanbeatleastasvaluableaspushinghimorherthroughtherequiredmaterialfaster.16.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbelongstoenrichmentactivitiesfortalentedchildren?A)Skippingoneofmoregradesandstudyingtogetherwitholderchildren.B)Learningthesamematerialinthestandardcurriculumforolderstudents.C)Learninginformationthatisnotincludedintheregularcurriculum.D)Learninghowtoreadwithfluencyevenintheirpre-schooldays.17.Whatmakesthebasicreasonforthescholasticachievementofhighlyintelligentchildrenbeingbelowaverageforanextendedperiod?A)Teachers'failuretorecognizetheirpotential.B)Toomuchemphasisonbeingintelligentbythemselvesandthoseroundthem.C)Notworkinghardenough.D)Lackofencouragementfromteachers.18.Theexampleoftheverybrightfourth-gradermentionedinthelastparagraphshowsthattheauthorbelieves.A)accelerationistheonlyalternativechoiceforintelligentchildrenB)accelerationisnotagoodchoiceforsmartchildrenC)accelerationisagoodalternativeforgiftedkidsD)accelerationismorepracticalthanenrichment19.Whichofthefollowingconclusionsdoyouthinkisinconformitywiththeauthor'sidea?A)Heisinfavorofenrichmentratherthanacceleration.B)Heisinfavorofaccelerationratherthanenrichment.C)Hespeakshighlyofbothenrichmentandacceleration.D)Hethinksneitherenrichmentnoraccelerationisagoodchoice.20.Inthisarticle,theauthorisintendedto.A)pointoutthedefectsofaccelerationforgiftedchildrenB)compareaccelerationwithenrichmentforgiftedchildrenC)stresstheimportanceofenrichmentforgiftedchildrenD)discusshowtobringoutgiftedchildren’spotentialPassageFiveQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BarackObamaurgedcongressionalleadersonMondaytoactquicklytopassahugestimuluspackagefortheU.S.economy.HemetwithabipartisangroupoflawmakersonCapitolHill.LaterhemetindividuallywithDemocraticandRepublicanHouseandSenateleadersandspoketoabipartisanleadershipgathering.IncommentstoreportersearlyonMonday,heunderscoredtheurgencyoffinalizingeconomiclegislation."Wehavegotanextraordinaryeconomicchallengeaheadofus,"hesaid."Weareexpectingasoberingjobreportattheendoftheweek.NancyPelosiandherstaffhavebeenextraordinarilyhelpfulinworkingwithourteamsothatwecanshapeaneconomicrecoveryandreinvestmentplanthatstartsputtingpeoplebacktowork."Mr.ObamawantstaxcutsforindividualAmericansandbusinessestomakeupasignificantportionofexpectedlegislation.Thiscouldinvolveasmuchas$300billionofabillthatislikelytoexceed$700billionandincludeaidtocash-poorU.S.states,andmoneyforalternativeenergyandarangeofinfrastructureprojects.Later,Mr.Obamasaidheexpectstobeabletosignlegislationassoonastheendofthismonth,addingthatquickactionisnecessaryto"breakthemomentumoftheU.S.recession".EmerginglaterfrombipartisantalkswithMr.Obama,NancyPelosisaidlawmakersdiscussedwiththepresident-electhowtopassastimuluspackageasquicklyaspossible."Aneconomicrecoverypackagethatwillcreatejobsimmediatelyandwillgrowtheeconomyandthatiswhatwetalkedabouttoday,"saidNancyPelosi."Howwecoulddothisfast,deliberativelyandtoactuponitsoon."Justhowsoonthatwouldbe,Pelosiwouldnotsay.HowmuchsupportDemocratscanobtainfromRepublicanswilldependonthedetails.ButtheseverityoftheU.S.recessionhascreatedconsiderablebipartisanbackingforquickaction.SenateMajorityLeader,HarryReidsaid,"ThereareinvestmentsthatweneedtomakeonbehalfoftheAmericanpeopletoturnaroundthiseconomy.Wefeltverygoodaboutthemeeting;weareconfidentthatwecandothisandwehavetodothis.""IthinkthebestthingIcandoistodeclinetocommentonwhattheyaregoingtodogoingforward,"saidDanaPerino."Obviously,wethinkthattaxcutsweretherightwaytohelpoureconomygetoutoftherecessionthatthispresidentinheritedandweknowthattaxcutscanspurinnovation."Askedbyreportershowlargetheeconomicstimuluspackagemightbe,SenateMajorityLeaderReidsaidPresident-electObamaindicatedthatallbutoneofsome28economistsadvisinghimhadsaiditshouldrangefrom$800billionto$1.3trillion.21.BarackObamaurgedcongressionalleadersandmetwithbipartisanleadersfor.A)understandingeachotherbetter B)endingeconomicrecessionC)negotiatingpoliticalissues D)takingtheplaceofBushquickly22.Thebillofeconomiclegislationwillbesignedtohelpthefollowingexcept.A)somepoorU.S.states B)alternativeenergyC)underdevelopedcountries D)infrastructureprojects23.Ifthestimuluspackageispassedquicklyandsuccessfully,itcan. A)finalizeeconomiclegislationB)enhanceAmerica'sinternationalstatusC)obtainsupportformRepublicansD)providejobopportunities24.Whatisthebipartisanleaders'attitudetowardsthismeeting?A)Uncertain. B)Hopeful.C)Disappointed.D)Indifferent.25.Accordingtothepassage,thebestwayoutoftheeconomicrecessionis.A)people'sconfidence B)thebipartisancooperationC)taxcuts D)economists'suggestionsPassageSixQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Letussupposethatyouareinthepositionofaparent.Wouldyouallowyourchildrentoreadanybooktheywantedtowithoutfirstcheckingitscontents?Wouldyoutakeyourchildrentoseeanyfilmwithoutfirstfindingoutwhetheritissuitableforthem?Ifyouranswertothesequestionsis"yes",thenyouareeitherextremelypermissive.Ifyouransweris"no",thenyouareexercisingyourrightasaparenttoprotectyourchildrenfromwhatyouconsidertobeundesirableinfluences.Inotherwords,byactingasacensoryourself,youareadmittingthatthereisastrongcaseforcensorship.Now,ofcourse,youwillsaythatitisonethingtoexercisecensorshipwherechildrenareconcernedandquiteanothertodothesameforadults.Childrenneedprotectionanditistheparents'responsibilitytoprovideit.Butwhataboutadults?Aren'ttheyoldenoughtodecidewhatisgoodforthem?Theansweristhatmanyadultsare,butdon'tmakethemistakeofthinkingthatalladultsarelikeyou.Censorshipisforthegoodofsocietyasawhole.Likethelaw,censorshipcontributestothecommongood.Somepeoplethinkthatitisdisgracefulthatacensorshouldinterferewithworksofart.Whoisthisperson,theysay,tobanthisgreatbookorcutthatgreatfilm?Noonecansethimselfupasasuperiorbeing.Butwemustremembertwothings.Firstly,wheregenuineworksofartareconcerned,moderncensorsareextremelyliberalintheirviews—oftenfarmoreliberalthanalargesectionofthepublic.Artisticmeritissomethingwhichcensorsvclearlyrecognize.Andsecondly,wemustbearinmindthatthegreatproportionofbooks,playsandfilmswhichcomebeforethecensorareveryfarfrombeing"worksofart".Whendiscussingcensorship,therefore,weshouldnotconfineourattentiontogreatmasterpieces,butshouldconsiderthevastnumbersofpublicationsandfilmswhichmakeupthebulkoftheentertainmentindustry.Whencensorshiplawsarerelaxed,immoralpeoplearegivenalicensetoproducevirtuallyanythinginthenameof"art".Thereisanincreasingtendencytoequateartisticwith"pornographic".Theartmarketforpornographywouldrapidlybeexploited.Oneofthegreatthingsthatcensorshipdoesistopreventcertainpeoplefrommakingfatprofitsbycorruptingthemindsofothers.Toargueinfavorofabsolutefreedomistoargueinfavorofanarchy.Societywouldreallybethepoorerifitdepriveditselfofthewisecounselandtherestraininginfluencewhichacensorprovides.26.Permissiveparentswould .A)lettheirchildrenreadanybookstheyliketoB)notlettheirchildrenseeanyfilmstheyliketoC)notlettheirchildrenreadanybookswithoutfirstcheckingtheircontentsD)lettheirchildrenseethefilmswiththeirfirstchecking27.Thefactthatparentscheckthecontentsofthebookorthefilmfortheirchildrentoreadorseeshows .A)thenecessityofcensorshipB)manybooksandfilmsarebadC)childrenneedtheirparentstohelpthemunderstandmoreD)theparentsarepermissive28.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A)Someadultscan'ttellrightfromwrong.B)Censorshipiscomparedtothelawbecausebothofthemperformgoodservicetosocietyasawhole.C)Censorspayattentiononlytogenuineworksofart.D)Censorshipisnecessarybecausemanybooks,playsandfilmsarefarfrombeing“worksofart”.29.Whatdoestheword“corrupt”(Sent.5,Para.4)A)Makemorallybad.B)Hurt.C)Injure.D)Damage.30.Whatwouldbethebesttitleofthispassage?A)PermissiveParentsandResponsibleParents.B)Censorshipandthelaw.C)CensorsValueArtisticMerits.D)CensorshipPerformsGoodServicetoSociety.PassageSevenQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Psychologistshaveknownforalongtimethateconomistsarewrong.Mosteconomists—atleast,thoseoftheclassicalpersuasion—believethatanyfinancialgain,howeversmall,isworthhaving.Butpsychologistsknowthisisnottrue.Theyknowbecauseoftheultimatumgame,theoutcomeofwhichisoftentherejectionoffreemoney.Inthisgame,oneplayerdividesapotofmoneybetweenhimselfandanother.Theotherthenchooseswhethertoaccepttheoffer.Ifherejectsit,neitherplayerbenefits.Anddespitetheinstinctsofclassicaleconomics,astingy（小氣旳）offer(onethatislessthanaboutaquarterofthetotal)is,indeed,usuallyrejected.Thequestionis,why?Oneexplanationoftherejectioniststrategyisthathumanpsychologyisadaptedforrepeatedinteractionsratherthanone-offtrades.Inthiscase,takingatough,ifself-sacrificial,lineatthebeginningpaysdividendsinfutureroundsofthegame.Rejectingastingyofferinaone-offgameisthusjustasinglemoveinalargerstrategy.Andindeed,whenone-offultimatumgamesareplayedbytrainedeconomists,whoknowallthis,theydotendtoacceptstingyoffersmoreoftenthanotherpeoplewould.Buteventheyhavetheirlimits.Tothrowsomelightonwhythoselimitsexist,TerenceBurnhamofHarvardUniversityrecentlygatheredagroupofstudentsofmicroeconomicsandaskedthemtoplaytheultimatumgame.Allofthestudentsherecruitedweremen.DrBurnham,sresearchbudgetrantoabunchof＄40games.Whentherearemanyroundsintheultimatumgame,playerslearntosplitthemoneymoreorlessequally.ButDr.Burnhamwasinterestedinagameofonlyoneround.Inthisgame,whichtheplayersknewinadvancewasfinalandcouldthusnotaffectfutureoutcomes,proposerscouldchooseonlybetweenofferingtheotherplayer＄25(i.e.,morethanhalfthetotal)or＄5.Responderscouldacceptorrejecttheofferasusual.Thoseresultsrecorded,Dr.Burnhamtooksaliva（唾液）samplesfromallthestudentsandcomparedthetestosteronelevelsassessedfromthosesampleswithdecisionsmadeintheone-roundgame.AshedescribesintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety,theresponderswhorejectedalowfinalofferhadanaveragetestosteronelevelmorethan50%higherthantheaverageofthosewhoaccepted.Fiveofthesevenmenwiththehighesttestosteronelevelsinthestudyrejecteda＄5ultimateofferbutonlyoneofthe19othersmadethesamedecision.WhatDr.Burnham,sresultsupportsisamuchdeeperrejectionofthetenetsofclassicaleconomicsthanonebasedonaslightmis-evolutionofnegotiatingskills.Itbackstheideathatwhatpeoplereallystriveforisrelativeratherthanabsoluteprosperity.Theywouldratheracceptlessthemselvesthanseearivalgetahead.Thatislikelyto