英文介紹武漢-有關(guān)武漢的信息

WuhanWuhan(\o"SimplifiedChinesecharacters"simplifiedChinese:武漢;\o"TraditionalChinesecharacters"traditionalChinese:武漢;\o"Pinyin"pinyin:Wǔhàn;Mandarinpronunciation:

\o"Wikipedia:IPAforMandarin"[wu??xan??]\o"Zh-Wuhan.ogg"[Listen](\o"Wikipedia:Mediahelp"help·\o"File:Zh-Wuhan.ogg"info))isthecapitalof\o"Hubei"Hubeiprovince,\o"People'sRepublicofChina"People'sRepublicofChina,andisthemostpopulouscityincentralChina.Itliesattheeastof\o"JianghanPlain(pagedoesnotexist)"JianghanPlain,andtheintersectionofthemiddlereachesofthe\o"YangtzeRiver"Yangtzeand\o"HanRiver(Hanshui)"HanRiver.Arisingoutoftheconglomerationofthreeboroughs,\o"WuchangDistrict"Wuchang,\o"HankouDistrict"Hankou,and\o"HanyangDistrict"Hanyang,Wuhanisknownas"thenineprovinces'leadingthoroughfare";itisamajortransportationhub,withdozensofrailways,roadsandexpresswayspassingthroughthecity.ThecityofWuhan,firsttermedassuchin1927,hasapopulationofapproximately9,100,000people(2006),withabout6,100,000residentsinits\o"Urbanarea"urbanarea.Inthe1920s,Wuhanwasthecapitalofaleftist\o"Kuomintang"Kuomintang(KMT)governmentledby\o"WangJingwei"WangJingweiinoppositionto\o"ChiangKai-shek"ChiangKai-shek,nowWuhanisrecognizedasthepolitical,economic,financial,cultural,educationalandtransportationcenterof\o"CentralChina"centralChina.HistoryTheareawasfirstsettledmorethan3,000yearsago.Duringthe\o"HanDynasty"HanDynasty,Hanyangbecameafairlybusyport.Inthe3rdcenturyADoneofthemostfamousbattlesin\o"Chinesehistory"Chinesehistoryandacentraleventinthe\o"RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms"RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms—the\o"BattleofRedCliffs"BattleofRedCliffs—tookplaceinthevicinityofthecliffsnearWuhan.Aroundthattime,wallswerebuilttoprotectHanyang(AD206)andWuchang(AD223).ThelattereventmarksthefoundationofWuhan.InAD223,the\o"YellowCraneTower"YellowCraneTower(黃鶴樓)wasconstructedontheWuchangsideoftheYangtzeRiver.\o"CuiHao(poet)"CuiHao,acelebratedpoetof\o"TangDynasty"TangDynasty,visitedthebuildingintheearly8thcentury;hispoemmadethebuildingthemostcelebratedbuildinginsouthernChina.Thecityhaslongbeenrenownedasacenterforthearts(especiallypoetry)andforintellectualstudies.Underthe\o"Mongol"Mongolrulers(\o"YuanDynasty"YuanDynasty),Wuchangwaspromotedtothestatusofprovincialcapital.Byapproximately300yearsago,Hankouhadbecomeoneofthecountry'stopfourtradingtowns.WuhanCustomHouse,openedin1862Inthelate19thcenturyrailroadswereextendedonanorth-southaxisthroughthiscity,whichthenbecameanimportant\o"Transshipment"transshipmentpointbetweenrailandrivertraffic.Atthistimeforeignpowersextractedmercantileconcessions,withtheriverfrontofHankoubeingdividedupintovariousforeigncontrolledmerchantdistricts.Thesedistrictscontainedtradingfirmoffices,warehouses,anddockingfacilities.In1911,\o"SunYat-sen"SunYat-sen'sfollowerslaunchedthe\o"WuchangUprising"WuchangUprisingthatledtothecollapseofthe\o"QingDynasty"QingDynastyandtheestablishmentofthe\o"RepublicofChina"RepublicofChina.Wuhanwasthecapitalofaleftist\o"Kuomintang"Kuomintanggovernmentledby\o"WangJingwei"WangJingwei,inoppositionto\o"ChiangKai-shek"ChiangKai-shekduringthe1920s.In1938,Wuhanandthesurroundingregionbecamethebattlefieldofthe\o"BattleofWuhan"BattleofWuhan,amajorconflictinthe\o"SecondSino-JapaneseWar"SecondSino-JapaneseWar.AfterbeingtakenbytheJapanesein1938,WuhanbecameamajorJapaneselogisticscenterforoperationsinsouthernChina.InDecember1944,thecitywaslargelydestroyedbyU.S.\o"Firebombing"firebombingraidsconductedbythe\o"FourteenthAirForce"FourteenthAirForce.In1967,civilstrifestruckthecityinthe\o"WuhanIncident"WuhanIncidentasaresultoftensionsarisingoutofbythe\o"CulturalRevolution"CulturalRevolution.Thecityhasbeensubjecttonumerousdevastatingfloods,whicharesupposedtobecontrolledbytheambitious\o"ThreeGorgesDam"ThreeGorgesDam.Thatprojectissettobecompletedin2011.HistoryOpeningHankouasaTradingPortDuringthe\o"SecondOpiumWar"SecondOpiumWar(knownintheWestastheArrowWar,1856–1860),theGovernmentofQingDynastywasdefeatedbythewesternpowersandsignedthe\o"TreatiesofTianjin"TreatiesofTianjinandthe\o"ConventionofPeking"ConventionofPeking,whichstipulatedelevencitiesorregions(includingHankou)astradingports.InDecember1858,\o"JamesBruce,8thEarlofElgin"JamesBruce,8thEarlofElgin,HighCommissionertoChina,ledfourwarshipsuptheYangtzeRiverinWuhantocollecttheinformationneededforopeningthetradingportinWuhan.Andinthespringof1861,CounselorHarryParkesandAdmiralHerbertweresenttoWuhantoopenatradingport.OnthebasisoftheConventionofPeking,HarryParkesconcludedtheHankouLend-LeaseTreatywithGuanWen,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei.Itbroughtanareaof30.53squarekilometersalongtheYangtzeRiver(fromJianghanRoadtoHezuoRoadtoday)tobecomeaBritishConcessionandpermittedBritaintosetuptheir\o"Consulate"consulateintheBritishConcession.Thus,Hankoubecameanopentradingport.[\o"Editsection:HubeiunderZhangZhidong"edit]HubeiunderZhangZhidongInthefifteenthyearofGuangxuPeriod(1889)oftheQingDynasty,\o"ZhangZhidong"ZhangZhidongwastransferredfrom\o"Guangdong"Guangdongtobethegovernor-generalof\o"Hunan"Hunanand\o"Hubei"Hubei.By1906,hehadgovernedHubeifor17years.Duringthisperiod,heelucidatedthetheoryof“Chineselearningasthebasis,Westernlearningforapplication,”knownastheti-yongideal.Hesetupmanyheavyindustries,foundedHanyangSteelPlant,\o"Huangshi"DayeIronMine,PingxiangCoalMineandHubeiArsenalandsetuplocaltextileindustries,boostingtheflourishingmodernindustryinWuhan.Meanwhile,heinitiatededucationalreform,openeddozensofmoderneducationalorganizationssuccessively,suchasLianghu(HunanandHubei)AcademyofClassicalLearning,CivilGeneralInstitute,MilitaryGeneralInstitute,ForeignLanguagesInstituteandLianghu(HunanandHubei)GeneralNormalSchool,andselectedagreatmanystudentsforstudyoverseas,whichwellpromotedthedevelopmentofChina’smoderneducation.Furthermore,hetrainedmodernmilitaryandorganizedamodernarmyincludingazhenandaxie(bothzhenandxiearemilitaryunitsintheQingDynasty)inHubei.AlloftheselaidasolidfoundationforthemodernizationofWuhan.Yellow[\o"Editsection:WuchangUprising"edit]WuchangUprisingOnOctober10ofthethirdyearofXuantongPeriodoftheQingDynasty(1911),anarmeduprisingbrokeoutinWuchang.Beforeuprising,withthepurposeofoverthrowingtheManchuDynasty,bourgeoisrevolutionariesconducteddeepandwidepropagandaandmobilizationandfoundedvariousrevolutionaryorganizationsinWuhan.InearlierSeptember1911,theQingGovernmentmovedpartoftheHubeinewarmytoSichuanforsuppressingthepeople’suprisingthere,whichmadeagoodchancefortheuprisinginWuhan.OnSeptember14LiteratureSocietyandgongjinhui,thetwogreatestrevolutionaryorganizationsinHubei,jointlyfoundedtheuprisingheadquartersinWuchanganddecidedtoriseup.OnthemorningofOctober9thebombattheofficeofthepoliticalarrangementexplodedaccidentallyandunfortunately,andtheuprisingproclamation,beadrollandofficialsealfellintothehandsofRuiCheng,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei,whodemolishedtheuprisingheadquartersinWuchangthesameday,anddecidedtoraidtherevolutionariesaccordingtothebeadroll.Atthiscriticalmoment,theconductorsfromthebasalbackbonesofrevolutionaryorganizationscontactedeachothersecretlyandmadeadecisionofimmediateuprising.Onthenightof10th,therevolutionariesfiredtoriseinrevoltattheengineeringbarracksofnewarmy,andthenledonthenewarmyofallbarrackstoriseupsuccessively.UndertheguidanceofWuZhaolin,CaiJimin,etc.,therevolutionaryarmyseizedtheofficialresidenceofthegovernorandgovernmentofficesincludingfan,nie,etc.inHubei.RuiChengfledinpanicintotheChu-YuShipanchoredbytheriver,andZhangBiao,thecontrollerofQingarmy,alsodiscardedthecityandfledaway.Onthemorningof11th,therevolutionaryarmytookthewholecityofWuchang.ButtheleaderssuchasJiangYiwu,SunWudisappearedthen,thustheacephalousrevolutionaryarmyrecommendedLiYuanhong,theassistantgovernorofQingarmy,asthecommander-in-chief,foundedHubeiMilitaryGovernment,proclaimedtheabolishmentoftheQingDynasty’simperialismandthefoundingofRepublicofChina,aswellaspublishedanopentelegramforcalltouprisingofeveryprovince.AsthebeginningoftheRevolutionof1911(ledbyDr.SunYat-sen,whichoverthrewtheQingDynasty),WuchangUprisingplayedamostimportantroleinraisingupsurgeofthedemocraticrevolution,whichalsowascalled“theleadinlaunchingtheRevolutionof1911”since1911wastheyearofxinhaiintraditionalChinesechronology.[\o"Editsection:NationalgovernmentmoveditscapitaltoWuhan"edit]NationalgovernmentmoveditscapitaltoWuhanIn1926,withthenorthextensionofNorthernExpedition,thecenterofGreatRevolutionshiftedfromthePearlRiverbasintotheYangtzeRiverbasin.OnNovember26,theKMTCentralPoliticalCommitteedecidedtomovethecapitaltoWuhan.InmiddleDecember,mostoftheKMTcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissionersarrivedinWuhan,setupthetemporaryjointconferenceofcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissioners,performedthetopfunctionsofcentralpartyheadquartersandNationalGovernment,anddeclaredtheywouldworkinWuhanonJanuary1,1927anddecidedtocombinedthethreetownsofWuchang,Hankou,andHanyangintoWuhanCity,called“CapitalDistrict”.TheNationalGovernmentwaslocatedinthe[\o"Editsection:BattleofWuhan"edit]BattleofWuhanMainarticle:\o"BattleofWuhan"BattleofWuhanInearlyOctoberin1938,JapaneseaggressorsmovedeastandnorthrespectivelyuponoutskirtsofWuhan.Asaresult,numerouscompaniesandenterprisesandlargeamountspeoplehadtowithdrawfromWuhantothewestofHubeiandSichuan.TheKMTnavyundertooktheresponsibilityofdefendingtheYangtzeRiveronpatrolandcoveringthewithdrawal.On24October,whenoverseeingthewatersoftheYangtzeRivernearthetownofJinkou(JiangxiaDistrictinWuhan)inWuchang,theKMTwarshipZhongshancomeupagainstsixJapaneseplanes.Theplanestookturnstodive,strafeandbombtheship.Thoughtwoplaneswereeventuallyshotdown,theZhongshanwarshipsankdownduetoseriousdamagewith25casualties.[\o"Editsection:Completionandopening-to-trafficofthefirstYangtzeRiverbridge"edit]Completionandopening-to-trafficofthefirstYangtzeRiverbridgeTheprojectofbuildingthefirstYangtzeRiverBridgewasregardedasoneofthekeyprojectsduringtheperiodofthefirstfive-yearplan.TheEngineeringBureauoftheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,setupbytheMinistryofRailwayinApril1953,wasresponsibleforthedesignandconstructionofthebridge.Thedocument“ResolutionsonBuildingtheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge”waspassedinthe203rdconferenceofStateCouncilon15January1954.Thetechnicalconferenceontheroutesofthebridge,washeldinHankouon15January1955,determinedthattheroutefromTortoiseHilltoSnakeHillwasthebestchoice.On25October,thebridgeproperwasunderconstruction.Thesamedayin1957thewholeprojectwascompletedandanopening-to-trafficceremonywasheldon15October.Thewholebridgewas1,670

m(5,479.00

\o"Foot(length)"ft)long,ofwhichthesuperstratumwasahighwaywithawidthof22.5

m(73.82

\o"Foot(length)"ft)andthesubstratumwasadouble-linerailwaywithawidthof18

m(59.06

\o"Foot(length)"ft).Thebridgeproperwas1,156

m(3,792.65

\o"Foot(length)"ft)longwithtwopairsofeightpiersandninearcheswithaspaceof128

m(419.95

\o"Foot(length)"ft)betweeneacharch.ThankstotheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,Beijing-WuhanandGuangdong-WuhanrailwayswereavailableandanyplacecouldbereachedfromWuchang,HankoutoHanyang.ThusWuhanwasathoroughfaretonineprovincesnotonlyinrealitybutinnameaswell.GeographyandclimateWuhanissituatedinthemiddleofHubeiProvince,113°41′-115°05′East,29°58′-31°22′North,eastoftheJianghanPlain,andtheconfluenceofthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverandHanshuiThemetropolitanareacomprisesthreeparts-\o"Wuchang,Hubei"Wuchang,\o"HankouDistrict"Hankou,and\o"HanyangDistrict"Hanyang,commonlycalledthe"ThreeTownsofWuhan"(hencethename"Wuhan",combining"Wu"fromthefirstcityand"Han"fromtheothertwo).Theconsolidationofthesethreecitiesoccurredin1927andWuhanwastherebyestablished.Thesethreepartsfaceeachotheracrosstheriversandarelinkedbybridges,includingoneofthefirstmodernbridgesinChina,knownasthe"FirstBridge".Itissimpleingeographicalstructure-lowandflatinthemiddleandhillyinthesouth,withtheYangtzeandHanriverswindingthroughthecity.Wuhanoccupiesalandareaof8494.41

km2,mostofwhichisplainanddecoratedwithhillsandagreatnumberoflakesandpools.Wuhan'sclimateis\o"Humidsubtropical"humidsubtropical(\o"K?ppenclimateclassification"KoppenCfa)withabundantrainfallandfourdistinctiveseasons.Wuhanisknownforitsoppressivelyhumidsummers,whendewpointscanoftenreach26

°C(79

°F)ormore.[3]Becauseofitshotsummerweather,Wuhaniscommonlyknownasoneofthe\o"ThreeFurnaces"ThreeFurnacesofChina,alongwith\o"Nanjing"Nanjingand\o"Chongqing"Chongqing.Springandautumnaregenerallymild,whilewinteriscoolwithoccasionalsnow.Intherecentthirtyyears,theaverageannualrainfallis1269

mm,mainlyfromJunetoAugust;annualtemperatureis15.8℃-17.5℃,annualfrostfreeperiodlasts211to272daysandannualsunlightdurationis1810to2100hours.TransportationBridgesWuhanhas\o"YangtzeRiverbridgesandtunnels"sixbridgesandonetunnelacrosstheYangtzeRiver.The\o"WuhanYangtzeRiverBridge"WuhanYangtzeRiverBridge,alsocalledtheFirstBridge,wasbuiltoverthe\o"YangtzeRiver"YangtzeRiver(ChangJiang)in1957,carryingthe\o"Railroad"railroaddirectlyacrosstheriverbetweenSnakeHill(ontheleftinthepicturebelow)andTurtleHill.Beforethisbridgewasbuiltitcouldtakeuptoanentiredayto\o"Trainferry"bargerailcarsacross.Includingitsapproaches,itis5,511feet(1680m)long,anditaccommodatesbothadouble-trackrailwayonalowerdeckandafourlaneroadwayabove.Itwasbuiltwiththeassistanceofadvisersfromthe\o"SovietUnion"SovietUnion.The\o"SecondWuhanYangtzeRiverBridge"SecondBridge,a\o"Cable-stayedbridge"cable-stayedbridge,builtofpre-stressedconcrete,hasacentralspanof400meters;itis4,678metersinlength(including1,877metersofthemainbridge)and26.5to33.5metersinwidth.Itsmainbridgeheadsare90metershigheach,pulling392thickslantingcablestogetherintheshapeofdoublefans,sothatthecentralspanofthebridgeiswellpoisedonthepiersandthebridge'sstabilityandvibrationresistanceareensured.Withsixlanesonthedeck,thebridgeisdesignedtohandle50,000motorvehiclespassingeveryday.Thebridgewascompletedin1995.[\o"Wikipedia:Citationneeded"citationneeded]SecondbridgeThe\o"ThirdWuhanYangtzeRiverBridge"ThirdWuhanYangtzeRiverBridgewascompletedinSeptember2000.Located8.6kilometerssouthwestoftheFirstBridge,constructionofBaishazhouBridgestartedin1997.Withaninvestmentofover1.4billionyuan(about170millionU.S.dollars),thebridge,whichis3,586meterslongand26.5meterswide,hassixlanesandhasacapacityof50,000vehiclesaday.ThebridgeisexpectedtoserveasamajorpassageforthefutureWuhanRingRoad,enormouslyeasingthecity'strafficandaidinglocaleconomicdevelopment.The\o"YangluoBridge"YangluoBridgecarries\o"WuhanRingRoad(pagedoesnotexist)"Wuhan'sRingRoadacrosstheYangtzeinthecity'seasternsuburbs(connectingthe\o"HongshanDistrict,Wuhan"HongshanDistrictwiththe\o"XinzhouDistrict,Wuhan"XinzhouDistrict).ItwasopenedonDecember26,2007.The\o"WuhanTianxingzhouYangtzeRiverBridge"WuhanTianxingzhouYangtzeRiverBridgecrossestheYangtzeinthenortheasternpartofthecity,downstreamoftheSecondbridge.ItsnameisduetotheTianxingIsland(Tianxingzhou),abovewhichitcrossestheriver.Builtatthecostof11billionyuan,the4,657-metercablesuspensionbridgewasopenedonDecember26,2009,[4]intimefortheopeningofthe\o"WuhanRailwayStation"WuhanRailwayStation.Itisacombinedroadandrailbridge,andcarriesthe\o"Wuhan–GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailway"Wuhan–GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailwayacrosstheriver.[\o"Editsection:Railway"edit]RailwayTheoldDazhimenStation(\o"zh:大智門火車站"大智門火車站),theoriginalHankouterminusofthe\o"Jinghanrailway"Beijing-HankouRailway.Constructedin1900-1903,itwasclosedin1991,aftertheopeningofthepresentHankouRailwayStationUntilthelate2009,thecityproperinWuhanwasservedbytwomajorrailwaystations,namelythe\o"HankouRailwayStation"HankouRailwayStationin\o"HankouDistrict"Hankouandthe\o"WuchangRailwayStation"WuchangRailwayStationin\o"Wuchang,Hubei"Wuchang.Asaresult,therailwaysysteminChinaactuallydidnothaveauniquedesignationforthename"Wuhan",andtrainsheadingtoWuhanaremarkedwiththerespectiveborough'sstationname,andnotthecity's.The(original)HankouStationwastheterminusforthe\o"JinghanRailway"JinghanRailwayfromBeijing,whiletheWuchangStationwastheterminusforthe\o"YuehanRailway"YuehanRailwaytoGuangzhou.ButsincetheconstructionoftheFirstYangtzeBridgeandthelinkingofthetwolinesintothe\o"JingguangRailway"JingguangRailway,bothHankouandWuchangstationshavebeenservedbytrainsgoingtoalldirections,whichcontrastswiththesituationinsuchcitiesas\o"NewYork"NewYorkor\o"Moscow"Moscow,wheredifferentstationsservedifferentdirections.Withtheopeningofthe\o"HewuPassengerRailway"Hefei-Wuhanhigh-speedrailwayonApril1,2009,[5]Wuhanbecameservedbyhigh-speedtrainswithHefei,Nanjing,andShanghai;severaltrainsadaynowconnectthecitywithShanghai,gettingthereinunder6hours.Asoftheearly2010,mostoftheseexpresstrainsleavefromthe\o"HankouRailwayStation"HankouRailwayStation.ThenewWuhanRailwayStation,openedin2009In2006,constructionbeganonthenew\o"WuhanRailwayStation"WuhanRailwayStationwith11platforms,locatedonthenortheasternoutskirtsofthecity.InDecember2009,thestationwasopened,asChinaunveiledits\o"Wuhan–GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailway"secondhigh-speedtrainwithscheduledrunsfromGuangzhoutoWuhan.Billedasthefastesttrainintheworld,itcanreachaspeedof394

km/h(244.82

\o"Milesperhour"mph).Thetraveltimebetweenthetwocitieshasbeenreducedfromtenandahalfhourstojustthree.Eventually,therailservicewillextendnorthtoBeijing.[6]Asoftheearly2010,thenew\o"WuhanRailwayStation"WuhanRailwayStationisprimarilyusedbytheWuhan-Guangzhouhigh-speedtrains,whilemostregulartrainstootherdestinationscontinuetousetheHankouandWuchangstations.[\o"Editsection:Publictransit"edit]PublictransitWhen\o"WuhanMetro"WuhanMetroopenedinSeptember2004,WuhanbecamethefifthChinesecitywithametrosystem(after\o"Beijing"Beijing,\o"Tianjin"Tianjin,\o"Shanghai"Shanghai,and\o"Guangzhou"Guangzhou).[7]Thefirst10.2

kmline(10stations)isanelevatedrail(andthereforecalled'lightrail'inChineseterminology).ItrunsfromHuangputoZongguaninthedowntownareaoftheHankouDistrict,anditisthefirstoneinthecountrytouseacommunication-basedtraincontrolsystem(a\o"RailwaySignalling"MovingBlocksignallingsystem,providedby\o"Alcatel"Alcatel).Thedesignedminimumintervalisonly90secondsbetweentwotrainsanditfeaturesdriverlessoperation.[7]Phase2ofthislinewillextendthelengthto28.8

km(17.90

\o"Mile"mi)with26stationsintotal.ItplanstostartrevenueserviceonJuly28,2010.[8][\o"Editsection:Air"edit]AirMainarticle:\o"WuhanTianheInternationalAirport"WuhanTianheInternationalAirportOpenedinApril1995,\o"WuhanTianheInternationalAirport"WuhanTianheInternationalAirportisoneofthebusiestairportsincentralChinaanditislocated26

kmnorthofWuhan.IthasalsobeenselectedasChina'sfourthinternationalhubairportafter\o"BeijingCapitalInternationalAirport"BeijingCapitalInternationalAirport,Shanghai-PudongandGuangzhouBaiyun.AsecondterminalwascompletedinMarch2008,havingbeenstartedinFebruary2005withaninvestmentofRMB3.372billion.[\o"Editsection:Highway"edit]Highway\o"ChinaNationalHighway318"ChinaNationalHighway318[\o"Editsection:Touristsites"edit]TouristsitesReplicainstrumentsofancientoriginalsareplayedatthe\o"HubeiProvincialMuseum"HubeiProvincialMuseum.Areplicasetofbronze