英語(yǔ)論文寫作演示文稿1市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)百校聯(lián)賽特等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

關(guān)于美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)建模競(jìng)賽一、競(jìng)賽介紹二、競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析三、論文寫作及其注意事項(xiàng)第1頁(yè)一、美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)建模競(jìng)賽介紹MCM:MathematicalContestinModelingICM:InterdisciplinaryContestinModeling主辦：美國(guó)運(yùn)籌學(xué)和管理科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)、工業(yè)及應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)、美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)以及國(guó)家安全局贊助，美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)及應(yīng)用協(xié)會(huì)承接時(shí)間：每年二月份第二個(gè)周末，周四晚上8：00開(kāi)始，周一晚上8：00結(jié)束第2頁(yè)題目：MCM競(jìng)賽普通有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，都是依據(jù)各行各業(yè)教授提議精選出來(lái)實(shí)際問(wèn)題。問(wèn)題答案不是唯一，完全是開(kāi)放，主要考查參賽者處理問(wèn)題巧妙性，靈活性，新奇性。ICM只有一道題，涵蓋數(shù)學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)、環(huán)境工程及資源管理等概念建模問(wèn)題。第3頁(yè)二、競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt20MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\20題目.ppt年MCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\年題目.pptMCM競(jìng)賽題目閱讀與分析..\..\..\題目.ppt第4頁(yè)三、論文寫作及其注意事項(xiàng)1、科技論文結(jié)構(gòu)2、寫作中常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤3、寫作練習(xí)第5頁(yè)1、科技論文六大組成部分：a.標(biāo)題（title)b.作者信息(aboutauthor)c.摘要(abstract)d.關(guān)鍵詞(keywords)e.正文(body)：

introduction,proof,conclusionf.參考文件(references)第6頁(yè)a.標(biāo)題用名詞短語(yǔ)或可在開(kāi)頭加一個(gè)介詞on,表示“論…”或“關(guān)于…”.不寫成一個(gè)句子或一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，也不出現(xiàn)從句。第7頁(yè)比如，用積分法證實(shí)一個(gè)不等式WeproveaninequalitybytheintegrationProveaninequalitybytheintegrationProvinganinequalitybytheintegrationUsetheintegrationtoproveaninequalityAninequalityisprovedbytheintegrationAproofofaninequalitybytheintegrationToproveaninequalitybytheintegration第8頁(yè)標(biāo)題每一個(gè)實(shí)詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫，虛詞不用大寫；開(kāi)頭冠詞可省略，其它冠詞能省則省。TimeforaCoreCurriculumAComparisonofsomeNumericalMethodsAvailablefortheEstimationofTime-InvariantReliability例1：第9頁(yè)b.作者信息(詳細(xì)雜志要求有所不一樣)

多位作者之間加逗號(hào),一行排列

工作單位,所在城市,郵政編碼,國(guó)家另起一行

作者信息居中排列第10頁(yè)YunjieZhang,ShuqinYang

DepartmentofMathematics,DalianMaritimeUniversity,Liaoning,116024,China,比如：第11頁(yè)c.摘要

摘要要圍繞問(wèn)題要求寫能使那些對(duì)所論問(wèn)題有所了解讀者,讀了摘要就能對(duì)正文內(nèi)容、研究方法、研究目標(biāo)以及結(jié)論有個(gè)基本了解和明確概念.第12頁(yè)摘要包含：

主要結(jié)果：做了哪些事情，結(jié)果是什么

主要方法：用什么方法

創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容：與以前工作相比不一樣地方

必要時(shí)，這項(xiàng)研究背景，結(jié)果主要意義第13頁(yè)摘要英文寫作要求正規(guī)英語(yǔ)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語(yǔ)，防止使用縮寫字和非規(guī)范用語(yǔ)下面是一些正式語(yǔ)體，括號(hào)中是普通語(yǔ)體開(kāi)始commence(begin)，結(jié)束conclude(end)完成complete(finish)，最終eventually(intheend)使用employ/utilize(use)，足夠sufficient(enough)許多many(alotof)，快rapid(quick)當(dāng)心caution(care)，試，力爭(zhēng)endeavor(try)通慣用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)，最好用第三人稱，提倡用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)要統(tǒng)一。第14頁(yè)例1：OntheUniquenessofInverseProblemsofthePotentialTheoryTadiashviliAbstractInverseproblemsofpotentialtheoryareconsideredfortwoandthreedimensionaldomains.Theuniquenesstheoremsareprovedunderspecificrestrictionsontheboundariesofthedomainsandthedensitiesofpotentials.第15頁(yè)參考譯文關(guān)于位勢(shì)論逆問(wèn)題唯一性摘要本文考慮2維3維區(qū)域上位勢(shì)論逆問(wèn)題，并在對(duì)區(qū)域邊界和位勢(shì)密度作特殊限制下證實(shí)了唯一性定理。第16頁(yè)例2：遺傳算法(GeneticAlgorithm)是模擬生物進(jìn)化過(guò)程，在人工系統(tǒng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)特定目標(biāo)優(yōu)化隨機(jī)方法。本文針對(duì)大型工業(yè)系統(tǒng)非線性混合0-1規(guī)劃問(wèn)題提出了改進(jìn)遺傳算法，取得了很好效果。算例表明本文方法不但適合用于普通混合0-1規(guī)劃問(wèn)題，且具有取得全局最優(yōu)解能力。第17頁(yè)參考譯文：GeneticAlgorithmisarandommethodtooptimizeaspecificobjectiveinartificialsystemsbysimulatingbiologicalevolutionprocess.AnimprovedGeneticAlgorithmisproposedandisusedtononlinearcombined0-1programminginlargeindustrialsystemstogoodadvantages.Theapplicationprovedthatthismethodissuitableforgeneralnonlinearcombined0-1programmingandthesolutionistheglobaloptimization.第18頁(yè)例一、20建模題摘要舉例例二、20建模題摘要舉例例三、20建模題摘要舉例例四、20建模題摘要舉例例五、20建模題摘要舉例例六、年建模題摘要舉例例七、建模題摘要舉例第19頁(yè)d.關(guān)鍵詞:是在表示論文內(nèi)容、主題等方面有實(shí)際意義并起關(guān)鍵作用詞匯，通常是名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)，部分是有檢索意義動(dòng)詞和形容詞格式：Keywords后面不加冒號(hào)每?jī)蓚€(gè)關(guān)鍵詞之間用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)最終關(guān)鍵詞不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵詞首字母小寫，專有名詞除外英文題目、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞要與漢字對(duì)應(yīng)第20頁(yè)比如：

Keywordsmathematicscourses;Liouvilletheorem;creatingconsciousness第21頁(yè)e.正文主要是introduction寫法，通常包含：（1）研究理由、目標(biāo)和背景；（2）理論依據(jù)、試驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)和研究方法；（3）論文結(jié)構(gòu)；（4）預(yù)期結(jié)果及其作用、意義。

第22頁(yè)f.參考文件1）文件在論文中引用：引用次序與參考文件列出次序相同2）詳細(xì)寫法各家有各自要求，看“來(lái)稿須知”美國(guó)數(shù)模競(jìng)賽對(duì)寫作格式?jīng)]有尤其要求能夠按提議寫作格式寫提議美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)建模文章格式.doc第23頁(yè)2、英文寫作中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題(1)慣詞a,an,the使用方法比如：Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonsurfaceofmainandsplitterblades.ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobea3Dmodelingtool;itisgoodatdealingwithfreesurfacesandcurvesthethe第24頁(yè)(2)句子太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，主句和輔句分開(kāi)寫，若強(qiáng)調(diào)之間有聯(lián)絡(luò)，中間用分號(hào)。比如：Accordingtothecharacteristicoffan-coilair-conditioningsystems,thispaperderivesthecoolingformulaoffan-coilunitsbasedonheattransfertheoriesandputsforwardanewmethodtogaugecoolingnamedCoolingMeteringontheAirside,whichcanmonitortheindividualair-conditioningcoolingconsumptionduringaperiodoftimebydetectingtheparametersofinletaircondition-temperatureandhumidity-ofthefan-coilair-conditioningsystemaswellastheparametersofinletcoolingwaterprovidedbythechiller.Thenewmethod第25頁(yè)(3)給出符號(hào)代表意思，或給出一組數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，最好別用一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子寫，而使用列表形式會(huì)好一點(diǎn)。比如：Theclearheightofthecaseis6.15meters;thethicknessoftheroofis0.85meters;thethicknessofthebottomis0.90meters;theoverallwidthis26.6meters;theoveralllengthoftheaxialcordis304.5meters;thelengthofthejackingsectionisabout148.8meters;theweightofthecaseisabout24127tons.第26頁(yè)能夠?qū)懗桑篊aseclearanceheight6.15metersRoofthickness0.85metersBottomthickness0.90metersOverallwidth26.6metersOveralllengthoftheaxialcord304.5meters(approx.)Lengthofthejackingsection148.8meters(approx.)Weightofthecase24127tons第27頁(yè)(4)中國(guó)人習(xí)慣說(shuō)為了…，我們做了…。英文恰好相反，要直接說(shuō)我們做了…，到達(dá)了…目標(biāo)。要將說(shuō)明原因、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等從句盡可能放在后面，主要意思最先表示。例1：Fortheapplicationinautomobileinteriors,thispaperstudiesthenestingoptimizationprobleminleathermanufacturing.第28頁(yè)改為：Thispaperstudiesthenestingoptimizationprobleminleathermanufacturingfortheapplicationinautomobileinteriors.例2:Insidethetestbox,thespacewasfilledwithasbestos.改為：Thespaceinsidethetestboxwasfilledwithasbestos.第29頁(yè)例3：BasedonthetriangulationstructurebuiltfromunorganizedpointsoraCADmodel,theextendedSTLformatisdescribedinthissection.改為：TheextendedSTLformatisdescribedinthissectionbasedonthetriangulationstructurebuiltfromunorganizedpointsoraCADmodel.第30頁(yè)(5)濫用‘Inthispaper’,‘Inthisstudy’這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)主要用在：介紹或者總結(jié)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)文章內(nèi)容；和引用他人文章時(shí)尤其是“Inthispaper”給人感覺(jué)是你在說(shuō)他人文章這種時(shí)候，只要直接寫“thepaperpresents…”即可第31頁(yè)（6）respectively使用方法正確使用方法：Bobby,NicoleandDarenworered,greenandbluecoats,respectively.錯(cuò)誤使用方法：Theweightsofthetwoexpertsarerespectively0.600and0.400Equations2~6canberespectivelylinearizedas…(equationsgiven)

respectivelyrepectively第32頁(yè)Thisarticlerespectivelyproposedthevectordatacompressionmodelbasedongeneticalgorithmandtheimprovedmethodofvectordatacompressionbasedondynamicprogrammingalgorithm.第33頁(yè)(7)Suchas和etc.使用方法suchas用作舉例時(shí)，是列出其中一部分而不是全部；etc.是表示除了以上提到以外還有沒(méi)列出。所以兩個(gè)沒(méi)必要同時(shí)用。

IncorrectStudiesofmethodologyandprocessofimplementingremanufacturingmainlyfocusondurableproductssuchasautomobilemotors,printers,andetc.

CorrectStudiesofmethodologyandprocessofimplementingremanufacturingmainlyfocusondurableproductssuchasautomobilemotorsandprinters.

第34頁(yè)IncorrectComparedtotraditionalindustry,Micro-electronicfabricationhasthreecharacteristicssuchashighcomplexity,highprecisionandhighautomation.

CorrectComparedtotraditionalindustry,Micro-electronicfabricationhasthreecharacteristics:highcomplexity,highprecisionandhighautomation.第35頁(yè)(8)阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字和數(shù)學(xué)方程使用方法阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字不能出現(xiàn)在句子開(kāi)頭12parameterswereselectedfortheexperiment.(Twelve)科技文章中，阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字給出是數(shù)據(jù)，不應(yīng)該是信息All3studiesconcludedthatthemeantemperature(three)shouldbe30°數(shù)學(xué)方程不能插入句子中IfthepowerbatterySOC>SOC10andthedriving(isgreaterthan)torquebelongstothemiddleload,…第36頁(yè)（9）中國(guó)人慣用多出使用方法：InsteadofsayorsayResearchworkResearchWorkLimitconditionLimitConditionKnowledgememoryKnowledgeMemorySketchmapSketchMapLayoutschemeLayoutSchemeArrangementplanArrangementPlanSimulationresultsSimulationResultsKnowledgeinformationKnowledgeInformationCalculationresultsCalculationResultsApplicationresultsApplicationResults第37頁(yè)（10）注意不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞：ResultsareshowedasFig.2改為:ResultsareshowninFig.2(11)“Howto…”不能放在句子開(kāi)頭：Howtofindtheoptimalparameteristhemainobjective改為：Determininghowtofindtheoptimalparameteristhemainobjective第38頁(yè)盡可能不用“obviously”盡可能用句子表示意思，而不用“thatistosay”，或者“namely”在科技文章中，盡可能別用“too”放到句末表示“也…”。英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后要加一空格每一段落說(shuō)明一個(gè)意思，之前要空一行，或空大約一英寸空間第39頁(yè)(12)一個(gè)句子中，前后主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)上一定要對(duì)稱，要分析英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言與漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表示方式不一樣例1、我們重點(diǎn)放在第二章所介紹內(nèi)容。Ouremphasisisputonwhatisdescribedinchapter2.(注意“內(nèi)容”并未直譯）例2、這儀器體積小。Thisdeviceissmallinsize/volume.例3、變量A與變量B關(guān)系由歐拉公式確定。VariableAisrelatedtovariableBbytheEulerformula.第40頁(yè)例4、解這個(gè)方程方法是選擇適當(dāng)變換參數(shù)。Theequationissolvedbychoosingsuitabletransformationparameter.例5、Becauseofusingtherandomoptimiz-ationtechnology,anddoesnotrequirethequestionofcontinuityordifferentiability,ithasagreaterprobabilitytogettheglobaloptimalsolution.第41頁(yè)改為：ItismorepossibletogettheglobaloptimalsolutionbecausetherandomoptimizationtechnologyusedintheGeneticalgorithmdoesnotrequiretodiscussthecontinuityanddifferentiability.

第42頁(yè)例6、Tooptimizethesolutionofthiscompressionerrorfunction,firstitneedstodefineanon-consecutivetwo-dimensionalstatespaceΩ,andestablishtherelationshipbetweentheNbnodesonFbeforecompressionandthenumberofthesub-segmentonF'aftercompression.第43頁(yè)修改為：Tooptimizethesolutionofthiscompressionerrorfunction,anon-consecutivetwo-dimensionalstatespaceΩshouldbedefinedandtherelationshipbetweentheNbnodesonFbeforecompressionandthenumberofthesub-segmentonF'aftercompressionshouldbeestablished.第44頁(yè)下面一段話指代混亂，沒(méi)法讀懂意思Thispaperwhichaimsatthelinegraphicelementsandtakestomakethecurvewithfewernodesandlesserroraftercompressedasthegoalmakesresearchonthevectordatacompressionmodelandmethodbasedonthedynamicprogrammingalgorithm,

andproposesamethodwhichcanself-adaptiveconstructtheoptimalmethodtosearchthebandwidth.第45頁(yè)例7、ThestudyonequilibriumexchangerateofRMBbasedonpurchasingpowerparity(PPP),hasneverstopped,andthegreatestcontributionofthePPPeconomistsisthatthedetermineofequilibriumexchangerateintheiranalyze

hastransferredfromthesinglevariabletothemulti-variable,providingasolidtheoreticfoundationforthecomingstudies.第46頁(yè)重新組織以下：ThestudyonequilibriumexchangerateofRMBbasedonpurchasingpowerparity(PPP)hasneverstopped.Thenumberofthevariablesconsideredindeterminingofequilibriumexchangeratehasbeenextended/generalizedfromasinglevariabletomulti-variables,whichisthegreatestcontributionofthePPPeconomistsandprovidesasolidtheoreticfoundationforthefuturestudies.第47頁(yè)科技論文慣用表示：1）表示假設(shè)…Suppose+that從句；assume+that從句2）設(shè)…，令…SetA={1,2,3…}；putA={…}；letxbeaset3）記作…Denotethedifferentialofafunction?byd?Thedifferentialofafunction?isdenotedbyd?4）把…叫做；稱為…Call/say/thelimittheintegralof?(x)ontheinterval[a,b]第48頁(yè)5)表示得出結(jié)論Wededucethaty=2Wehavetheequalityay+x=0From(1)and(2)followsthatx=y+16)表示“與…矛盾”Thiscontradictsproperty1Thisiscontradictorytoproperty1Thisisincontradictionwithproperty17)條件從句If…then…;when…;as….第49頁(yè)充分條件：sufficientcondition必要條件：necessarycondition充要條件：ifandonlyif…;whenandonlywhen8)表示補(bǔ)充、伴隨情況用with引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)例：假設(shè)函數(shù)y=?(x)可導(dǎo)，定義域?yàn)镈,值域?yàn)镽Supposethatafunctiony=?(x)isdifferentiablewithdomainDandrangeR.

第50頁(yè)9)表示目：suchthat例：AisanelementintheunionofnsetsA1,A2,…Anifandonlyifthereexistsatleastoneiintheset{1,2,…,n}suchthataisanelementinAi.10)表示原因：since…,as…,owingto…

11)證實(shí)過(guò)程中以下表示：所以:hence;so;thus;therefore(慣用在證實(shí)最終）據(jù)…:accordingto…;by…第51頁(yè)12)過(guò)去分詞使用thewantedcoefficientsthenormalizedpolynomialsthewell-orderedsetthegeneralizedsolutionsGivenε>0,thereexistsδ>0suchthat，thenwesaythelimitof?(x)whenxapproachesaisA第52頁(yè)13)現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明經(jīng)過(guò)某種運(yùn)算，某種方法，有什么樣結(jié)果Settingn→∞,weobtainthedesiredResult.Dividingthebothsidesbythesamenumbera,wededucethesolutionoftheequation.例：做勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)物體不處于平衡狀態(tài)Abody/anobjectmovingwithanuniformspeedinacircleisnotinequilibrium.第53頁(yè)14)適當(dāng)用句型”動(dòng)詞名次形式+make”,少用動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)例1:這里,我們把無(wú)理數(shù)與有理數(shù)做個(gè)比較Irrationalnumbersarecomparedwithrationalnumbershere.Acomparisonofirrationalnumberswithrationalnumbersismadehere.例2:本書簡(jiǎn)明介紹數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)Abriefintroductionisgiventofundamentalsofadigitalcomputerinthisbook

第54頁(yè)寫作練習(xí)1、在x-軸上O點(diǎn)右邊選定一個(gè)適當(dāng)點(diǎn)，并把它到O點(diǎn)距離稱為單位長(zhǎng)度Onthex-axischooseanappropriatepointtotherightofOandcallthedistancefromthispointtoOtheunitdistance.（祈使句）AconvenientpointischosentotherightofOonthex-axisanditsdistancefromOiscalledtheunitdistance.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）第55頁(yè)2、在這個(gè)區(qū)間存在一個(gè)數(shù)屬于集合AThereexistsanumberinthisintervalbelongingtothesetA3、若a,b非負(fù)，則得到不等式而當(dāng)a=b時(shí)，等式成立Ifa,barenegative,wehavetheinequality

andtheequalityoccurswhena=b;;第56頁(yè)4、若?是一個(gè)給定函數(shù)，x是定義域里一個(gè)元素，那么記號(hào)?(x)用來(lái)表示由?確定對(duì)應(yīng)于x值If?isagivenfunctionandxisanelementofitsdomain,then?(x)representsthevalueassignedby?associatedwithx.5、該射線將兩個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸夾角分成兩個(gè)相等角Thisraydivides/separatestheanglemadebytwocoordinateaxesintotwoidenticalparts/angles.第57頁(yè)6、我們關(guān)心主要問(wèn)題是當(dāng)n無(wú)限增加時(shí)，普通項(xiàng)?(n)是否趨近于一個(gè)有限數(shù)Themainquestionweareconcernedwithiswhetherthegeneralterm?(n)approachesafinitenumberasnincreasesinfinitely.7、我們將該集合每一個(gè)元素都用一個(gè)正整數(shù)作下標(biāo)，這使我們很方便引用第一項(xiàng)，第二項(xiàng)，乃至更普通第n項(xiàng)Welabeledeachelementofthesetwithapositiveintegerassubscriptssotha