雅思(閱讀)模擬試卷112(題后含答案及解析)

雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷112(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.ReadingModuleReadingModule(60minutes)Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.Australia’sGrowingDisasterFarmingisthreateningtodestroythesoilandnativefloraandfaunaovervastareasofAustralia.Whatpriceshouldbeputonconservation?Australia’sNationalGreenhouseGasInventoryCommitteeestimatesthatburningwoodfromclearedforestaccountsforabout30percentofAustralia’semissionsofcarbondioxide,or156milliontonnesayear.Andwatertablesarerisingbeneathclearedland.IntheWesternAustralianwheatbelt,estimatessuggestthatwaterisrisingbyupto1metreayear.Thelandisbecomingwaterloggedandunproductiveorisbeingpoisonedbysalt,whichisbroughttothesurface.TheAustralianConservationFoundation(ACF)reckonsthat33millionhectareshavebeendegradedbysalination.ThefederalgovernmentestimatesthelossinproductionfromsalinityatA$200millionayear.AccordingtoJasonAlexandraoftheACF,thislistofwoesisevidencethatAustraliaisdepletingitsresourcesbytradingagriculturalcommoditiesformanufacturedgoods.Ineffect,itsellstopsoilfortechnologiesthatwillbewornoutorredundantinafewyears.Thecountryneedstogetawayfromthe‘colonialmentality’ofexploitingresourcesandadoptagriculturalpracticessuitedtoAustralianconditions,hesays.RobertHadleroftheNationalFarmers’Federationdoesnotdenythatthereisaproblem,butsaysthatitis‘illogical’toblamefarmers.Untiltheearly1980s,farmersweregiventaxincentivestoclearlandbecausethatwaswhatpeoplewanted.Iffarmersaregiventaxbreakstomanagelandsustainably,theywilldoso.Hadlerarguesthatthetworeportsonlandclearancedonotsayanythingwhichwasnotknownbefore.Australiaisstillbetteroffthanmanyotherdevelopedcountries,saysDenGraetz,anecologistattheCSIRIO,thenationalresearchorganisation.‘Alotofthecountryisstillnotionallypristine,’hesays‘ItisnottransformedlikeEuropewherealmostnothingthatisleftisnatural.’Graetz,whoanalysedthesatellitephotographsforthesecondlandclearancereport,arguesthatthereisnowbetterco-operationbetweenAustralianscientists,governmentofficialsandfarmersthaninthepast.Butthevulnerablestateofthelandisnowwidelyunderstood,andacrossAustralia,schemeshavestartedforpromotingenvironmentfriendlyfarming.In1989PrimeMinisterBobHawkesetupLandcare,anetworkofmorethan2000regionalconservationgroups.About30percentoflandholdersaremembers.‘Ithasbecomeaverysignificantsocialmovement,’saysHelenAlexanderfromtheNationalLandcareCouncil.‘Westartedoutworryingaboutnotmuchmorethanerosionandthereplantingoftreesbutithasgrownmuchmorediverseandsophisticated.’Butthebugbearofalltheseconservationeffortsismoney.Landcare’sbudgetisA$110millionayear,ofwhichonlyA$6milliongoestofarmers.NeilClark,anagriculturalconsultantfromBendigoinVictoria,saysthatfarmersarenotgettingenough.‘Farmersmaywanttomakemoreefficientuseofwaterandnutrientsandembracemoresustainablepractices,butitallcostsmoneyandtheyjustdon’thavethesparefunds,’hesays.Clarkalsosaysscientistsaretakingtoolargeashareofthemoneyforconservation.Manyproblemsposedbyagriculturetotheenvironmenthavebeen‘researchedtodeath’,hesays.‘Weneedtodivertthemoneyforawhileintogettingthesolutionsintoplace’.Australia’schiefscientist,MichaelPitman,disagrees.Hesaysthatscienceisincreasinglyimportant.Meteorologists,forexample,arebecomingconfidentaboutpredictingeventswhichcausedroughtsinAustralia.‘Ifthiscanbedonewithaccuracythenitwillhaveimmenseimpactonstockinglevelsandhowmuchfeedtoprovide,’saysPitman.“Theendresultwillbemuchgreaterefficiency.’SteveMortonoftheCSIRODivisionofWildlifeandEcologysaystherealchallengefacingconservationistsistoconvincethe85percentofAustralianswholiveincitiesthattheymustfootalargepartofthebill.“Thelandisbeingusedtofeedthemajorityandtoproducewealththatcirculatesthroughthefinancialmarketsofthecities,’hesays.Onewaywouldbetoofferincentivestoextendtheideaofstewardshiptoareasoutsidetherangelands,sothatmorelandcouldbeprotectedratherthanexploited.Alexanderagrees.‘Thenationwillhavetodebatetowhatextentitiswillingtosupportruralcommunities,’shesays.‘Itwillhavetodecidetowhatextentitwantsfoodpricestoreflectthetruecostofproduction.Thatincludesthecostoflookingaftertheenvironment.’Questions1-8Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions1-8)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A-G.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.ListofPeopleAJasonAlexandraBRobertHadlerCDeanGraetzDHelenAlexanderENeilClarkFMichaelPitmanGSteveMorton1．Currentconservationconcernsarefocusedonabroadrangeofproblems.正確答案：D解析：人物與觀點的匹配題較特殊，選項A—G人物順序與文中的出現(xiàn)順序是一致的，且利用人名來定位較易，故做題時建議按人物順序來解題，在1—8各題中尋找與人物匹配的觀點。A項人物JasonAlexandra出現(xiàn)在第一段，其觀點在最后三句中。他的觀點主要是批評澳大利亞的貿(mào)易方式。濫用土地資源(depletingitsresources)，用農(nóng)作物來交換制造業(yè)產(chǎn)物(manufacturedgoods)，用耕作土(topsoil是提喻的用法，代指土地資源)來換取技術(shù)(technologies)，實際此處是講述進(jìn)出口，出口的是農(nóng)作物，進(jìn)口的是制造業(yè)產(chǎn)物和技術(shù)，Alexandra的建議是摒棄這種做法(getawayfrom…)，試題中，第4題講述import／exportpractices“進(jìn)出口做法”與Alexandra所述內(nèi)容一致，而shouldreview也和文中needstogetawayfrom體現(xiàn)的態(tài)度一致，表示否定。故第4題與A項匹配。RobertHadler出現(xiàn)在第二段。首句指出，他認(rèn)為對于現(xiàn)在的問題，責(zé)怪農(nóng)民是不合邏輯的(illogicaltoblamefarmers)。試題中第3題出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞farmers，且其中的makesnosense“不合理”與文中的illogical意思一致，文中的problem指代前文提及的土地濫用問題，題目中的landmisuse與此對應(yīng)，故第3題應(yīng)與B項匹配。DenGraetz出現(xiàn)在第二段最后三句。該部分包括兩個方面的內(nèi)容。倒數(shù)第二、三句主要講述他認(rèn)為澳大利亞很多土地仍未受損(notionallypristine)，比歐洲的發(fā)達(dá)國家要好。第6題中的unspoilt是spoil“破壞”的派生詞，意為“未受破壞的”，與該部分內(nèi)容對應(yīng)。第二段最后一句則講述，他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在澳大利亞的科學(xué)家、政府官員和農(nóng)民之間的合作更好了(betterco-operation)，而試題中，第8題的Thoseinvolvedinconservation“環(huán)保涉及的人員”可與文中提到科學(xué)家、官員、農(nóng)民對應(yīng)上，workingtogethermoreefficiently則與原文的betterco-operation是同義表達(dá)。故第6題和第8題都與C項匹配。HelenAlexander在文中出現(xiàn)了兩次，第一次是在第三段末。他認(rèn)為Landcare成為了重要的社會運動，也提到環(huán)保工作起初只關(guān)注土壤腐蝕和補植樹木，但目前問題正變得日益多樣和復(fù)雜(diverseandso-phisticated)。各試題中，第1題提到環(huán)保問題的憂慮所在，與文中內(nèi)容相符，其中abroadrangeofproblems“問題范圍很廣”與文中的diverseandsophisticated對應(yīng)，故第1題與D項匹配。文章最后兩句也出現(xiàn)Alexander的觀點。該部分主要講述國家(nation)的定位，如何看待ruralcommunities以及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品定價(foodprices)，各試題中并沒有出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞句。NeilClark的觀點在第四、五段均有出現(xiàn)。第四段提到的是，農(nóng)民沒有得到足夠的錢(上一句提到用于農(nóng)民的經(jīng)費，故可知代詞enough代指enoughmoney)。然后指出要采用更有利于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式，而那是需要錢的(costsmoney)，但農(nóng)民沒有多余的資金。第2題所說的，農(nóng)民保護(hù)土地的代價昂貴與此內(nèi)容相符，故第2題與E項匹配。第五段是Clark對環(huán)保資金分(moneyforconservation)的批評。他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在過多資金用于科學(xué)家身上(scientistsaretakingtoolargeashareof．．．)，資金應(yīng)用在解決問題上(divertthemoney…intogettingthesolutionsintoplace)，與此內(nèi)容相關(guān)的是第5題，其中的conservationfunds與文中的moneyforconservation對應(yīng)，helpful，practicalprojects“有用的、有實效性的項目”則與solution對應(yīng)，故第5題亦與E項匹配。MichaelPitman出現(xiàn)在第五段后半部分。他提到了科學(xué)的重要性(scienceisincreasinglyimportant)，并舉了meteorologists的例子加以說明。meteorologists一詞意為“氣象學(xué)家”，由文中的droughts“旱災(zāi)”一詞大致推測該詞與氣候有關(guān)。第7題提到的Weatherresearch“氣候研究”與此相關(guān)；其中的helpsolveconservationproblems與文中表積極意義的haveimmenseimpact和muchgreaterefficiency對應(yīng)，故第7題與F項匹配。SteveMorton出現(xiàn)在最后一段。其觀點主要是要讓城市居民(Australianswholiveincities)分?jǐn)偔h(huán)保的費用(footalargepartofthebill)。試題中，第2題的expensive和第5題的conservationfund涉及到費用，但這兩題均沒有提及城市居民，故G項不能找到匹配的試題。2．Conservinglandistooexpensiveforfarmers.正確答案：E3．Holdingfarmersresponsibleforlandmisusemakesnosense.正確答案：B4．Australiashouldreviewitsimport/exportpractices.正確答案：A5．Moreconservationfundsshouldbeputintohelpful,practicalprojects.正確答案：E6．MuchofthelandinAustraliaisunspoilt.正確答案：C7．Weatherresearchcanhelpsolveconservationproblems.正確答案：F8．Thoseinvolvedinconservationareworkingtogethermoreefficientlythanbefore.正確答案：CCompletethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.9．Inadditiontoincreasingemissionofcarbondioxide,landclearancealsoraises______正確答案：watertables解析：題目提到砍林開荒(landclearance)產(chǎn)生的兩個問題。increasingemissionofcarbondioxide與文章首句內(nèi)容對應(yīng)。文中第二句提到的問題是watertables的上升，空格前的raise是文中rising(原形為rise)的及物形式，故應(yīng)填原文rising的主語watertables。10．StatisticsshowthatalargeareaoflandinAustraliaisdestroyeddueto______正確答案：salination解析：由landinAustraliaisdestroyed可知題目有關(guān)澳大利亞土地被破壞的情況，相關(guān)信息在第一段中間部分。第五句提到，鹽化(salination)導(dǎo)致了全國約有3300萬公頃的土地退化。題目用alargeareaofland概括了文中的33millionhectares；而destroyed“被破壞”與文中的degraded“退化”對應(yīng)；題目用表原因的dueto替代了表施動者的by，故答案為degradedby的賓語salination。11．Itwas______thatmotivatedAustralianfarmers’willingnessforlandreclamation.正確答案：taxincentives/breaks解析：本題有關(guān)農(nóng)民開荒，第二段開頭就提到相關(guān)信息。第二句提到，農(nóng)民砍伐森林開荒是由于taxincentives“稅收優(yōu)惠”，題目填的是reclamation“開墾”的誘因，故填入taxincentives或其出現(xiàn)在下一句的同義詞taxbreaks均可。12．ThenetworkLandcarewasconsideredameaningful______forconservation.正確答案：socialmovement解析：由Landcare可直接定位至第三段，在第四句直接引語中，Landcare成為了一項重要的socialmovement，空格前的meaningful“有意義”與文中的significant“重要的”同義，故答案填socialmovement。13．Thereisanopinionthat______shouldtackletheproblembypersuadingcitydwellersintobearingthecost.正確答案：conservationists解析：本題有關(guān)費用問題，定位應(yīng)在后三段。題目中另一較為明顯的信息是citydwellers“城市居民”，這與最后一段首句的Australianswholiveincities是同義的。該句提到，環(huán)保主義者面臨的真正挑戰(zhàn)是要去說服這些人分?jǐn)?環(huán)保)賬單，題目缺的是主語，對比原文toconvince的邏輯主語應(yīng)是conservationists，故得出答案。題目的persuading與文中的convince同義，表示“說服”；bearingthecost“分擔(dān)費用”與原文的foot…thebill“支付費用”同義。Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.Whatifeverythinghadabarcode?Avastnewdatabasewillletuscatalogueeveryplantandanimalontheplanet,andidentifytheminseconds.Imaginegoingforawalkandspottingawildflower.Itsbeautyandfragrancedelightyou,butthenameeludesyou.Noproblem.Youwhipoutahand-heldscanner,aboutthesizeofamobilephone,andpopafragmentofaleafintothedevice.Afewseconds,andtheread-outtellsyouthatyou’relookingatapyramidalorchid.Satisfied,youcontinueonyourway.Soundfar-fetched?Notatall.ScientistsarecurrentlycreatingaDNAbarcodeforeveryspeciesofplantandanimalontheplanetItwon’tbelongbeforeeveryone,fromexpertstoamateurs,willbeabletoscantheworld’sfloraandfaunaasiftheywerecheckingoutgroceriesatasupermarket,tolookuporconfirmtheiridentities.Therearenumerouspracticalusestoo.Suchadevicewouldletyouscanfishatthefishmonger’stocheckifit’sbeenlabelledproperly,workoutexactlywhatisinyourmixedvegetablesoup,andconfirmwhetherapieceoffurniturereallyhascomefromarenewableforest,astheretailerclaims.Itwouldalsoassistforensicscienceteams,whocouldquicklyidentifythepollenonasuspect,tolinkhimtoaparticularlocation;customsofficials,intheireffortstopreventdisease-carryingpestsbeingtakenacrossnationalborders;andenvironmentalinspectorsassessingwaterquality,whoneedtoworkoutwhatmicrobesarelurkinginaparticularsample.ItwasProfessorPaulHebert,abiologistfromtheUniversityofGuelphinCanada,whocameupwiththeideaofDNAbarcodingthenaturalworld.Theinspirationcamewhilehewaswalkingupanddowntheaislesofasupermarket,marvellingattheabilityofthestoretokeeptrackofallthelinesstockedandsoldusingthethickandthinlinesthatmakeupabarcode.Couldscientists,hewondered,exploitabarcodesystemtorecordthemillionsofspeciesonearthviatheirDNA?Thecompilationofaplanetaryinventorybeganmorethan250yearsago,withtheSwedishlifeclassifierCarlLinnaeus.In1758,hefoundedthescienceoftaxonomy—amethodofclassifyinglivingthings—basedonphysicalandbehaviouralcharacteristics.Todate,scientistshaveclassifiedabout1.7millionorganisms,asmallfractionofthetotalnumberofspecies,whichhasbeenestimatedatanywherebetween5and30million.Buttaxonomyisdifficultandtime-consuming.Manyspecies,suchasthedifferentkindsofflies,lookremarkablysimilar.Onlyanexpertwhohasspentyearsexaminingaparticulargroupcandistinguishonefromanother.Eventheexpertsmaybestumped,however,whenpresentedwithanegg,anembryo,aseedlingoraroot.Thenextproblemisthatwearerunningoutoftimeinwhichtocompletetheinventory.TheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureestimatesthataquarteroftheworld’spopulationofmammalsarethreatenedwithextinction.So,Hebert’sideacentredonfindingafragmentofDNAthatwoulddisclosetheidentityofaspecieswithouthavingtodecodeitsentiregeneticcode.Heenvisageda‘DNAbarcodereader’,similartothescannersatretailcheckouts.OutlininghisideainScientificAmerican,Hebertwrites:‘Aninspectoratabusyseaport,ahikeronamountaintrail,orascientistinalabcouldinsertasamplecontainingDNA—asnippetofwhisker,say,orthelegofaninsect—intothedevice,whichwoulddetectthesequenceofnucleicacidsinthebarcodesegment.Thisinformationwouldbeinstantlyrelayedtoareferencedatabase,apubliclibraryofDNAbarcodes.Anyone,anywhere,couldidentifyspecies.’Tocreatethebarcode,HebertproposedtheuseofasectionofDNA,fromtheenergy-producingunitsfoundinallcells.HeselectedagenethatgivesrisetoanenzymeknownasCOLThisgeneissmallenoughtobequicklyandeasilydeciphered,buthassufficientvariationforustobeabletotellmostanimalspeciesapart.YouandI,forinstance,willhavedifferentversionsofCO1,buttheywillbesimilarenoughtoshowthatwe’rebothhumansandnotchimpanzees.In2003,Hebertandhisteampublishedtheirfirstresults.Theyshowedthatthebarcodesystemcouldidentifythegroupananimalcamefrom(forexample,whetheritwasavertebrate,awormoraninsect)andeventhespecieswhenitwasstoredinthebarcodelibrary.Afteryearsofwork,resultsindicatethatanimalscannowbeidentifiedbytheirbarcodesin98percentofcases.Earlyresultshaveconfirmedtheadditionalbenefitsofthenewsystem:forexample,caterpillarsofthetropicalbutterflyAstraptesfulgerator,whichwasfirstrecognisedasaspeciesin1775,alllookverysimilar,andwereassumedtobelongtoasinglespecies.Barcodinghasshownthereare10differentkinds.Ofcourse,thevalueofthesystemdependsonacomprehensivereferencelibraryoftheDNA(COl)barcodesofestablishedspecies.TheBarcodeofLifeDatasystemsisanenormousinternationalcollaborationsupportedby150institutionsin45countries.Todate,ithascompiledmorethan500,000recordsfrom50,000species.Theconsortiumishopingthattheworld’sbirdswillbebarcodedinthenextthreeyears.‘Peoplehavewatchedbirdsforsolongthattheymightthinkeverydifferenttweethasbeenheard,everydifferentcolourobserved,butbarcodingmayproveotherwise,’saysProfessorMarkStoeckle,professorofthehumanenvironmentatRockefellerUniversity,NewYork,whoworkswithHebert.Heestimatesthatoutoftheworld’s10,000birdspecies,DNAbarcodingwilldistinguishatleast1,000newones.Questions14-18DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis14．Thewriterbelievesthatthebarcodesystemwillbewidelyusedbythegeneralpublic.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：A解析：由題目writerbelieves、barcodesystem以及bewidelyused可知題目與條形碼系統(tǒng)的實際應(yīng)用有關(guān)，從而定位到第二段最后一句。該處作者指出，不久之后，每個人都能對世界上各種動植物進(jìn)行條形碼掃描。題目generalpublic與其中的everyone同義，而thebarcodesystemwillbewidelyused與willbeabletoscantheworld’sfloraandfauna是主被動表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為TRUE。15．Itislikelythatthebarcodedevicewillshowthatmanyfoodsandgoodshavenotbeencorrectlydescribed.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：C解析：題目有關(guān)條形碼掃描設(shè)備對驗證商品描述的作用，第三段第二句提到該設(shè)備可以用來掃描商品，以檢測其標(biāo)簽(labelled)或商家所說(retailerclaims)是否正確，原文屬于客觀地介紹barcodedevice的用途，并沒有暗示檢測出來的結(jié)果如何，題目較有偏向性地推測檢測結(jié)果，屬于過度推斷，故本題答案為NOTGIVEN。16．HebertgottheideaforDNAbarcodingfromsomeonewhoworkedatasupermarket.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B解析：根據(jù)supermarket可定位至第四段第二句。該句提到赫伯特的靈感來源，由該句內(nèi)容可知，這靈感是他在超市通道走動時自己想出來的，而不是題目所說的來自超市員工，故答案為FALSE。17．ThenumberoforganisationssupportingHebert’sbarcodingprojectisgrowingallthetime.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：C解析：有關(guān)支持條形碼系統(tǒng)的組織的信息出現(xiàn)在末段第二句，該處只提到，生物數(shù)據(jù)條碼系統(tǒng)是一個由全球45國家的150個機構(gòu)聯(lián)合研發(fā)的項目，并無提到支持這一系統(tǒng)的組織其數(shù)量是否增加，故題目表述在文中沒有依據(jù)，答案為NOTGIVEN。18．AlargenumberofnewbirdspecieshavealreadybeenidentifiedbytheDNAbarcodesystem.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B解析：由newbirdspecies可定位至末段最后一句。該句提到鑒定出新鳥類品種是估計出來的(estimates)，用的是將來時willdistinguish，說明動作尚未完成，而題目用的是現(xiàn)在完成時havealreadybeenidentified，題目錯在時態(tài)錯誤，故答案為FALSE。Completethenotesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes19-21onyouranswersheet.Problemswithtaxonomy-Only【R19】______specieshavebeenclassifiedsofar.-Difficulttodistinguishbetweenspeciesofcertaincreatures,forexample【R20】______-Possibilityofalargenumberofspeciesof【R21】______dyingoutsoon.19．【R19】正確答案：1.7million20．【R20】正確答案：flies21．【R21】正確答案：mammalsCompletetheflowchartbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.22．正確答案：DNAbarcodereader解析：流程圖介紹的是Hebert系統(tǒng)的操作原理和研究結(jié)果，總體內(nèi)容的定位應(yīng)在最后四段。文中有多處提到Hebert建立的系統(tǒng)，表達(dá)方式也是多樣，故本題關(guān)鍵在于定位。查找到第六段第二句，可看出題目與該句所述是對應(yīng)的，decidedtocreate與原文的envisaged“想象”對應(yīng)，like“與……類似”與原文similar同義，shops與原文的retailcheckouts“零售店的收銀處”是對應(yīng)的，故本題填入該句中的DNAbarcodereader。23．正確答案：gene解析：題目中的CO1是明顯的定位詞。題目chose與原文的selected同義，表示“選擇”；produces與原文的givesriseto均表示“產(chǎn)生”；called與原文的knownas也是同義替換，故答案為selected后的gene。24．正確答案：barcodelibrary解析：第八段第二句提到，生物的DNA是儲存(stored)在barcodelibrary的，題目中的kept與原文的stored是同義替換，故答案填barcodelibrary即可。25．正確答案：98percent解析：題目與DNA條形碼掃描的研究成果相關(guān)，定位至第八段第三句。Current與原文的now對應(yīng)，題目中的resultsshowthat與是原文resultsindicatethat的同義表述，indentified是關(guān)鍵詞復(fù)現(xiàn)?？崭裉幪钊胝f明成果的數(shù)據(jù)98percent。26．正確答案：caterpillars解析：第八段最后兩句講述barcodesystem的另一個好處。其中的例子是caterpillarsoftropicalbutterflyAstraptesfulgerator，大意是某種熱帶蝴蝶的幼蟲，原先人們認(rèn)為這只是一種物種(assumedtobelongtoasinglespecies)，而barcoding表明這其實是10種不同的物種，故答案取caterpillarsoftropicalbutterflyAstraptesfulgerator的中心語caterpillars。Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.Questions27-34ReadingPassage3hasnineparagraphs,A-I.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Ifromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-xi,inboxes27-34onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiHowtogrowarubbertreeiiUsefuladditionstoanexistingideaiiiUsefulformakingyourcoatwaterproofivThefirstknownusesvExportingnewforestsviInspirationfromabumpybicyclerideviiHowdifferentisrubbernowadays?viiiNewdemandleadstodramaticallyescalatingcostixUnpopularduetodecayxAgoodideainprinciplexiManymodernusesExampleAnswerParagraphAxiNaturalRubberAnexoticmaterialAToday,wetakemodernmaterialsverymuchforgranted,withoutknowingtheiroriginorrealisingtheirversatility.Rubber,forexample,isavitalcomponentofcars,supplyingtractionbetweenthewheelsandtheroad,aswellassealingoilandfuelfromleakageandabsorbingunwantedvibrationsfromtheengine.Rubberalsosuppliesuswithmanydomesticitems(toyballoons,waterbottles,condoms,carpetunderlay,mattressesandcushioning),officeproducts(rubberbands,erasers)andarticlesofsportsandrecreation(footballs,golfballs,tennisballs,etc.).Butwheredoesrubbercomefrom?BNaturalrubberwasdiscoveredduringthevariousinvasionsofSouthAmericabytheSpanishconquistadorsinthe15thcentury.Thematerial,madesimplybydryingoutthesapofanativetree,Heveabrasiliensis,wasfirstspottedbyColumbusintheWestIndiesinthe1490s,whereitwasusedtomadeballs.Itwasalsomadeintobagsforcarryingliquidsbymouldingflexiblerubbersheetintothedesiredshape.Rubberwasclearlyamaterialwellknowntonativecultures,andrecentdiscoveriesofitsuseinancientceremoniesarehardlysurprising.CDespiteitsearlydiscoverybytheSpanish,itwasnotuntilabout1730thatrubberwasintroducedintoBritain,andnotuntil1791thatitsuseforthemackintosh(therubberisedraincoat)wasintroduced.In1770JosephPriestley,whoalsodiscoveredoxygen,noticedthatrubbererasespencilmarks.Despitethisserendipitousfinding,itstilltooksometimebeforethematerialwastofindwidespreadapplication.Onereasonforthiswasitsdeteriorationwithtime,degradinginairtoastickyunmanageablemess.Thatwastochangedramaticallywiththeinventionof‘vulcanisation’,when,in1834,CharlesGoodyearfoundthatcookingthematerialwithrawsulphurstabiliseditandstiffenedproductsmanufacturedfromthesubstance.DThisdiscoveryopenedthewaytopneumatictyresforearlyvehiclessuchascarriages(travelinwhichwasratherpainfulowingtotherigidwheelsandroughroadstheninexistence).Thefirstpatentforatyredatesfrom1846,whenRobertThompsonannouncedthepneumatictyre,agreatadvanceforwheeledtraffic.Thekeytotheideaisthecushionprovidedbytheairpocket,thepressureofwhichcanbevariedtosuittheuser.Theinventionlanguished,perhapsbecauseofproblemswithcontainingtheinevitableleaksofairfromthemanyinnertubes.However,solidrubbertyresweresubsequentlyadopted,withmuchreducedcushioning.EAtthesametime,vulcanisedrubbercametobeusedforanincreasingnumberofproducts,suchasgaloshesorWellingtonbootsandimprovedmackintoshes,whererubberwascombinedwithtextiletomakeawaterprooffabric.Thegrowingdemandfornaturalrubbermadeitacommodityproduct,yetonlysuppliedbyoneareaintheworld—Brazil.Asaresult,thepricesoared,creatingrichentrepreneurs,whoessentiallyexploitednativestocollecttherawlatexfromtherainforest.Butsincethetreecouldpotentiallybegrowninanytropicalclimate,whynotcollectseedlingsandtransplanttoothercountries?FIntensiveeffortsweremadeatKewGardenstoraisehealthyplantsfromseedscollectedbySirHenryWickhaminBrazilin1876.TheyoungtreesraisedinthetropicalgreenhouseatKewwereshippedtoCeylonandMalaysiatoformthenucleusoflargeplantations.Thosecountrieswereabletomeettherisingdemandsoftherubberindustry,andthepriceofrawrubberfelldramatically.GIn1888,overfortyyearsafterThompson’sinventionofthepneumatictyre,JohnDunlop,aBelfastvet,respondedtoarequestfromhisyoungsonforbettertyresforhistrike.WhenriddenovertheroughcobblesofBelfast’sstreets,solidrubbertyresjustcouldnotgiveacomfortableride.Variousrubbertubeswereusedbyvets,andDunlopreinventedthepneumatictyrebyfittingawheelwithaninflatedrubbertubeprotectedbyaheavieroutercover.Aftermuchexperimentation,theworld’sfirstbicycletyreemerged.HDunlop’sfirstpatenttoprotecttheinventionwasinevitablyinvalidbecauseofThompson’spriorpatent,buthewentontoinventthevalveandnumerousothercomponentswhichwereprovedvalid.Thoseinventionswerethebaseonwhichheandothersbuiltthebiketyreindustry,whichbroughtcyclingintoaneweraforeveryone.Itwasanerawhenindustrialprogresshadcreatednew-foundwealthandleisuretimeformillions.Aswithanynewandfundamentalinvention,theideawastakenupbyothers,inparticularbyMichelininFrance(1896),todevelopamuchheavier-dutydevice,thecartyre.ITodayawiderangeofsyntheticrubberisavailabletodesigners,manyforspecialtytasksrequiring,forexample,veryhighorlowtemperatures.Yetnaturalrubberisstillavaluableinternationalcommodity,helpingmanydevelopingcountriesearnusefulhardcurrency.Thetechnologyofprocessingtherawrubberhasimprovedgreatlyovertheyears,butthebasicsstillremainthesameastheywerewhenKewGardensselectedthebestplantsforcloningandtransplantingoveronehundredyearsago.27．ParagraphB正確答案：iv解析：B段主要介紹了橡膠的發(fā)現(xiàn)過程。在15世紀(jì)，哥倫布在西印度群島首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了橡膠(firstspottedbyColumbus)，那時橡膠被當(dāng)?shù)厝擞脕碜銮蚝脱b液體的袋子，還被用于古代的慶典中。B段與橡膠的發(fā)現(xiàn)和早期用途有關(guān)，故選iv項。28．ParagraphC正確答案：ix解析：根據(jù)C段提到的幾個時間點可知，本段介紹從橡膠發(fā)現(xiàn)后到1834年之間的使用有關(guān)。其發(fā)展大致為：1730年引入英國——1770年被發(fā)現(xiàn)可以擦掉鉛筆印記，但由于易變質(zhì)(deteriorationwithtime、degradinginair)未被廣泛使用——1791年用來做雨衣(mackintosh、raincoat)——1834年硫化法發(fā)明，使橡膠得以普及。綜觀各選項，有兩個選項與段中內(nèi)容相關(guān)，一是iii項中的makingyourcoatwaterpoof與1791年的raincoat相關(guān)，二是ix項Unpopularduetodecay與1770年的內(nèi)容一致。將這兩項作對比，文中僅一句帶過說可以用來做雨衣，并沒有展開論述iii項中的useful具體在哪，而ix項內(nèi)容與1770和1834的事件都是相關(guān)，占段落篇幅較多，故答案確定為ix項。選項中的dueto與C段中的Onereasonfor都是因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志，而deteriorationwithtime以及degradinginair與ix中decay的表述相符。29．ParagraphD正確答案：x解析：D段主要講述1846年充氣輪胎(pneumatictyres)的發(fā)明，該發(fā)明剛開始時是輪式車輛的一大進(jìn)步(agreatadvance)。之后第三句提到了其原理是依靠氣袋提供緩沖力(thecushionprovidedbytheairpocket)。但由于避免不了內(nèi)胎漏氣，充氣輪胎卻發(fā)展不起來(languished)，而之后出現(xiàn)硬質(zhì)橡膠輪胎。綜合來看，本段主要是論述充氣輪胎的發(fā)明，及其發(fā)展不起來的原因。但各選項中并無出現(xiàn)與此相關(guān)的主題詞，而x項的inprinciple可理解為“在理論上，按道理”，該項所說的“理論上的好主意”(暗示實際上行不通)正好是對充氣輪胎的概括，雖然理論上很好，但避免不了漏氣這一局限，最終發(fā)展不起來，故答案為x。30．ParagraphE正確答案：viii解析：E段提到的是越來越多的產(chǎn)品都開始使用硫化橡膠，從而使人們對天然橡膠的需求日益增長(growingdemand)。橡膠價格隨之飛漲(thepricesoared)。vii項中的newdemand可對應(yīng)原文的growingdemand，而escalatingcost指“攀升的價格”，與thepricesoared對應(yīng)，故答案為vii項。31．ParagraphF正確答案：v解析：F段與上段關(guān)系緊密，講述價格上漲的解決方法：英國皇家植物園用一些橡膠樹的種子育苗(raisehealthyplantsfromseeds)，之后那些幼苗被運到錫蘭和馬來西亞開始大面積種植。選項中有關(guān)種植橡膠樹有兩項，一是i項Howtogrowarubbertree“如何種植橡膠樹”以及v項Exportingnewforests“出口新的樹林”。而本段并沒有提及具體種植橡膠樹的步驟和方法，故可排除i項。而英國皇家植物園的做法，將原本只在巴西產(chǎn)的橡膠樹移植到其他國家(shippedtoCeylonandMalaysia)，其實就是V項所說的Exporting“出口”。而選項中的newforests又與文中的formthenucleusoflargeplantations“形成大種植園”相對應(yīng)，故確定v項為答案。32．ParagraphG正確答案：vi解析：由首尾句可知，G段主要講述新型自行車輪胎(firstbicycletyreemerge)的發(fā)明。而其發(fā)明者JohnDunlop改良充氣輪胎的契機是他的兒子在鵝卵石鋪成的街道上騎行時，感覺硬質(zhì)橡膠輪胎的三輪車坐得不舒服