PVsyst Tutorials V7 說明書資料手冊（英文）

1PVsystSA-RoutedelaMaison-Carrée30-1242Satigny-SwitzerlandINTRODUCTIONThisdocumentisafirststepofaseriesoftutorialswhichexplaintheuseofPVsystVersion7andmaybeunderstoodasaPVsystuser'smanual.Itcontainsthreedifferenttutorialsdescribingthebasicaspectsofthe

simulation:Creationofagrid-connected

projectConstructionanduseof3Dshadings

scenesMeteorologicaldatain

PVsystMoretutorialsareinpreparationandwillbeaddedinthefuture.TheywillexplaininmoredetailthedifferentfeaturesofPVsyst.ThecompletereferencemanualforPVsystistheonlinehelp,whichisaccessiblefromthe

programthroughthe“Help”entriesinthemenus,bypressingtheF1keyorby

clickingonthehelp

icons insidethewindowsand

dialogs.23ContentsINTRODUCTION

2Contents

3Part1:BasicApproach-MyFirstProject

41- FirstcontactwithPVsyst

42- Fullstudyofasampleproject

53- SavingtheProject

94- Executingthefirstsimulation

135- Addingfurtherdetailstoyourproject

18Part2:3DNearShadingsConstructionBasics

321- Definingthe3Dscene:332- Usethe3Dsceneinthesimulation

54Part3:MeteorologicalDataManagement

601- Introduction

602- Geographicalsites

633- Syntheticdatageneration

684- Meteotablesandgraphs

705- ImportingMeteodatafrompredefinedsources

746- ImportingMeteodatafromcustomfile

77Part4:ComponentsManagement

871- PVModulesdefinitioninPvsyst

872- InverterdefinitioninPvsyst92Part1:BasicApproach-MyFirst

Project1-Firstcontactwith

PVsystWhenopeningPVsystyougettothemain

page:Thisgivesaccesstothefourmainpartsofthe

program:“Projectdesignandsimulation”isthemainpartofthesoftwareandisusedforthecompletestudyofaproject.Itinvolvesthechoiceofmeteorologicaldata,systemdesign,shadingstudies,lossesdetermination,andeconomicevaluation.Thesimulationisperformedoverafullyearinhourlystepsandprovidesacompletereportandmanyadditional

results.“Recentprojects”allowsyoutoquicklyfindandmodifyyourrecent

projects“Documentation”willhelpyouintherealizationofyourdifferentsimulationswiththehelpof

PDFtutorials,Videosanda

FAQ.“PvsystuserWorkspace”containsalldatacreatedbytheuser.ThedefaultplaceisC:\Users\<username>\Pvsyst7.0_Databutthiscanbechangedbytheuser42-Fullstudyofasample

projectProjectspecificationsandgeneral

procedureForanintroductiontothedevelopmentofaprojectdesigninPVsyst,wewillwalkthroughafullprojectstep-by-step.Asanexample,wewillconsiderafarmlocatedinSwitzerlandclosetoGeneva.Thebuildinginquestionisshownonthefollowing

sketch:Theroofofthefarmisfacingsouth.Aroofsurfaceof125m2isavailable,andweplantocover50m2ofthemwithmono-crystallinePV

modules.Asexplainedbefore,wewillnotusethe“PreliminaryDesign”foragrid-connectedproject,but

ratherstartthecomplete“Project

design”.35

m10m35mN

20°

Suttousc?tés:avant-toitsde0.5

MH=

5m8m10

m10mD=6mH=12mElévation

: Pentetoiture

25°5Whenyouchoose"Gridconnected"project,youwillgetthefollowingdashboardforthemanagementofaproject:Thedashboardhastwoparts:TheProjectbasicdefinitionsandtheSystemvariant

management.The‘Project’inPVsyst,isjustacentralobjectforwhichyouwillconstructdifferentvariants(alsocalledsystemconfigurationsorcalculationvariants)ofyoursystem.TheProjectcontainsthegeographicalsiteofyoursystem,thereferencetoafilewiththemeteorologicaldata,andsomegeneralparametersliketheAlbedodefinition,somesizingconditionsandparametersspecifictothisproject.InthePVsystworkspaceitwillgetafilenamewiththeextension

*.PRJ.EachSystemVariantcontainsallthedetaileddefinitionsofyoursystem,whichwillresultinasimulationcalculation.Thesedefinitionsincludethechoiceofsolarpanelsandinverters,thenumberofpanelsandinverters,geometricallayoutandpossibleshadings,electricalconnections,differenteconomicscenarios,etc.Inthedatabase,thefileswiththeVariantsofaprojectwillhavetheProject'sfilename,withextensionsVC0,VC1,VCA,etc.Youcandefineupto936Variantsper

project.6Stepsinthedevelopmentofa

projectWhendevelopingaprojectinPVsyst,youareadvisedtoproceedinsmallincremental

steps:Createaprojectbyspecifyingthegeographicallocationandthemeteorological

data.Defineabasicsystemvariant,includingonlytheorientationofthePVmodules,therequiredpoweroravailableareaandthetypeofPVmodulesandinvertersthatyouwouldliketouse.PVsystwillproposeabasicconfigurationforthischoiceandsetreasonabledefaultvaluesforallparametersthatarerequiredforafirstcalculation.Thenyoucansimulatethisvariantandsaveit.Itwillbethefirstroughapproximationthatwillberefinedinsuccessive

iterations.Definesuccessivevariantsbyprogressivelyaddingperturbationstothisfirstsystem,e.g.,farshadings,nearshadings,specificlossparameters,economicevaluation,etc.Youshouldsimulateandsaveeachvariantsothatyoucancomparethemandunderstandtheimpactofallthedetailsyouareaddingtothesimulation.Tips-HelpInPVsyst,youcanalwaysgettothecontextHelpbypressingF1.Sometimesyouwillalsoseelittle

bluequestion

markbuttons .ClickingonthemwillleadtomoredetailedinformationonthetopicintheHelp

section.WhenPVsystdisplaysmessagesinred,youareadvisedtocarefullyreadthem!Theymaybeeitherwarningsorerrormessages,ortheycanbeproceduresthatshouldbefollowedtogetacorrect

result.DefiningtheProjectIntheprojectdashboardclickon?Newproject?anddefinetheproject's

name.Thenclickon“Siteand

Meteo”.Youcaneitherchooseasitefromthebuilt-indatabase,whichholdsaround2,550sitesfromMeteonorm,oryoucandefineanewsitethatcanbelocatedanywhereontheglobe.Pleasereferto

the7tutorial“MeteorologicalDatamanagement"ifyouwanttocreateorimportasiteotherthanthoseavailableinthe

database.Theproject’ssitedefinesthecoordinates(Latitude,Longitude,AltitudeandTimezone),andcontainsmonthlymeteorological

data.ThesimulationwillbebasedonaMeteofilewithhourlydata.Ifanearmeteofileexistsinthevicinity(lessthan20km),itwillbeproposed.OtherwisePVsystwillcreateasynthetichourlydatasetbasedonthemonthlymeteovaluesofyoursite.However,youcanalwayschooseanotherMeteofileinthedatabase.Awarningwillbeissuedifitistoofarfromyour

site.NB:Ifyoustartbychoosingameteofile,youhavethepossibilityofcopyingthesiteassociatedwiththisfiletotheProject's

site.Intheprojectdashboardyoucanclickonthebutton"Projectsettings"whichwillgiveyouaccesstothecommonprojectparameters,namelythealbedovalues,thedesignconditions,designlimitationsandinterface

preferences.Usuallyyouwillnevermodifythealbedofactor.Thevalueof0.2isastandardadoptedbymostpeople.Nevertheless,ifforexampleyoursiteislocatedinthemountains,youcandefineinthistableahigheralbedofactorlike0.8forthemonthswithsignificantsnow

cover.Thesecondtabintheprojectparametersdialogcontainsthe"DesignConditions"

page.8Thispagedefinessizingtemperatures,whichmaybesite-dependent.Theseareonlyusedduringthesizingofyoursystem;theyarenotinvolvedinthe

simulation.The"LowertemperatureforAbsoluteVoltageLimit"isanimportantsite-dependentvalue,asitisrelatedtothesafetyofyoursystem(itdeterminesthemaximumarrayvoltageinanyconditions).Ideally,itshouldbetheminimumtemperatureevermeasuredduringdaylightatthislocation.InCentralEuropethecommonpracticeistochoose-10°C(lowerinmountain

climates).3-Savingthe

ProjectWhenyouarefinished(i.e.youhavegonetotheVariantchoices),youwillbepromptedtosavetheproject.Thedialogthatcomesupallowsyoutorenametheproject.Werecommendthatyouuseasimplefilename,sinceitwillbeusedasalabelforallthe

Variants.9Creatingthefirst(basic)variantforthis

projectAfterhavingdefinedthesiteandthemeteorologicalinputoftheproject,youcanproceedtocreatethefirstVariant.Youwillnotice,thatinthebeginningthereare2buttonsmarkedinred:“Orientation”and“System”.Theredcolormeansthatthisvariantoftheprojectisnotyetreadyforthesimulation,additionalinputisrequired.Thebasicparametersthathavetobedefinedforanyvariant,andthatwehavenotspecifiedyet,aretheorientationofthesolarpanels,thetypeandnumberofPVmodulesandthetypeandnumberofinvertersthatwillbe

used.First,clickon"Orientation".Youwillgettheorientationdialogwhereyouhavetosupplyvaluesforthetypeoffieldforthesolarinstallationandtiltandazimuth

angles.10Thesolarpanelsinourexamplewillbeinstalledonafixedtiltedplane.Fromtheproject'sdrawing(page5)wegetthePlaneTiltandAzimuthangles(25°and20°westrespectively).TheazimuthisdefinedastheanglebetweentheSouthdirectionandthedirectionwherethepanelsarefacing.Anglestothewestarecountedpositive,whileanglestotheeastarecounted

negative.Aftersettingthecorrectvaluesfortiltandazimuth,youclickon"OK"andthe“Orientation”button

willturngreen.Nextclickon

"System".PresizingHelpFromthesystemdescription,werememberthatwehaveanavailableareaofaround50m2.Itisnotmandatorytodefineavaluehere,butdoingsowillsimplifyourfirstapproachasitwillallowPVsysttoproposeasuitable

configuration.SelectaPV

moduleChooseaPVmoduleinthedatabase.Among"Allmodules",select"Generic"asmanufacturerandselectthe300Wmodel.InthebottomrightpartofthedialogPVsystwilldisplayahintforchoosingtheinverter:"PleasechoosetheInvertermodel,thetotalpowershouldbe7kWormore."Selectthe

InverterFortheinstallationinourexamplewecanchooseamonophasedinverterofaround7kW.WechoosetheGeneric7.5kWinverter,andPVsystproposesacompleteconfigurationforthesystem:1inverter,2strings,eachwith15modulesconnectedin

series.11Afterthemoduletype,theinverterandthedesignofthearrayhavebeendefined,thebluepanelinthebottomrightpartofthedialogshouldbeeitheremptyororange.Ifyougetarederrormessage,checkallchoicesyoumadeandcorrectthemtothevaluesdescribedabove(itmaytakeashortmomentforthemessagetoadapttothechangesyou

make).Wehavenowdefinedallmandatoryelementsthatareneededforafirstsimulation.Wewillgothroughmoredetailsofthisveryimportantdialoglaterinthistutorial.Fornow,youcanclickon"OK"tovalidatethechoices.Youwillgetamessageboxwiththewarning:“Theinverterpowerisslightly

undersized”.ForthetimebeingwewillignoreitandjustacknowledgewiththeOK

button.Messagecolorsin

PVsystInmanyofthePVsystdialogsyouwillbepromptedwithmessagesthataremeanttoguideyouthroughthedifferentstepsofthedefinitionandexecutionofasimulation.Thecolorofthetextgivesyouaclueonhowimportantthemessageis:Messagesinblackareadditionalinformationorinstructionsonhowtoproceed.Warningsinorangeindicatedesignimperfections,butthesystemisstillacceptable.Errorsinredmeanseriousmistakes,whichwillpreventtheexecutionofthesimulation.Asimilarcolorcodeisalsovalidforthebuttonsontheproject'sdashboard

(inadditionagreyed-outbuttonmeans“hasnotbeen

defined”).124-Executingthefirst

simulationOntheProject'sdashboard,allbuttonsarenowgreen(possiblyorange)or

Off.The"RunSimulation"buttonisactivated,andwecanclickon

it.Thesimulationdatesarethoseoftheunderlyingmeteodatafile.Don'tmodifythem(youcannotperformasimulationoutsideoftheavailablemeteo

data).Thepreliminarydefinitionsareadditionalfeatureswhichmaybedefinedforadvancedpurposes.Wewillskipthemfornow,andclickrightawayon

“Simulation”.13Aprogressbarwillappear,indicatinghowmuchofthesimulationisstilltobeperformed.Uponcompletion,the"OK"buttonwillgetactive.Whenyouclickonit,youwillgetdirectlytothe"Results"dialog.Analyzingthe

resultsThisdialogshowsonthetopashortsummaryofthesimulationparametersthatyoushouldquicklychecktomakesurethatyoumadenoobviousmistakeintheinputparameters.Totherightisaframewithsixvaluesthatsummarizeatoneglancethemainresultsofthesimulation.Theyonlygiveaverycoarsepictureoftheresultsandaretheretoquicklyspotobviousmistakesortogetafirstimpressionofachangeoracomparisonbetweenvariantsoftheproject.Inthebottompartofthedialogyouwillseeseveraldiagrams,whichgivesyoualreadymoredetailedinformationaboutthegeneralbehaviorofthesystem.The"DailyInput/Outputdiagram"displaysforeverydaythatwassimulated,theenergythatwasinjectedtothegridasafunctionoftheglobalincidentirradiationinthecollectorplane.Forawelldimensionedgrid-connectedsystem,thisshouldberoughlyastraightlinethatslightlysaturatesforlargeirradiationvalues.Thisslightcurvatureisatemperatureeffect.Ifsomepoints(days)deviateathighirradiances,thisisanindicationofoverloadconditions.Forstand-alonesystems,aplateauindicatesoverload(fullbattery)operation.Themaininformationofthesimulationresultsisgatheredinthereport.Theotherbuttonsgiveaccesstocomplementarytablesandgraphsforadeeperanalysisofthesimulationresults.Fornowwewillignorethem.Whenyouclick

on youwillgetthecompletereport,whichforthisfirst

simple14variantconsistsofonlythreepages(forsimulationswithmoredetailyoucangetupto11pagesofreport).Inthisreportyouwill

find:Firstpage:Alltheparametersunderlyingthissimulation:GeographicsituationandMeteodataused,planeorientation,generalinformationaboutshadings(horizonandnearshadings),componentsusedandarrayconfiguration,lossparameters,

etc.Secondpage:Areminderofthemainparameters,andthemainresultsofthesimulation,withamonthlytableandgraphsofnormalized

values.Thirdpage:ThePVsystarrowlossdiagram,showinganenergybalanceandalllossesalongthesystem.Thisisapowerfulindicatorofthequalityofyoursystem,andwillimmediatelyindicatethesizingerrors,ifthey

exist.Analyzingthe

reportSecondpage:main

resultsForourfirstsystem:threerelevantquantitiesarenow

defined:ProducedEnergy:Thebasicresultofour

simulation.Specificproduction:TheproducedenergydividedbytheNominalpowerofthearray(PnomatSTC).Thisisanindicatorofthepotentialofthesystem,takingintoaccountirradianceconditions(orientation,sitelocation,meteorological

conditions).Performanceratio:Anindicatorofthequalityofthesystemitself,independentlyoftheincomingirradiance.Wewillgiveitsdefinition

below.Thebottomofthesecondpagecontainsatablewiththemainvariables,givenasmonthlyvaluesandtheoverallyearlyvalue.Theyearlyvaluecanbeanaveragelikethetemperature,orasum,liketheirradiationorenergies.Themeaningofthedifferentvariablesisthe

following:GlobHor:Tamb:GlobInc:Globalirradiationinthehorizontalplane.Thisisourmeteoinputvalue.Ambient(dry-bulb)averagetemperature.Thisisalsoourmeteoinput

value.Globalirradiationinthecollectorplane,aftertransposition,butwithoutanyopticalcorrections(oftennamedPOAforPlaneofArray)."Effective"globalirradiationonthecollectors,i.e.afteropticallosses(farandnearshadings,IAM,soilinglosses).EnergyproducedbythePVarray(inputofthe

inverters).Energyinjectedintothegrid,afterinverterandACwiringlosses.PVarrayefficiencyEArrayrelatedtotheirradianceontheCollector'stotalarea.SystemefficiencyE_GridrelatedtotheirradianceontheCollector'stotal

area.GlobEff:EArray:E_Grid:EffArrR:EffSysR:15Themonthlygraphsonthesecondpageofthereportaregiveninunitscalled?NormalizedPerformanceIndex".Thesevariableshavebeenspecifiedbythe"JointResearchCenter"JRC(Ispra)forastandardizedreportofPVsystemperformance,andtheyarenowdefinedintheinternationalIEC61836norm.ThePVsystonlinehelpcontainsafullexplanationofthesevalues(youcandirectlyaccessthissectionoftheonlinehelpbypressingF1whenyouareonthispageofthereport).Intheseunitsthevaluesareexpressedin[kW/kWp/day]andcontainthefollowing

information:YrReferenceYieldEnergyproductionifthesystemwerealwaysrunningat"nominal"efficiency,asdefinedbythearrayPnom(nameplatevalue)at

STC.ThisisnumericallyequivalenttotheGlobIncvalueexpressedin

[kWh/m2/day].Ya

Arrayyield EnergyproductionofthearrayYfLcLsPRFinal

System

yield Energytothegrid=Yr–YaArraycapture

losses=Ya–YfSystem

losses=Yf/YrPerformanceRatio=E_Grid/(GlobInc

Pnom(nameplate))16Thirdpage:arrowloss

diagramThisisthePVsystwayofreportingthesystem'sbehavior,withalldetailedlosses.Thisdiagramisveryusefulfortheanalysisofthedesignchoices,andshouldbeusedwhencomparingsystemsorvariantsofthesame

project.GlobHorGlobIncHorizontalirradiation(meteovalue):startingpoint.Aftertransposition(referenceforthecalculationofPR,whichincludestheopticallosses).Theopticallosses.Whenaddingfurtherdetailstoavariant,therewillbeadditionalarrowsforfarandnearshadings,soiling,

etc.Energyonthe

collectors.ArraynominalenergyatSTC(=GlobEffEffic.

nom).Collectionlosses(irradiance,temperature,mismatch,modulequality,wiring,etc.).Arrayavailableenergyat

MPP.Efficiencyandeventualoverloadloss(allothersareusuallynull).Availableenergyattheoutputofthe

inverter.Eventualwiring,transformerlossesbetweeninverterandinjectionpoint,unavailability.Energyinjectedintothegrid.IAMGlobEff·Coll.

AreaEArrNomArray

lossesEArrMPPInverter

lossesEOutInvAC

lossesEGridThereportcanbesenttoaprinterorcopiedtotheclipboard.TheseoptionsareaccessiblethroughthePrint

button .Hereyoucanselectwhichpartsofthereportshouldbeprintedorcopiedanddefinecommentsthatwillshowupintheheaderofthereport.Withthe“Settings”buttonyoucancustomizeevenmoredetailsfortheheadercommentsandtheclipboardcopy

resolution.17SavingthesimulationTakethehabitto"Save"yourdifferentvariantsforfurthercomparisons.Chooseameaningfultitletoeasilyidentifyyourvariantinthefuture.Thistitlewillbementionedonthereport(itcanalsobedefinedinanearlierstep,forexampleatthetimeofthe

simulation).Thefirstvariantwillbesavedinthefile"DEMO_Residential_Geneva_FirstSimulation.VC0".LaterVariantswillgetthefileendingsVC1,VC2,etc.IfyouwanttocreateanewVariant,makesurethatyouuse"SaveAs"toavoidoverwritingyourpreviousvariants.Toopenprevioussimulationsoftheproject,youjustselectavariantinthedrop-down

list.5-Addingfurtherdetailstoyour

variantAfterthisfirst"standard"simulation,youcanprogressivelyaddthespecificdetailstoyourproject.Youareadvisedtoperformandsaveanewsimulationateachstepinordertocheckitseffectandpertinence-especiallybyanalyzingthe"Loss

diagram".Farshadings,Horizon

profileThehorizonprofileisonlysuitedforshadingobjectsthatarelocatedsufficientlyfarawayfromyourPVsystem,sothattheshadingsmaybeconsideredglobalonyourarray.Thisisthecasewhenthedistancetotheshadingobjectismorethanabout10timesthePVsystemsize.TheHorizonProfileisacurvethatisdefinedbyasetof(Height,Azimuth)

points.TheFarShadingsoperateinanON/OFFmode:i.e.atagiventime,thesunisorisnotpresentonthefield.Whenthesunisbehindthehorizonthebeamcomponentbecomesnull.Theeffectonthediffusecomponentwillbeexplained

below.Clickingthe"Horizon"buttonwillopenagraphofthesunpathsforthesiteofthe

project.18Youcaneitherdefinethehorizonlinemanually.Forthisthevalues(Height,Azimuthsetofpoints)havetoberecordedon-siteusingacompassandaclinometer(measuringtheheightangles),alandsurveyororsomespecificinstrument,photographs,etc.Butyoucanalsoimportahorizonlinethathas

beengeneratedwiththe“SunEye”deviceorsomededicatedsoftwareasexplained

below.Definingahorizonlineby

hand:Youcanmoveanyoftheredpoints,bydraggingitwiththemouse,ordefineaccuratelyitsvaluesintheeditboxesontheright.Forcreatinganewpointright-clickanywhere.Fordeletingapointright-clickonthepoint.YoucansavethishorizonasafileforfurtheruseinotherPVsyst

projects.Whenyouclickonthe“Read/

Import”

button youwillgetthe“Horizonprofilereading/importation”dialog.YoucaneitherreadahorizonlinethatyouhavepreviouslysavedinPVsyst,oryoucanimportapredefinedformatfromsourcesexternaltoPVsyst.1920ImportingHorizonfromSolmetric"SunEye"

instrumentThe"SunEye"recordsthehorizonlineusingafisheyecamera,andprovidestheresultinseveralfiles.Youshouldchoosethefilecalled"ObstructionElevation.csv".Donotusethe"Sky0x_PVsyst.hor"file!Thisisanobsoleteformat,whichwascreatedbySolmetricsfortheoldversions4.xxof

PVsyst.NB:Ifnearobjectsarepresentonthepicturestakenbythe“SunEye”,youshouldremovethemfromthedatabyeditingthehorizonlineafterimporting

it.ImportingHorizonfromthe"Carnaval"

software"Carnaval"isageoreferredfreesoftware(includingaltimetrydata),whichisabletocreateahorizonlinestartingfromgeographicalcoordinates-LatitudeandLongitude–ofasite.ItworksonlyforlocationsinFranceanditsneighboring

countries.NB:Youshouldnotusethe‘nearobjects’optioninthissoftwarewhencreatingthefarshadingsforPVsyst.Carnavalproducesafilenamed“YourProject.masque.txt”.Youwillhavetorenamethisfile,removingthe".masque"characters,asPVsystdoesnotacceptfilenameswith2dotsin

them.ImportingHorizonfromthe?Horiz'ON"

softwareThe"CameraMaster"toolisaspecialsupportforphotocameras,whichallowstotakeaseriesofpicturesinprecisehorizontalrotationsteps(every20°inazimuth).Thesoftware"Horiz'ON"gathersthesephotographsinasinglepanoramapicture,onwhichyoucandrawthehorizonlinebyusingthemouse.Thesoftwarewillproduceafileformatofthehorizonlinethatisdirectlyreadablein

PVsyst.NB:Whenyouwanttocreateahorizonlinestartingfromageographicallocation(likeinCarnavalorMeteonorm),theexactcoordinatesofyourPVsystemhavetobecarefullydefined.YoumaydeterminethemusingGoogleEarthorwithaGPSinstrument.Keepinmindthatadegreeinlatitudecorrespondsto111km,aminuteto1850mandasecondto31m.Forthelongitudethisisalsovalidforlocationsontheequator.Asyoumoveawayfromtheequatorthesevalueswill

decrease.Usingthehorizoninthe

simulationAfterdefiningahorizonline,thebuttonintheprojectdashboardwillturnfromgreyed-outtogreen.Ifwenowperformagainasimulationtheshadingofthehorizonwillbetakenintoaccount.Thereport

willnowhaveanadditionalpage.Onthesecondpageofthereportyouwillfindthehorizondefinitionandthesungraphthatincludesthefarshading

effect:Alsothelossdiagramonthelastpageofthereportwillnowincludetheeffectofthefar

shadings:Nearshadings,3D

constructionTheconstructionofthenearshadingsisdescribedinthededicatedchapter“3DNearShadingsConstruction”.Thenearshadingstreatment(shadingofnearobjects)requiresafull3DrepresentationofyourPVsystem