2023年06月六級(jí)真題閱讀部分全文翻譯中英對(duì)譯

102023年6月大學(xué)英語六級(jí)真題閱讀局部全文翻譯這個(gè)是我局部參照東方答案翻譯，一字一句打上來的，大家一起學(xué)習(xí)吧PartII ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning) (15minutes)MinorityReportAmericanuniversitiesareacceptingmoreminoritiesthanever.Graduatingthemisanothermatter.美國大學(xué)比從前更多地承受少數(shù)民族。但他們能否畢業(yè)卻是另外一個(gè)問題。BarryMills,thepresidentofBowdoinCollege,wasjustifiablyproudofBowdoin”seffortstorecruitminoritystudents.Since2023thesmall,eliteliberalartsschoolinBrunswick,Maine,hasboostedtheproportionofso-calledunder-representedminoritystudentsinenteringfreshmanclassesfrom8%to13%.“Itisourresponsibilitytoreachoutandattractstudentstocometoourkindsofplaces,“hetoldaNEWSWEEKreporter.ButBowdoinhasnotdonequiteaswellwhenitcomestoactuallygraduatingminorities.While9outof10whitestudentsroutinelygettheirdiplomaswithinsixyears,only7outof10blackstudentsmadeittograduationdayinseveralrecentclasses.自從2023年起，這所位于緬因的布倫瑞克市的小型精英文科學(xué)校，已經(jīng)把所謂的比例缺乏的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生占生班的比例從8%提升至13%我們的責(zé)任?！麑?duì)《聞周刊》的記者說。但在授予少數(shù)民族學(xué)位這方面，鮑登學(xué)院做得并不算好。在最近幾個(gè)畢業(yè)班當(dāng)中，10個(gè)里面有9個(gè)白人學(xué)生在六年內(nèi)順當(dāng)畢業(yè)時(shí)，10個(gè)里面只有7個(gè)黑人學(xué)生能在六年內(nèi)畢業(yè)“Ifyoulookatwhoenterscollege,itnowlookslikeAmerica,“saysHilaryPennington,directorofpostsecondaryprogramsfortheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichhascloselystudiedenrollmentpatternsinhighereducation.“Butifyoulookatwhowalksacrossthestageforadiploma,it”sstilllargelythewhite,upper-incomepopulation.““假設(shè)你看誰進(jìn)入學(xué)校，這會(huì)看起來像美國。不過假設(shè)你看誰拿到文憑，那大局部始終是較高收入的白人群體?！北葼柗驄D基金會(huì)高等教育工程的主任希拉里說。該工程已經(jīng)深入爭論了高等教育的招生模式。TheUnitedStatesoncehadthehighestgraduationrateofanynation.Nowitstands10th.ForthefirsttimeinAmericanhistory,thereistheriskthattherisinggenerationwillbelesswelleducatedthanthepreviousone.Thegraduationrateamong25-to34-year-oldsisnobetterthantherateforthe55-to64-year-oldswhoweregoingtocollegemorethan30yearsago.Studiesshowthatmoreandmorepoorandnon-whitestudentswanttograduatefromcollege–buttheirgraduationratesfallfarshortoftheirdreams.Thegraduationratesforblacks,Latinos,andNativeAmericanslagfarbehindthegraduationratesforwhitesandAsians.AstheminoritypopulationgrowsintheUnitedStates,lowcollegegraduationratesbecomeathreattonationalprosperity.美國曾經(jīng)擁有全球最高的畢業(yè)率。不過現(xiàn)在排第十。美國史上第一次消滅年青一代不及老一代受的教育高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，25至34年齡段的人的畢業(yè)率不比那些55至64年齡段的人在30年前上大學(xué)時(shí)候高。爭論說明，越來越多貧困的非白人學(xué)生想從大學(xué)畢業(yè)。不過他們的畢由于美國少數(shù)民族人口的增長，大學(xué)畢業(yè)率低成為民族富強(qiáng)的威逼。Theproblemispronouncedatpublicuniversities.In2023theUniversityofWisconsin-Madison–oneofthetopfiveorsoprestigiouspublicuniversities–graduated81%ofitswhitestudentswithinsixyears,butonly56%ofitsblacks.Atless-selectivestateschools,thenumbersgetworse.Duringthesametimeframe,theUniversityofNorthernIowagraduated67%ofitswhitestudents,butonly39%ofitsblacks.Communitycollegeshavelowgraduationratesgenerally–butrock-bottomratesforminorities.ArecentreviewofCaliforniacommunitycollegesfoundthatwhileathirdoftheAsianstudentspickeduptheirdegrees,only15%ofAfrican-Americansdidsoaswell.問題在公立大學(xué)很明顯。07年威斯康辛州麥迪遜市的一個(gè)排名前五左右的知名公立大學(xué)，六年內(nèi)，白人學(xué)生中81%能夠畢業(yè)，而黑人學(xué)生中只有56%能夠畢業(yè)。在篩選條件不那么苛刻的州立學(xué)校，數(shù)字會(huì)更糟糕。在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)，北愛荷華大學(xué)的白人學(xué)生畢業(yè)率為67%，黑人為39%.通常社區(qū)大學(xué)有低的畢業(yè)率，但是少數(shù)民族的畢業(yè)率是最低的。一項(xiàng)對(duì)加州社區(qū)大學(xué)的評(píng)估覺察有三分之一亞洲學(xué)生拿到他們文憑是，只有15%的美國黑人拿到。Privatecollegesanduniversitiesgenerallydobetter,partlybecausetheyoffersmallerclassesandmorepersonalattention.Butwhenitcomestoasignificantgraduationgap,Bowdoinhascompany.NearbyColbyCollegeloggedan18-pointdifferencebetweenwhiteandblackgraduatesin2023and25pointsin2023.MiddleburyCollegeinVermont,anothertopschool,hada19-pointgapin2023anda22-pointgapin2023.Themostselectiveprivateschools–Harvard,Yale,andPrinceton–showalmostnogapbetweenblackandwhitegraduationrates.Butthatmay havemoretodowiththeirabilitytoselectthebeststudents.AccordingtodatagatheredbyHarvardLawSchoolprofessorLaniGuinier,themostselectiveschoolsaremorelikelytochooseblackswhohaveatleastoneimmigrantparentfromAfricaortheCaribbeanthanblackstudentswhoaredescendantsofAmericanslaves.但是當(dāng)提到顯著的畢業(yè)差距的時(shí)候，鮑登學(xué)院的狀況并不罕見。依據(jù)記錄，鄰近的科比學(xué)院白人和黑人的畢業(yè)差距在07年相差1806年相差25校，佛蒙特州的明德里學(xué)院，07年的畢業(yè)差距相差19個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，06年相差22個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。篩選最嚴(yán)格學(xué)校--哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓--在黑白人畢業(yè)率上幾乎沒有不同。但是，可能他們與他們有力量選擇最好的學(xué)生有關(guān)系。依據(jù)哈佛法學(xué)院教授LG收集的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，比起比的移民的黑人學(xué)生“Highereducationhasbeenabletoduckthisissueforyears,particularlythemoreselectiveschools,bysayingtheresponsibilityisontheindividualstudent,“saysPenningtonoftheGatesFoundation.“Iftheyfail,it”stheirfault.“Somecriticsblameaffirmativeaction–studentsadmittedwithlowertestscoresandgradesfromshakyhighschoolsoftenstruggleateliteschools.Butabiggerproblemmaybethatpoorhighschoolsoftensendtheirstudentstocollegefichtheyare“undermatched“:theycouldgetintomoreelite,richerschools,butinsteadgotocommunitycollegesandlow-ratedstateschoolsthatlacktheresourcestohelpthem.Someschoolsoutforprofitcynicallyincreasetuitionsandcountonstudentloansandfederalaidtofootthebill–knowingfullwellthatthestudentswon”tmakeit.“Theschoolkeepsthemoney,butthekidleaveltsodebtandnodegreeandnoabilitytogetabetterjob.Collegesarenotholdinguptheirend,“saysAmyWilkinsoftheEducationTrust.蓋茨基金會(huì)的P說：“高等學(xué)校，尤其是更挑剔的學(xué)校，會(huì)把責(zé)任歸咎于學(xué)生個(gè)人，假設(shè)一些評(píng)論家責(zé)備平權(quán)行動(dòng)—那些來自教學(xué)質(zhì)量差的高中，以較低分入學(xué)的學(xué)生，在精英學(xué)了缺乏足夠資源幫助他們的社區(qū)大學(xué)和層次較低的州立大學(xué)。某些學(xué)校為了盈利，明知道學(xué)生無力負(fù)擔(dān)，卻冷淡地增加學(xué)費(fèi)，希望學(xué)生貸款和政府補(bǔ)貼填補(bǔ)赤字?！皩W(xué)校拿錢，但是學(xué)生離開的時(shí)候背負(fù)著大量債務(wù)，沒有文憑沒有找到好工作的力量。大學(xué)沒有做好他們的分內(nèi)事?！泵總€(gè)信托基金會(huì)的A說Acollegeeducationisgettingevermoreexpensive.Since1982tuitionshavebeenrisingatroughlytwicetherateofinflation.In2023thenetcostofattendingafour-yearpublicuniversity–afterfinancialaid–equaled28%ofmedian(中間的)familyincome,whileafour-yearprivateuniversitycost76%ofmedianfamilyincome.Moreandmorescholarshipsarebsrtnotneed.Poorerstudentsarenotalwaysthebest-informedconsumers.Oftentheywindupdeeplyindebtorsimplyunabletopayafterayearortwoandmustdropout.82年后，學(xué)費(fèi)已經(jīng)大約以兩倍的通脹率上漲。08年進(jìn)入四年制公立大學(xué)的凈本錢---減去財(cái)政補(bǔ)助后—相當(dāng)于中等收入家庭收入的28%，而同樣的私立大學(xué)的費(fèi)用是中等收入家庭收入的76%。越來越多的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金是依據(jù)成績不是需要的。貧困的學(xué)生不能總是最明智的消費(fèi)者。他們常常會(huì)深深地卷入債務(wù)中，或者在讀了一兩年后由于沒有力量支付學(xué)費(fèi)而被迫退學(xué)。Thereoncewasatimewhenuniversitiestookprideintheirdropoutrates.Professorswouldbegintheyearbysaying,“Looktotherightandlooktotheleft.Oneofyouisnotgoingtobeherebytheendoftheyear.“ButsuchaDarwinianspiritisbeginningtogivewayasatleastafewcollegesfaceuptothegraduationgap.AttheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison,thegaphasbeenroughlyhalvedoverthelastthreeyears.Theuniversityhaspouredresourcesintopeercounselingtohelpstudentsfrominner-cityschoolsadjusttoieor)andfasterpaceofauniversityclassroom–andalsotohelpminoritystudentsovercomethestereotypethattheyarelessqualified.Wisconsinhasa“l(fā)aserlikefocus“onbuildingupstudentskillsinthefirstthreemonths,accordiictprovost(教務(wù)長DamonWilliams.曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間高校為他們的退學(xué)率驕傲。教授會(huì)在學(xué)年開頭時(shí)說，左右看一看，學(xué)年末的時(shí)候你們當(dāng)中有一個(gè)人不會(huì)再在這里了。不過隨著至少一些大學(xué)只是畢業(yè)差距，大致縮小一半。這所高校已經(jīng)投入資源在同齡人詢問上，來幫助市中心的學(xué)校適應(yīng)嚴(yán)格要Dw稱，在前三個(gè)月，威斯康辛州的大學(xué)如激光般專注于提升學(xué)生技能Stateandfederalgovernmentscouldsharpenthatfocuseverywherebybroadlypublishingminoritygraduationrates.ForyearsprivatecollegessuchasPrincetonandMIThavehadsuccessbringingminoritiesontocampusinthesummerbeforefreshmanyeartogivethemsreparatorycourses.Thenewertrendistostartrecruitingpoorandnon-whitestudentsasearlyastheseventhgrade,usinginnovativetoolstoidentifykidswithsophisticatedverbalskills.Suchprogramscanbeandgrantsforkidswhohavelittlechancetograduatewithoutspecialsupport.州政府和聯(lián)邦政府通過明顯公布少數(shù)民族的畢業(yè)率來加強(qiáng)這種關(guān)注。多年來，私立大開設(shè)預(yù)備課程。最趨勢是，開頭早在七年級(jí)的時(shí)候，開頭招收貧困的非白人學(xué)生。并用創(chuàng)的手段來選擇具有優(yōu)秀語言力量的孩子。這樣的工程很費(fèi)錢，固然，跟已經(jīng)投入的數(shù)的。Witheffortandmoney,thegraduationgapcanbeclosed.WashingtonandLeeisasmall,selectiveschoolinLexington,Va.Itsstudentbodyislessthan5%blackandlessthan2%Latino.Whiletheschoolusuallygraduatedabout90%ofitswhites,thegraduationrateofitsblacksandLatinoshaddippedto63%by2023.“Wewentthroughadramaticshift,“saysDawnWatkins,thevicepresidentforstudentaffairsTheschoolaggressivelypushedmentoring(輔導(dǎo))ofminoritiesbyotherstudentsand“partnering“withparentsataspecialpre-enrollmseenstsion.Theschoolhaditsfirst-everblackhomecoming.Lastspringtheschoolgraduatedthesameproportionofminoritiesasitdidwhites.IftheUnitedStateswantstokeepupintheglobaleconomicrace,itwillhavetopaysystematicattentiontograduatingminorities,notjustenrollingthem.有了努力和資金的投入，畢業(yè)差距會(huì)填平。弗吉尼亞州的萊克星頓市的華盛頓和李大學(xué)是小型的篩選嚴(yán)格的學(xué)校。它學(xué)生中不5%2%的拉丁美人。這所學(xué)校通常有有90%的白人畢業(yè)，07為止，黑人和拉丁美人畢業(yè)率已經(jīng)降63%之下?！拔覀兘?jīng)受了一個(gè)戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變?！眃w學(xué)生事務(wù)處副處長說。學(xué)校有力的推行一項(xiàng)對(duì)少數(shù)民族的輔導(dǎo)。以及在特定的入學(xué)前時(shí)期與家長組成伙伴。學(xué)校迎來第一例黑人同學(xué)會(huì)。去年春天，學(xué)校畢業(yè)生白人與少數(shù)民族畢業(yè)人數(shù)相當(dāng)少數(shù)民族的畢業(yè)率，而不僅僅是招收他們。PartIV ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth) (25minutes)SectionAHowgoodareyouatsaying“no“?Formany,it”ssurprisinglydifficult.Thisisespeciallytrueofeditors,whobynaturetendtobeeagerandengagedparticipantsineverythingtheydo.Considerthesescenarios:你擅長說“不”嗎？對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說，拒絕是格外難的。對(duì)于編輯們來說，如其如此，他們天生就是所做事情的熱心而投入的參與者。設(shè)想一下這個(gè)情景。It”slateintheday.Thatfront-packageyou”vebeenworkingonisnearlycomplete;onelasteditandit”sfinished.Entertheexecutiveeditor,whomakesasuggestionrequiringamore-than-modestrearrangementofthedesignandtheadditionofaninformationbox.Youwanttoscream:“No!It”sdone!“Whatdoyoudo?天色已晚。你始終在做頭版版面快要完成了，最終再作一次校對(duì)，就大功告成了。執(zhí)行編輯走了過來，要求編排設(shè)計(jì)不要那么保守，還要增加一個(gè)信息窗。你想大叫，不要，已經(jīng)做好了。你會(huì)怎么做？Thefirstruleofsayingnotothebossisdon”tsayno.Sheprobablyhassomething inmindwhenshemakessuggestions,andit”suptoyoutofindoutwhat.Thesecondruleisdon”traisethestakesbychallengingherauthority.Thatissueisalreadydecided.Thethirdruleistobereadytociteoptionsandconsequences.Theboss”ssuggestionsmightbeappropriate,buttherearealwaysconsequences.Shemightnotknowaboutthesbackingupthatneedattention,oraboutthedesignerwhohadtogohomesick.Tellhershecanhavewhatshewants,butexplaintheconsequences.Understandwhatshe”stryingtoaccomplishand proposeaPlanBthatwillmakeithappenwithoutdestroyingwhatyou”vedonesofar.對(duì)老板說不的第一條守則是不要說不。她在提建議時(shí)，腦子里可能有個(gè)想法，但需要你把這個(gè)想法找出來。其次條就是不要冒更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)去挑戰(zhàn)她權(quán)威。事情已經(jīng)打算了。第三天就是預(yù)備供給選擇和指出影響。上司的建議可能正確，但總會(huì)有影響。她可能不知道后面幾頁文章也需要看，或者設(shè)計(jì)者生病了必需回家。告知她可以依據(jù)她說的去做，不過得解釋清楚后果。明白什么她想要怎樣一個(gè)效果，并預(yù)備一個(gè)滿足她要求的預(yù)備方案，同時(shí)又不至于使你目前為止取得的成功泡湯。Here”sanothercase.Yourleast-favoritereportersuggestsadumbstoryidea.Thisoneshouldbeeasy,butit”snot.Ifyousayno,evenpolitely,youriskinhibitingfurtherideas,notjustfromthatreporter,butfromotherswhoheardthatyouturneddowntheidea.Thisscenarioiscommoninnewsroomsthatlackasystematicwaytofilterstorysuggestions.有種狀況，你最不寵愛的一個(gè)記者提了一個(gè)與愚蠢聞報(bào)道的想法。這本是件簡潔的事情，不過現(xiàn)在不是了。假設(shè)你說不，即使禮貌地，你冒著扼殺更多想法的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而那個(gè)統(tǒng)方法去篩選聞報(bào)道建議的聞編輯部很常見。Twostepsarenecessary.First,youneedasystemforhowstoriesareproposedandreviewed.Reporterscantoleraterejectionoftheirideasiftheybelievetheyweregivenafairhearin.Yourgutreacti)anddismissiverejection,evenofaworthlessidea,mightnotnotqualifyassystematicorfair.兩個(gè)必要步驟。第一，你需要一個(gè)提議和評(píng)估聞報(bào)道的系統(tǒng)。假設(shè)記得信任他們有公正申訴的時(shí)機(jī)，他們能夠容忍他們的想法被拒絕。近視以一個(gè)毫無價(jià)值的想法，你本能反響和輕視拒絕都不行能算做系統(tǒng)化的，也不夠公正。Second,thepeopleyouworkwithneedto negotiatea“Whatif...?“agreementcovering“Whatifmyideaisturneddown?“Howarepeopleexpectedtoreact?Isthereanappealprocess?Cantheyrefinetheideaandresubmitit?Byanticipating“Whatif...?“situationsbeforetheyhappen,youcanreachunderstandingthatwillhelpeaseyououtofconfrontations.其次，與你共事的人需要達(dá)成“假設(shè)……怎么樣”的共識(shí)，包括“我的想法被拒絕了會(huì)怎樣”？人們應(yīng)當(dāng)做何反響？有申訴的過程嗎?他們可以改進(jìn)這個(gè)想法，并再次提交？在事情發(fā)生之前就想好假設(shè)將怎樣，你就能獲得理解，并由助避開地對(duì)心情。SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:areimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomy?TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey”rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnetboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants”impactontheeconomyandthereality?關(guān)于非法移民爭論，其核心局部有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵性問題；移民對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有好處還是害處？美國公眾全都認(rèn)為他們有害的。然而大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家全都認(rèn)為，不管是合法移民還是非法移民都對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)起了少許的正面促進(jìn)作用。移民供給更廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力，降低了從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品到居在內(nèi)的全部商品的價(jià)格，讓消費(fèi)者兜里剩下了些錢。那為什么在對(duì)移民對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響的認(rèn)知和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間存在如此大的差異呢？Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestrainthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicservices,likeschools,hospitals,andjails.Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace,arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation”sfearsandinsecurities.There”ssometruthtoalltheseexplanations,buttheyaren”tquitesufficient.有很多孰知的理論。有些人認(rèn)為由于心勞動(dòng)力的涌入，人們感到焦慮和受到威逼。其他人則強(qiáng)調(diào)非法移民對(duì)公共資源，像是學(xué)校，醫(yī)院，監(jiān)獄帶來的壓力。仍有一些人強(qiáng)調(diào)種族因素，認(rèn)為外國人為國家增加了恐驚和擔(dān)憂全感。全部這些解釋都有肯定道理，但還不夠充分。Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat”sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration”simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants”low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers–meatpackingplantsinNebraska,forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers”savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounter?Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%between1980-2023.為了更好的理解這一個(gè)問題，我們來想一下人們是以哪種方式感受外來移民的影響。盡管它的總體影響是樂觀的，但是它的代價(jià)和利益分布是不均勻的。加州伯利克里大學(xué)的一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，DC指出，那些直接從廉價(jià)的移民供給的勞動(dòng)力中獲得利益最多的是企業(yè)和雇主——如位于內(nèi)布拉斯加州的肉類加工廠，或者位于加州的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)。即使這些生到了這些？關(guān)于非法移民的不利因素，這些倒也同樣是關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。當(dāng)?shù)氐图寄芄と孙柺芡鈦韯趧?dòng)力帶來的競爭壓力之苦。依據(jù)哈佛一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家GB的爭論覺察，1980年至2023年之間，外來移民使得美國高中輟學(xué)這的工資降低了9%。Amonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscal(財(cái)政的)burdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfinding:thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants”accesstocertainbenefits.然而，對(duì)于高技能，高學(xué)歷的雇員來說，在那些移民人數(shù)較多，且社會(huì)福利相對(duì)更好的洲，他們的反對(duì)聲音最為劇烈。換句話說，最讓他們的擔(dān)憂的是移民帶來的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。另一項(xiàng)覺察證明白這個(gè)結(jié)論：當(dāng)財(cái)政減負(fù)時(shí)，他們的反對(duì)態(tài)度有所緩解，這種狀況曾發(fā)生于20世紀(jì)90年月的福利改革時(shí)期，那次改革限制了外來移民獵取某些福利。Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected–say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents–theimpactisn”tallthatdramatic.“Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions,“saysDanielTichenor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon.“Butwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganetpositive,butasmallone.“Toobadmostpeopledon”trealizeit.具有挖苦意味的是，對(duì)于全部這些過激的辯論而言，外來移民的真正影響是很小的。甚至對(duì)于那些受影響最為嚴(yán)峻的群體——比方說低技能工人或者加州居民——這種影響DT認(rèn)知?？墒蔷C合考慮全部那些因素且經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)計(jì)算過數(shù)據(jù)之后，得出的結(jié)果是其影響是正面樂觀的，盡管影響不大?！痹愀獾氖?，大多數(shù)人沒有意識(shí)到這點(diǎn)。PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.PictureatypicalMBAlecturetheatretwentyyearsago.Initthemajorityofstudentswillhaveconformedtothestandardmodelofthetime:male,middleclassandWestern.Walkintoaclasstoday,however,andyou”llgetacompletelydifferentimpression.Forastart,youwillnowseeplentymorewomen–theUniversityofPennsylvania”sWhartonSchool,forexample,boaststhat40%ofitsnewenrolmentisfemale.Youwillalsoseeawiderangeof ethnicgroupsandnationalsofpracticallyeverycountry.想象一下20年前典型的MBA中產(chǎn)階級(jí)和西方人。然而，你今日走進(jìn)講堂，則有全的印象。首先，你會(huì)看到很多的女性——例如濱州大學(xué)商學(xué)院，就以40%的生是女性而驕傲。你也會(huì)看到各個(gè)種族和幾乎全部國家的人。Itmightbetempting,therefore,tothinkthattheoldbarriershavebeenbrokendownandequalopportunityachieved.But,increasingly,thisapparentdiversityisbecomingamaskforanewtypeofconformity.Behindthedifferencesinsex,skintonesandmothertongues,therearecommonattitudes,expectationsandambitionswhichriskcreatingasetofclonesamongthebusinessleadersofthefuture.因而，這可能會(huì)讓人覺得舊的障礙已經(jīng)打破，時(shí)機(jī)公平已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)。不過這種外表上多期望和野心，其危急是將來商業(yè)首領(lǐng)制造一系列克隆體。Diversity,itseems,hasnothelpedtoaddressfundamentalweaknessesinbusinessleadership.Sowhatcanbedonetocreatemoreeffectivemanagersofthe commercialworld?AccordingtoValerieGauthier,associatedeanatHECParis,thekeyliesintheprocessbywhichMBAprogrammesrecruit