從目的論角度下分析藥品說明書

XXXXXXXXXX學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文AStudyoftheTranslationofImportedMedicineInstructions—FromthePerspectiveofSkopostheorieLucyLu指導(dǎo)教師：XXXX系：外國(guó)語系年級(jí)專業(yè)：級(jí)英語（XX）1班提交日期：5月6日答辯日期：5月16日答辯委員會(huì)主席（簽名）：評(píng)閱人（簽名）：五月十日Abstract：WiththeincreasingcommunicationbetweenChineseandWesternmedicines,theChinesemedicalindustrysprunguplikemushrooms.MoreandmoreimportedmedicinesareintroducedintoChina.Itisimportantthatdoctorhaveabetterunderstandingofthemedicinesasthemedicineinstructionisoneofthemostvitaltermsforthedoctorsandthepatients.Therefore,thetranslationofimportedmedicineinstructionplaysasignificantrole.Duetothedifferentculturebackgroundsandlimitedresources,itstillhassomedifficultiesintranslating.Skopostheorieasanessentialroleinthefunctionalapproachreleasestranslationfromsourcetextandprovidesanewperspectivetotranslation.Thisthesisintroducesthetranslationoftheimportedmedicineinstructionfromtheperspectiveofitsdifficultiesandcomplexity,expoundstheapplicationofSkopostheorieinthisfield,tocompletetheinadequateresearchinthisregard.Thepurposeofthisthesisistoputforthtranslationstrategy，Skopostheorieatitbestuseonthetranslationoftheimportedmedicineinstructionsoastohelpthetargetreceiverscatchabetterunderstandingoftheimportedmedicineinstructionavoidingthepotentialmedicalnegligence.KeyWords:Importedmedicineinstructions,Skopostheorie,Translation摘要：伴隨中西醫(yī)學(xué)的交流，中國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域正快步向發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家前進(jìn)，越來越多的進(jìn)口藥物被引進(jìn)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。醫(yī)生對(duì)藥物的理解在開藥的過程中十分重要，藥物闡明書是指導(dǎo)醫(yī)生及患者合理用藥的重要根據(jù)。因此，進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的翻譯至關(guān)重要。然而，由于文化背景的差異和有限的資源，我國(guó)目前在進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的翻譯上仍存在某些困難。怎樣處理這些難題并且在進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的翻譯工作方面進(jìn)行深度調(diào)查研究，將對(duì)中國(guó)的醫(yī)藥事業(yè)以及人類健康具有積極作用。本文重要從翻譯目的論的角度探討進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的翻譯，簡(jiǎn)介翻譯目的論及進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的概念，論述翻譯的重要性和難點(diǎn)，并將翻譯目的論應(yīng)用到進(jìn)口藥物闡明書的翻譯中。關(guān)鍵詞：進(jìn)口藥物闡明書翻譯目的論翻譯CONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\h\u29724ⅠIntroduction 132215IIIntroductionofSkopostheorie 2154062.1HistoricaloverviewonSkopostheorie 210302.2BasicconceptofVermeer’sandReiss’sSkopostheorie 49114ⅢImportedMedicineInstructionsandTranslationofImportedMedicineInstruction 483143.1Importedmedicineinstructions 551683.1.1Components 5170173.1.2Classification 75283.1.3Functions 8286453.2Translationofimportedmedicineinstructions 8155633.2.1Importanceoftranslation 8323483.2.2Difficultiesoftranslation 916012IVSkopostheorieAppliedintheTranslationofImportedMedicineInstructions 11138854.1Applicationoffunctionalistapproach 1145044.1.1Longsentencestranslatedbythestrategyofexplication 11140014.1.2Wordstranslatedbythestrategyofexplication 12262674.2ApplicationofSkoposrule 13274404.2.1Target-language-orientatedstrategy 1327234.2.2Choiceofwords 1497664.2.3Useofpassivevoice 148634ⅤConclusion 1520884Notes29561Bibliography28130AcknowledgementsⅠIntroductionWiththedevelopmentofthecountry’sreformandopeneduptotheoutsideworld,especiallyafterChineseenterintoWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),moreandmoreforeignmedicinesareenteringintoChinesemarket.Atthesametime,ChinaismakingeffortstoreachtheadvancedstandardofdevelopedcountriesinmedicalfieldandintroducingandimportingmanyforeignmedicinesintoChina.Therearemanykindsofforeignmedicinesontheshelvesindrugstoresorinhospitals.Asaspecialkindof“introduction”and“bridge”betweenconsumersandmedicalcompanies,medicinesinstructionsplayacrucialrole.Correspondingly,thetranslationofmedicineinstructionhasbecomeasignificantandurgenttask.However,thestudyoftranslationofmedicineinstructions,especiallythatfromEnglishtoChinese,israrelydealtwithandfarfromsatisfactory,becausesometranslationshavebeenmadeundertheguidanceoftraditionaltranslationtheories,andsomeinstructionshavebeenrenderedbyover-rigidlyadheringtothesourcestext.Asaresult,thetargetreadersmayhaveconfusionandtheymayhavemisunderstandingoftheindicationandthecontraindicationsofthemedicineaswell,whichmayeithertoleadthemtochoosethewrongmedicineorhaveconflictbetweenmedicinesthattheyareconsumingandfollowanambiguousinstruction.Astheimportedmedicineinstructionsbelongtooperativeandpracticaltypeduetotheirspecialpurpose—thepurposetohelpthosewhohavetheneedstochoosetherightmedicines,whichsuitablefortheirconditionsandtakethemedicinesundertheinstruction.Theapplicationofthetraditional“equivalence”theoryisnotadequate,forsomeothertechniquesandstrategiesshouldbeemployedinordertobetterservethepurpose.Therefore,theauthorhasattemptedtoemploytheSkopostheorieasthemajorguidingtheoryinanalyzingtranslationofimportedmedicineinstructions,andproposesthatthetarget-language-orientedandtarget–culture-orientedstrategiesareproperandeasytounderstandingfortheirtranslations.Thisthesisiscomposedoffivechapters.Chapteroneismainlyintroducesthebackground,somepreviousstudiesandthethesispurposeonhowtosolvetheexistentdifficultiesonthetranslationofimportedmedicineinstructionsfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheorie.ChaptertwoistheintroductionofSkopostheoriefromitsdefinition,characteristics,functionsandevolution.Chapterthreeisadiscussionofthecomponents,classificationandthemainfunctionsoftheimportedmedicineinstructions.ChapterfourexpoundsthetranslationofimportedmedicinesinstructionsbyapplyingSkopostheorietoachievethefinaltarget-languageorientation.Andinthechapterfive,abriefconclusionismadeforthewholethesis.=2\*ROMANIIIntroductionofSkopostheorieTheterminologyofSkoposisusuallyusedtodescribethepurposeoftranslationandtheword“Skopos”comesfromGreeklanguageandalsomeans“purpose”inGreeklanguage.1SkopostheorieisatheoryinwhichtheconceptionofSkoposisappliedintotranslation，whichplaysamajorroleinthefunctionalistapproachestotranslation,makesabreakthroughintheframeworkofthetraditionaltranslationprocess.Instead,itattachesgreatsignificancetotheskopes,whichdecideswhattotranslateandhowtotranslate.Theskoposruleisadvocatedasthebasicandchieftranslationrulebyfunctionalapproach.2.1HistoricaloverviewonSkopostheorieSkopostheoriesprangupinGermanyin1970s.Anditsdevelopmentcanbedividedintofourstages.Inthefirststage,KatharinaReissintroducedthefunctionalfieldintotranslationcriticism.Shelinkedlinguisticfunctionswithdiscoursetypesandtranslationstrategiesalsodevelopedthemodeloftranslationcriticism,whichwasbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipofsourcetextsandtranslationtexts,thereforeputforwardtherudimentofSkopostheorie.2Reissthoughtthatidealtranslationshouldbeacomprehensivecommunicativetranslation,whichhastobeequivalenttothesourcetextsinaspectsofcontents,linguisticforms,communicativefunctionsandothers.Inthesecondstage,HansVermeerputforwardSkopostheory,whichmadetranslationstudygetridoftheconstraintofthetheoryofsourcetext-oriented.InthetheoryofSkopos,Vermeerthoughtthattranslationwasanactionofpurposeandresult,whichwerebasedonthesourcetextsandshouldbecompletedbyadaptingtoanotherculture.3TranslationmustadheretosomerulesandSkopostheorymustbeputinthefirstplace.Thatistosay,translationtextisbasedonthepurposeoftranslation.Besides,Vermeeralsothoughtthattranslationhadtocomplywithlawsofintratextualcoherenceandintertextualcoherence.Intratextualcoherencelawmeansthatthetranslationtextmustbecoherentfromtheperspectiveofthewholetextandreaderscanunderstandthetranslationtext.Intertextualtranslationmeansthattheremustbecoherencebetweensourcetextandtranslationtext.Afterputtingforwardthesethreeprinciples,thejudgmentcriteriaoftranslationchangedfromequivalencetorealizingtranslationpurposes.Vermeeralsopresentedthattranslatorsshoulddecidewhatandhowtotranslate.Thatistosay,translatorsshouldadoptpropertranslationstrategiesandhaverightstodecidewhichpartstoberemainedandwhichpartstobeadjustedormodifiedaccordingtothetranslationpurposes.Inthethirdstage,HormatsusedcommunicativeandbehaviortheoriesforreferenceandputforwardthetheoryoftranslationbehaviorwhichgaveSkopostheoryfurtherdevelopment.4Hethoughtthattranslationwasanaction,whichwaspushedbypurposesanddirectedbytranslationresults.HistheoryhadmanysimilaritieswithSkoposandVermeercombinedhistheorywithherslater.Inthefourthstage,ChristinaNordconcludedandperfectedSkopostheoriecomprehensively.Sheexpoundedinternalandexternalfactors,whichshouldbeconsideredwhentranslatorsanalyzetextsatthefirsttime.5Shealsoexpoundedhowtochoosetranslationstrategiescorrespondingwithtranslationpurposesonthebasisofsourcetexts.NordfoundthatthereweretwodrawbacksinthetheoryofSkopos.First,becauseoftheexistenceofculturaldifferences,peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundshaddifferentopinionsaboutthesametranslation.6Second,iftranslatorstranslatedtextswiththeprincipleofSkopos,butthecommunicativepurposeoftranslationwasonthecontrarytothepurposeoforiginalauthor,thentranslatorswentagainsttheprincipleofloyalty,whichwasalsoofgreatsignificanceintranslation.Therefore,Nordputforwardthattranslatorscoulduseloyaltyprincipletosolveproblemsaboutculturaldifferences.7Shebelievedthattranslatorsshouldberesponsibletoreadersandexplainedtothemwhytheytranslatedtextsintheseways.Besides,translatorsshouldbeloyaltooriginalauthors.Translatorsmustrespectauthorsandcoordinatetranslationpurposeswithoriginalauthors’purposes.Hence,loyaltyprinciplemainlyfocusedonrelationshipsamongtranslators,originalauthorsandreadersduringtranslationprocesses.NordconcludedeachtheoryaboutSkoposandputforwardthattranslatorsshouldconformtotheguidanceofprincipleof“functionsandloyalty”.Finally,Skopostheoriewasdevelopedandperfected.2.2BasicconceptofVermeer’sandReiss’sSkopostheorieAsoneofthefounders,VermeerputforthSkopostheory,whichmadetranslationstudygetridoftheconstraintofthetheoryofsourcetext-oriented.Vermeersaid,“translationisnotonlyalanguageprocess,whichshouldbeseenasactivitythatthenonverbalcommunicationsymbolsandverbalcommunicationsymbolsysteminonelanguagearechangedintoanotherlanguage.”8HesuggestedthetranslatorshouldregardtheSTasresource,onlyprovidingtheinformation,whichneedstobetranslated.STwasnolongertobetheonlystandardtocheckwithitstranslation.Thetranslatorhadrightstomakehisproperselectiontomakehisworkabidebythebehavioroftargetcultureandexpectation.Thepossibilitytorealizethetranslationobjectiveisdependedontheconditionofthetargetculture.ReissdividedtheSTintothreetypes,informative,expressive,operativeonthebasisofK.Buhler’stheoryoflanguagefunctionandintroducedthefunctionalfieldintotranslationcriticism，Shelinkedlinguisticfunctionswithdiscoursetypesandtranslationstrategiesanddevelopedthemodeloftranslationcriticismbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipofsourcetextsandtranslationtexts.9Asaconsequence,sheputforwardtherudimentofSkopostheorie.Reissthoughtthatidealtranslationshouldbecomprehensivecommunicativetranslation,whichhastobeequaltothesourcetextsinaspectsofcontents,linguisticforms,communicativefunctions，etc.ⅢImportedMedicineInstructionsandTranslationofImportedMedicineInstructionImportedmedicineinstructionisprintedandprovidedbythepharmaceuticalcorporations,includingpharmacology,toxicology,pharmacodynamics,importantscientificdatasandconclusions,whichcontributestotheguidanceforclinicalmedicine.Thewesterncountrieshavebeeninadominantplaceforalongtimeinmedicineindustry.Theyhavethemostadvancedtechnologyandtheirgovernmentsandorganizationswillsupportthemwithlargeamountmoneyonthemedicalresearchprojects.Asaresult,itisanadvantageforChinatointroducetheimportedmedicines,alsolotsofChinesewouldprefertotheimportedmedicines.Atthispoint,thegoodandcleartranslationofimportedmedicineinstructionisinurgentneed.Ifaconsumerpurchasesortakestheun-knownmedicineswithoutanycorrectinstructions,itmayleadtothethreatoflife.Itisexactlythatthetranslationofimportedmedicineshouldbereceivedhighvalue.3.1Importedmedicineinstructions3.1.1ComponentsAlmostalltheimportedmedicineinstructionsconcludethefollowingcomponents:drugnames,description,pharmacologicalactions,indications,contraindications,dosageandadministration,adversereaction,precaution,storageandsoon.Thefollowingtextwillfocusonthefirstfourcomponents.Translationmethodsofdrugnamesusuallyincludetransliteration,freetranslation,translationofcombinationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationaswellashomophonetranslation.10Transliterationmeansthattranslatedrugnamesaccordingtotheirpronunciation.Herearesomeexamples.“Tamoxifin”istranslatedinto“它莫西芬”，“Ritalin”istranslatedinto“利他林”,“Amcacin”istranslatedinto“阿米卡星”.Freetranslationmeansthatpeopletranslatedrugnamesaccordingtotheirmeanings.Thefollowingaresomeexamples.“CholicAcid”istranslatedinto“膽酸”,“Minidiab”istranslatedinto“滅糖尿”.Thetranslationofcombinationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmeansthatpeopletranslatedrugnamesaccordingtonotonlytheirpronunciationbutalsomeanings.Forexample,“Coumadin”istranslatedinto“香豆定”,“Medemycin”istranslatedinto“麥迪霉素”,“Cathinone”istranslatedinto“卡西酮”.HomophonetranslationrefersthatthetranslationofthedrugnamesmainlyinaccordancewiththeirpronunciationorselectsomeChinesecharacters,whichnotonlypronouncesimilarsoundsbutalsoexpresssimilarmeanings.Forexample,“Antrenyl”istranslatedinto“安胃靈”,“Doriden”istranslatedinto“多睡丹”.Descriptionusuallyknownasintroductionorcomposition,includeschemicalstructure,chemicalcomposition,physicalandchemicalproperty,etc.Normallyitismadeofdifferenttechnicaltermsandalwaysusesdeclarativesentences,whichareusuallyinpassivevoice.ExampleOne：Thisproductisadark-brownpillhavingaparticularsmellandabittertaste,anditleavesmomentaryparalysisinthetongue.本品為黑褐色微丸，具特異香氣，味微苦，有麻舌感。ExampleTwo:Thisproductispreparedfromunitsofhumanplasmawhichhavebeentestedandfoundnonreactiveforhepatitisassociated(Australia)antigen.本品由人血漿制備，此血漿已通過檢查，并且證明對(duì)肝炎（澳大利亞）抗原無反應(yīng)。Pharmacologicalactionsalwaysincludeclinicalpharmacology,invitroexperiments,metabolism,potencyandtoxicity.Thiscomponentisusuallyadoptingdeclarativesentencesandcomplexclauseformationsaswellasabbreviations.ExampleOne:“Inclinicaltrialsthedrugwasshowntobehighlyeffectiveinimprovingandnormalizingthealteredcerebralcirculationandthosedisordersrelatedtoinsufficientarterialflowinthelimbs”臨床試驗(yàn)證明，本品療效高，可改善已變化的腦循環(huán)，使之恢復(fù)正常，治療與四肢動(dòng)脈血流不暢有關(guān)的疾病).ExampleTwo:EEG腦電圖LD50半數(shù)致死劑量CNS中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Indicationisthekeypointinimportedmedicineinstructions.Thiscomponentmainlyintroducesmedicineareeffectiveorineffectivetosomediseasesandvirus.Hence,itisusuallylistingsomenamesofdiseasesandvirusandsometechnicaltermswillappearfrequentlysuchasanginapectoris,hypertension,cancerandsoon.11Forexample:Trimetazidineisindicatedinadultsasadd-ontherapyforthesymptomatictreatmentofpatientswithstableanginapectoriswhoareinadequatelycontrolledbyorintoleranttofirst-lineantianginal.曲美他嗪合用于在成年人中作為附加療法對(duì)一線抗心絞痛療法控制不佳或無法耐受的穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者進(jìn)行對(duì)癥治療。Contraindicationsmeansthatrestrictionsofmedicineonuseforsomepeople,onceitgoeswrong,itmaytakeawaysomeone’slife.Sometimesitisshownastheformofellipsisonlyillustratingsomediseasesorsomesimplesentences.ExampleOne:Hypersensitivitytotheactivesubstanceortoanyoftheexcipients.Parkinsondisease,Parkinsoniansymptoms,tremors,restlesslegsyndrome,andotherrelatedmovementdisorder.對(duì)藥物任一組份過敏者禁用。帕金森病，帕金森綜合癥，震顫，不寧腿綜合癥，以及其他有關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙。ExampleTwo：Itcanbeusedforpatientswithpepticulcerorchroniccolitis.患消化道潰瘍、慢性結(jié)腸炎者禁用。Inshort,everysinglepartsofthecomponentsisconnectedaswell,whichlaysadetailedformatforpeopletoknowsthebenefitsandshortcomingsofthemedicines,besidesithelpspeopleselecttherightmedicines.3.1.2ClassificationTheimportedmedicineinstructionscanbedividedintotwokinds.Onekindisinstructionsofprescriptionmedicine.Theotherkindisinstructionsofover-the-countermedicine.Prescriptionmedicinereferstothose，whichmustbeprescribedbydoctorsandtheynormallyhassometoxicities,potentialsideeffectsandsoon.Itsactiveingredients,dosageandadministrationalwayshavespecificrequirementsandthiskindofmedicinemustbeusedundertheinstructionsandguidancefromthedoctors.Prescriptionmedicineusuallycanbeclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Oneisnewlycomesintomarketanditssideeffectsstillneedstobeobserved;thesecondoneisthoseforthepsychiatrictreatment,suchasdiazepamtablets,analgesicandsoon;thelastoneisthespecialmedicinesrelatedcardiology，hypertensionandsoon，suchasLACIPIL,Irbesartan.Intheinstructionsofprescriptionmedicines,contraindications,dosageandadministration,adversereactionsandprecautionsareallveryimportantcontentbecauseifthesecomponentscan’texpressclearlyandprecisely,itmaycausedeathatanytime.Over-the-counter(OTC)medicinesrefertomedicines,whichpatientscanchooseandpurchasethemedicinesaccordingtotheirneedsandthemedicinehaslesssideeffectsthanprescriptionmedicines.OTCmedicinesareusedtocurecommondiseases,suchasfever,cold,cough,headacheandotherminorillnesses.Therearemorethan35thousandskindsofover-the-countermedicinesinAmericaaswellasinChina.Itbringsconveniencetotheworld.3.1.3FunctionsThemajorfunctionsofimportedmedicineinstructionsisabouttwoaspects，medicalsecurityandtheguidanceofclinicalmedication.12Alsoitcanbeillustratedinthisway.First,theimportedmedicineinstructionscoverdifferentinformationlikeeffectivescientificdataandconclusion,whichcanguidehowtousethemedicinesmorerationalandsafe.Second,theimportedmedicineinstructionisoneofthefactorstodecidethepharmaceuticalqualitystandardbyitsindication,dosage,precaution,etc.Third,itisoneofthemajorbasisfortheclinicaldecision,whichhasitslegalinfluence.Ifthedoctorsfollowtheinstructionstoprescribemedicines,whenitcomestomedicaldisputes，theycanbefreefromliabilities.13Last,payingmoreattentiontotheimportedmedicineinstructionscanmeettherequirementsoftheclinicalmedication,ensurepatientsadministrationsecurityandreducetheriskofdoctors’practices.3.2Translationofimportedmedicineinstructions3.2.1ImportanceoftranslationAsweallknow,thedoctorscanprescribethepreciseandeffectivemedicationstotheirpatientswiththebetterunderstandingofthemedicineinstructions.Besides,beingawareofsideeffectsofsomekindsofmedicines,doctorsareabletofindoutandpreparetodealwithpatient’sadverseeffectsanddiscomfort.Ontheotherhand,peoplenormallychosetheirmedicationsbasedontheimportedmedicineinstructions,therefore,theimportanceofimportedmedicineinstructionstranslationisconspicuous.Ifthetranslatorscannotunderstandthemedicalterminologiesbecauseoflackingprofessionalmedicalknowledgeortheircareless,itisverydangerousforpeople,whochoosethismedicineandmayincreasethedisputesbetweendoctorsandpatients.3.2.2DifficultiesoftranslationAccordingtoVermeer,thetargettextshouldfunctioninthewaywhereexpectedbythetargettextreceiverinthetargetlanguagecultureandcontext.Thatistosay,thetranslationactionisdeterminedbySkopos,orwecansaythepurpose.AndaccordingtotheSkopos,thestandardoftranslationisadequacyinsteadofequivalence.Asimportedmedicineinstructionsisakindoftypicalinformativewriting,thetranslationfeatureofitshouldmeettherequirementsinthetargetcountryandsociety，whichincludetheconventions,laws,regulationsandsoon.Infact,althoughbothtranslatorsandgovernmenthavemadeeffortsandqualityofthetranslationofimportedmedicineinstructionshavebeenimprovedalotduringthepastseveralyears,therearestillsomedifficultiesoftranslation.Thefirstoneisstandardizationoftranslation.AccordingtoSkopostheorie,thetranslatedinstructionsmustmeettherelatedrequirementsandtheconventionsofmedicalinstructionswritteninChinese.Here，theword“standardization”meansthecorrectchoiceofexpressionsandmostimportantlystickingtotheoriginalwithoutanyomissionoftheimportantinformation.15Thefollowingexamplesarecollectedtomakeacomparisonshowingthedifficultyinthestandardizationoftranslation.Forexample:Sourcetext：DrugName:FishingPillIVDosage:Takewithlukewarmwater.Adulttake4-6pills,childrentake2-3pills.Takethreetimesdaily.(FishingPillIVmanufacturedbyLeeBuanSoaDispensary(FishingBrand)Ltd,Part)Targettext:合腸整胃丸使用方法用量溫開水送服，成人每次4-6丸；小兒減半，每日3次。（合腸整胃丸，泰國(guó)李萬山藥廠兩合企業(yè)生產(chǎn)）IntheoriginalEnglishinstruction,itisclearlystatedthatnomatterthepatientisadultorchild,themedicineshouldbetakenthreetimesdaily,fortheexpression“takethreetimesdaily”isanindependentsentenceandthereadercanidentifythatitisappliedtobothadultsandchildren.ButintheChinesetranslation,thereisasemicolonaftertheexpression“成人每次4-6丸”whichseparatesitwiththefollowingpart“小兒減半，每日三次”,sothereadermaygetconfusedforitseemsthat“每日三次”onlyappliedtochildren.Thesecondoneisreadabilityoftranslation.Readabilitymeansthatatextcanbeeasilyreadandunderstoodwithoutanymisunderstandingorambiguity.Ifthereaderisaprofessionallikeadoctororapharmacist,itisrelativelyeasyforthemtounderstandthetechnicaltermsofmedicineinstructionseventhoughitispoorreadability.Whereasformostregularconsumers,theirknowledgeofmedicinesarequitelimited,soifthereadabilityoftheinstructionsispoor,theremayappearambiguityormisunderstanding,whichmayleadtothemedicationerrors.Hereisanexample:Sourcetext:ANAEMIAAnaemiawithdecreasedhaemoglobinlevelshasbeenobservedinkidneytransplantrecipientsorhaemodialysedpatients,themagnitudeofthedecreasebeinggreaterwheninitialvaluesarehigh.Thiseffectdoesnotappeartobedose-dependentbutappearsrelatedtothemechanismofactionoftheACEinhibitors.Targettext:貧血癥在腎臟移植和血液透析的病人，應(yīng)用ACE克制劑后出現(xiàn)貧血合并血紅蛋白下降，并且血紅蛋白起始值越高，下降幅度越大。這種作用沒有顯示劑量依賴癥，但顯示與ACE克制劑的作用機(jī)制有關(guān)。Theexpression“Anaemiawithdecreasedhaemoglobinlevelshasbeenobservedinkidneytransplantrecipientsorhaemodialysedpatients”inthesourcetextistranslatedinto“在腎臟移植和血液透析的病人，應(yīng)用ACE克制劑后出現(xiàn)貧血合并血紅蛋白下降”.ActuallytheChineseword“在”isunnecessaryandcanbeomittedormovedafter“病人”,sothetranslationcanbe“腎臟移植和血液透析的病人在應(yīng)用ACE克制劑后會(huì)出現(xiàn)貧血合并血紅蛋白下降”or“腎臟移植和血液透析的病人，應(yīng)用ACE克制劑后會(huì)出現(xiàn)貧血合并血紅蛋白下降”.IVSkopostheorieAppliedintheTranslationofImportedMedicineInstructionsSkopostheorieisoneofthesophisticatedtranslationapproaches,whichbreaksthroughthetraditiontoinjectnewimpetusintothetranslationworld.Thistheoryemphasisonthetargetreceiverinsteadontheauthor,furthermore,itshowanewcriteriontodecidewhetherthetranslationworkisprofessionalornot.Inaddition,duetoitstwocharacteristics,thetarget-language-orientatedandtarget-culture-orientatedstrategies,itmakesthetargettextmoreacceptableforthelocalcultureandtargetreceiver.Howtodoabettertranslationofimportedmedicineinstructionrequirednotonlymedicalknowledgebutalsoaspecifictranslationskill.Theimportedmedicineinstructionsfacemultipleaudiences,likethepatients,thedoctors,theprofessions,etc.Moreimportantly,nowadayspeoplelovestoreadthemedicineinstructionsbeforetheyputthemedicineintheirmoutheventhoughthedoctorsprescribeit.Peoplewanttoknowandneedtoknowwhatisthismedicine.Anditistheobligationofpharmaceuticalfactorytoletthepublictoknowthetruthofthemedicines.Butowingtotheculturedifferences,itstranslationbecomesahotpotato.Byapplyingskoposintothetranslation,itcanexplicatethetargetcontextmoreclearlyandmoresuitableforthetargetreceiver,whichpromotestheprocessofthetranslationofimportedmedicineinstruction.4.1Applicationoffunctionalistapproach4.1.1LongsentencestranslatedbythestrategyofexplicationIntheimportedmedicineinstructions,therearealotoflongsentencesandsomecomplexsentences.Whenthetranslatorstranslatetheselongsentences,theyshouldunderstandthestructuresofthesentencesclearlyandusethestrategyofexplicationtoexplainthemainmeaningsintheirtranslationtextwhenisinneed.Forexample:Sourcetext:InsertofPerindoprilTabletsUsedinelderlyRenalfunctionandbloodpotassiumshouldbeassessedbeforestartingtreatment(cf.Dosageandadministration).Thestartingdosewillbesubsequentlytitrateddependingonthebloodpressureresponse,afortioriincaseofwaterandsodiumdepletion,inordertoavoidanabruptfallinbloodpressure.(PerindoprilTabletsmanufacturedbyServierPharmaceuticalCompanyLimited)Targettext:培哚普利片闡明書老年用藥開始治療之前，應(yīng)檢查腎功能和血鉀（參閱：使用方法用量）。起始劑量應(yīng)根據(jù)血壓變化進(jìn)行調(diào)整，在有水鈉丟失的病例則更應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎，以免引起血壓忽然下降。（培哚普利片，法國(guó)施雅維制藥有限企業(yè)生產(chǎn)）Thisisalongandcomplexsentence,however,theexpression“afortioriincaseofwaterandsodiumdepletion”intheEnglishoriginalistranslatedinto“在水鈉丟失的病例則更應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎”.Thetranslationtextisunclearasitshouldbedirectlyindicatedwhomsothatitcanbeimprovedbythestrategyofexplicationas“如曾有水鈉丟失的患者，起始劑量更應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎”.4.1.2WordstranslatedbythestrategyofexplicationFirstly,whenpe