并列句復(fù)合句和連詞

并列句、復(fù)合句和連詞一.連詞概述連詞是一種虛詞，不單獨(dú)用作句子成分。連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用于連接并列的單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子，如and,but,or,for等；從屬連詞主要引出名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句等）和狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句等），引出名詞性從句的連詞如that,whether等，引出狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞如when,because,since,if等。二.并列句并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，相互之間不是從屬關(guān)系，而是平行并列的關(guān)系。常用的并列連詞有如下四種：聯(lián)合并列句and（和；并且）Itriedmybest,andIcaughtupwithhimatlast.轉(zhuǎn)折并列句but，yet（但是）Itisraininghard,butIstillgotoschool.選擇并列句or（或者，否則）Becareful,oryouwillhurtyourself.因果并列句so,for（因此，所以）Hewasill,sohewenttoseeadoctor.Hemustbeagoodstudent,forheisalwayscarefulwithhislessons.注意：and常用于肯定句中，表肯定列舉；or常表示選擇和否定的列舉，常用于選擇疑問(wèn)句或否定句中。常用的并列I連詞詞組有notonly...butalso...,either...or,neither...nor,not...but...,both...and...,等等。例如：Notonlyonebutalsoallofuswereinvited.Eitheryoudoit,orIaskforsomebodyelsetodoit.NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.Notcouldn’ttheycompletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.練習(xí)1.Itwassolate,thefarmerswenttoworkinginthefield.A.andB.orC.soD.butIdidn'tknowanythingaboutitmyfathertoldme.A.untilB.becauseC.ifD.afterIt’sveryniceoutogivemethechance.A.ofB.forC.toD.atThesportsmeetwillcontinueitrainsthisafternoon.A.ifB.sinceC.assoonasD.unless5.Studyhard,youaresuretohaveagoodresultintheexam.A.orB.andC.forD.But狀語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、目的、原因、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)成分的從句通稱為狀語(yǔ)從句。（1） 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由since,when,after,as,while,till/until,before,by,during等時(shí)間連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：Tomwasplayingcomputergameswhenhismotherfoundhim.I'llwaityoutill/untilyoucometoseeme.I'lldidn'tgountilIfinishedmyhomework.（2） 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where,wherever引導(dǎo)。例如：IfoundmywalletwhereIwalked.WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.（3） 方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as,（just）as...so...,asif,asthough引導(dǎo)。例如：Aswateristofish,soairistoman.注意：asif,asthough兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作”仿佛似的”，”好像......似的"。例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。）（4） 目的狀語(yǔ)從句表示目的的狀語(yǔ)從句可以由sothat,inorderthat,,forfearthat,incase等詞引導(dǎo)。如：Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.Hemustgetupearlysothathecancatchthebus.（5） 原因狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般由because,since,as和for引導(dǎo)。because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見(jiàn)的或已為人們所知，就用as或since。由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。例如：Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因?yàn)樗×?。Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了，所以今天缺席。（6） 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so...that或such.that引導(dǎo)。so...that與such.that之間可以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：So+形容詞、副詞+thatSo+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+thatSuch+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞+thatSuch+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thatSuch+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+thate.g.Heissoyoungaboythathecan'tgotoschool.

Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool條件狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。unless=ifnot.例如：Ifyouarenottootied,let'sgooutforawalk.Youwillbelateunlessyouleaveimmediately.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句though,although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，后面的從句不能有but，但是though和yet可連用。例如：Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.everif,eventhough即使。例如：We'llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠(yuǎn)足。whether...or...不管 都。例如：Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue."nomatter+疑問(wèn)詞”或，疑問(wèn)詞+后綴ever"。例如:Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.^Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管發(fā)生什么，他不在意。nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterhow=however賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞舉例That引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)意義，不作任何成分，口語(yǔ)中一般可以省略.Ithink(that)youshouldturntotheteacherforhelp.it/whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在從句中不作任何成分，但有具體的含義“是否”。If/whether不能省略.Idon'tknowif/whetherhestillliveshereaftersomanyyears.who,whom,what,which,whose,whoever等連接代詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等Doyouknowwhohaswonthegame?Hewantedtoknowwhatthemanagerhadsaidatthemeeting.When,where,why,how等連接副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)Thepoliceaskedmehowtheaccidenthappened.Noneofusknowswherethesenewaccessories(零件)canbebought.賓語(yǔ)從句中需要注意的問(wèn)題.1.主句和從句時(shí)態(tài)一致的問(wèn)題。1） 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：Irememberhegavemeabookyesterday.Hehastoldmethathe'llleaveforNewYork.2） 如果主句是過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句也要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如果從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)，即使主句是過(guò)去式也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài).如：Hetoldmethathewouldtakepartinthehighjump.Theteachertoldusthatthewhaleisnotfish.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序-----陳述句語(yǔ)序What'sKate'saddress?Doyouknow?=DoyouknowwhatKate'saddressis?賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞1） 連接詞that在以下情況不能省略。當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)是that時(shí)。當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中含有主從句時(shí)。如：I'mafraidthatifyouhavelostit,youmustpayforit.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句由并列詞連接時(shí)，除第一個(gè)可以省略外其余都不能省。如：Hesaid（that）thefilmwasinterestingandthatheenjoyedseeingitverymuch.2） 當(dāng)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句，連詞要用if、whether。但是，當(dāng)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，連接詞用原來(lái)的詞。如：AreyoufromJapan?Heaskedme=Heaskedmeif/whetherIwasfromJapan.WhendidheleaveforLondon?Couldyoutellme?=CouldyoutellmewhenheleftforLondon?（4）賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等，主語(yǔ)是第一人稱且一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，從句的否定一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái)。其反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)與從句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：Idon'tthinkthey'llstickouttothelastminute.Idon'tsupposeit'shisfault,isit?課堂練習(xí)1.Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenreadytodoittakestosaveherlife.A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whoeverAtfirsthehatedthenewjobbutdecidedtogivehimselfafewmonthstoseeitwouldgetanybetter.A.when B.how c.whyD.ifCouldIspeaktoisinchargeofInternationalSalesplease?Awho B.what C.whoeverD.whatever定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。分為關(guān)系代詞(that,who,whom,which)和關(guān)系副詞(where，when，why)。關(guān)系詞作用先行詞例句That,who,whom主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)人Doyouknowthegirlwho/thatisreadingunderthetree?That,which主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因Shegotacomputerwhich/thatherparentsboughtforher.whose定語(yǔ)人、物Theboywhosefatherisadoctorstudiesveryhard.Theroomwhosewindowisopenismine.when狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間IstillrememberthedaywhenyouleftforBeingjing.where狀語(yǔ)地點(diǎn)Thisistheschoolwheremymotherworks.why狀語(yǔ)原因Couldyouexplainthereasonwhyyouwerelate?定語(yǔ)從句注意事項(xiàng)：that和which都可以指物，可是下列情況下只能用that.(1)當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all,much,little,something,anything,none,theone時(shí)Eg：Itisbetterthananythingthatwehaveeverseen.當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast,only,no修飾時(shí)Eg:ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)或有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)Eg:Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenhasbeenusedagainstpollution.Itisthefirstdogthathegavetome.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)Eg:Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout.⑸當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)Eg:Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?關(guān)系代詞的使用關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，因此定語(yǔ)從句不能再出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞所代替的名詞或代詞。eg:Thefilmthat/whichwesawityesterdayisinteresting.( )Thefilmthat/whichwesawyesterdayisinteresting.( )關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略eg:Thenumberofpeoplewho/thatlosthomesreachedasmanyas2,5000.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)是不能省略。e.gThewomanthatshetalkedwithisherteacherI’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.關(guān)系代詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略e.gSheisnotthegirlthat/shewas.他不在是從前的那個(gè)女孩了。定語(yǔ)從句中的