美國呼吸道疾病防控

StevenD.DudleyDVMPresidentCEOVeterinaryMedicalCenter/PrairieLivestockSupplyWorthingtonMN美國控制豬呼吸道疾病的經(jīng)驗(yàn)ControlofSwineRespiratoryDiseas`eintheUSA我們今天要談?wù)勏铝屑膊〉目刂平?jīng)驗(yàn)

WewilltalkaboutSwineDiseasesbelowtoday圓環(huán)病毒病

(PCVD)Porcinecircovirusdisease藍(lán)耳病(PRRSV)(BlueEar)

豬流感病毒SwineInfluenzaVirus豬圓環(huán)病毒-臨床癥狀包括

PorcineCircovirus–clinicalproblemsinclude:影響繁殖Reproductiveeffects豬圓環(huán)相關(guān)的繁殖障礙疾病PCV2AssociatedReproductiveFailure豬圓環(huán)導(dǎo)致胎盤感染PCV2Uterineinfectionofpiglets對(duì)生長豬的影響EffectsonGrowingPigs呼吸系統(tǒng)-肺炎R(shí)espiratory–pneumonia消瘦Gauntwasteawaypigs皮炎Dermatitisskinlesions腸炎（伴有體重減輕和輕度呼吸系統(tǒng)綜合癥）Enteritiswithweight-losswithminimalrespiratorycomplications加重其他病原的感染Allowsotherpathogenstobecomemoresevere豬圓環(huán)感染特點(diǎn)

CharacteristicsofPCV2Infection豬圓環(huán)病毒血癥期長，較其它病毒更難以徹底清除PCV2infectionhaslongerviremiaandlongerclearancethanmostotherviraldiseases.生命力頑強(qiáng)PCV2virusisarobustvirusthatishardtokill.豬圓環(huán)的免疫抑制可引起其它疾病Immuno-suppressionaffectsfromPCV2arewidelynotedcausinganincreaseimpactofotherdiseases.繁殖障礙ReproductiveeffectsofPCV2可在任何時(shí)間感染母豬Infectionofsowsoccursatanytime當(dāng)母豬和后備母豬的抗體水平下降的時(shí)候，仔豬感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加Risk

ofinfectiontopigletsincreaseswhensoworgiltantibodiesdecrease.感染來源

SourceofPCV2infection母豬群感染InfectiontoSowHerd最常見途徑是通過陰性后備豬或未免疫后備豬Mostcommonrouteofinfectionisnaivegiltsorpoorlyvaccinatedgilts后備豬出現(xiàn)病毒血癥-胎盤帶毒繼而感染仔豬Giltsbecomeviremic–virusthengoestotheuterusandpigletsbecomeinfected.仔豬感染InfectiontoPiglets病毒血癥的懷孕母豬通過胎盤感染仔豬Pigletinfectionoccursfromsowviremiainutero通過病毒血癥產(chǎn)后母豬的鼻腔分泌物感染Exposuretonasalsecretionsfromviremicsowsafterfarrowing初乳帶毒Colostrumcanbeasourceofinfection豬圓環(huán)病毒-免疫方案

PorcineCircovirus–PrinciplesofSowVaccination免疫方案-如果種豬群有問題

VaccinationProtocol–BreedingHerdifproblemsarepresent用圓環(huán)滅活苗或組織苗對(duì)所有母豬普注，3周后加強(qiáng)一次

Massvaccinateentirebreedingherdandrepeatin3weeks免疫母豬以防止生產(chǎn)障礙Vaccinatesowstopreventreproductivedisease

priortobreeding為保持整個(gè)群體穩(wěn)定、抗體整齊，除母豬普注外，后備母豬進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)群6周前也要免疫一次

Followinginitialmassvaccination,maintainstableanduniformherdimmunitylevelbyvaccinatingallreplacementgiltsbeforetransfertobreedingherd

豬圓環(huán)在母豬群的流行情況

PCV2prevalenceinsowherdsDr.DarinMadsenISUpresentation最近研究表明，臨床表現(xiàn)有繁殖障礙的母豬群中，50%以上的母豬感染有圓環(huán)病毒Recentstudiesshowmorethan50%ofsowherdsareaffectedwithsomesortofreproductivecomponent.多數(shù)在引進(jìn)后備母豬時(shí)進(jìn)行免疫M(jìn)ostherdsvaccinatereplacementgiltsenteringtheherd多數(shù)美國人不接種懷孕母豬Mostproducersarenotroutinelyvaccinatingthebreedingherd建議免疫母豬群（以及仔豬免疫）Recommendvaccinatingsowherds

(inadditiontopigletvaccination)免疫母豬和后備母豬可避免以下兩種情況SowandgiltvaccinationwillpreventthetworeproductiveeffectsofPCV2繁殖障礙ReproductiveFailure胎盤感染UterineInfection免疫母豬的好處AdvantagesofSowvaccination提高母豬和后備母豬的抗體水平Increaseantibodylevelsinsowsandgilts減少母豬和后備母豬的病毒血癥Decreaseviremiainsowsandgilts母豬接種圓環(huán)疫苗的弊端

DisadvantagesfromvaccinatingsowswithPCV2不免疫母豬的原因ReasonstonotvaccinatesowsforPCV2vaccineinthesowherd花費(fèi)大Costofthevaccine母源抗體干擾仔豬免疫M(jìn)aternalinterferenceofpigletvaccination仍然有爭議Continuestobedebated母豬免疫的益處

Additionalreasonstovaccinatesows繼發(fā)感染-415個(gè)來源不同的母豬場(chǎng)Secondaryeffectsseenon415differentsowfarms.免疫母豬Vaccinatedsowsthensee減少斷奶到配種的時(shí)間decreaseweantoservice降低母豬死亡率decreasesowmortality降低仔豬死亡率decreasepigletmortality增加仔豬斷奶重increasepigletweanweight.懷孕母豬的亞臨床感染下降Decreasesubclinicalportionofinfectioninthebreedingherd.最近發(fā)現(xiàn)如果同時(shí)免疫母豬和哺乳仔豬可降低保育豬的發(fā)病率Recenttrendnotedthatifvaccinatebothsowsandpigletswillseedecreasedproblemsinthenursery.豬圓環(huán)病毒影響母豬有2種表現(xiàn)

SowsimpactedbyPCV2intwoways

繁殖障礙PCV2associatedreproductivefailure引起后備母豬和母豬的臨床癥狀Clinicalaffectsongiltsandsows后備母豬和母豬食欲下降GiltsandSowsgoofffeed偶爾發(fā)生流產(chǎn)Abortionscanoccurbutrare主要引起死胎和木乃伊胎Primarilyseestillbornsandmummies將死胎送檢實(shí)驗(yàn)室Diagnosisismadebysendinginstillbornlitterstolab

胎盤感染PCV2uterineinfection母豬和后備母豬不表現(xiàn)明顯的臨床癥狀Noclinicalaffectstosowsorgilts新生弱仔帶毒W(wǎng)eakpigletsbornthathavethePCV2virusinthem豬圓環(huán)相關(guān)的繁殖障礙

PCV2associatedreproductivefailure母豬未經(jīng)免疫時(shí)IfnoPCV2sowvaccineisusedISUestimatesthat12%的死胎與豬圓環(huán)相關(guān)12%ofstillbornlittersatISUwereassociatedwithPCV2需排除可導(dǎo)致死胎和木乃伊胎的其它疾病Otherdiseaseproblemsthatneedtoberuledoutifstillbornsandmummiesarepresent首先排除豬細(xì)小病毒PorcineParvo豬藍(lán)耳病毒PRRSvirus豬流感SwineInfluenza樣品數(shù)很重要Numbersubmittedisimportant.當(dāng)問題豬有50%以上感染了PCV2的話，意味著問題很大WhenPCV2problemsonly50%ofstillbornsareinfected每窩至少3個(gè)陰性仔豬以確定未感染Send3pigletsfromeachlittertoruleoutdiseasepresence凍存死胎，一次性送檢Foreaseofsendingsamples,keepstillbornsinfreezerorfrigandcollect.Thensubmitatonetime..胎盤感染PCV2uterineinfection比繁殖障礙更普遍Morecommonthanreproductivefailure感染所有的胎次Allparitiesaffected無臨床表現(xiàn)NoClinicalsignsingiltsorsows主要產(chǎn)弱仔Primarilyseeweakbornpiglets.妊娠期對(duì)仔豬的影響

Effectsofpigletinfectionduringgestation妊娠早期Infectionearlyingestation心肌感染heartinfection(myocardialinfection)死胎Pigletsborndead妊娠后期Infectioninlategestation淋巴凋亡lymphoiddepletion弱仔Weakpigsborn繼發(fā)感染MorelikelytohavePCV2associateddiseaselater妊娠后期（70天后）仔豬可產(chǎn)生主動(dòng)免疫PigscandevelopimmunitytoPCV2ifexposedinlategestation(after70daysofgestation)仔豬產(chǎn)生抗體PigletsbuildantibodiestoPCV2仔豬出生后抗體陽性PigletsbornwithpositiveantibodytoPCV2診斷Diagnosismadebytesting樣品需為初乳前的仔豬血清Pigletsfromsowsusingpre-suckledserum2項(xiàng)檢測(cè)LookingfortwodifferentthingsPCR–檢測(cè)病毒抗原testingforthePCV2virusIFA–檢測(cè)抗體testingforantibodypresence母豬的免疫時(shí)間

Timingofsowvaccination如何確定接種時(shí)間Sowvaccinationneedtoconsidertiming不建議產(chǎn)前免疫Pre-farrowvaccineisnotrecommended因?yàn)槟冈纯贵w水平的升高會(huì)對(duì)仔豬免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生影響Thiswillincreasematernalantibodiestoalevelthatwillinterferewithpigletvaccinationresponse母豬和后備母豬在產(chǎn)后或者配種前接種Wanttovaccinatesowsandgiltspostfarroworprebreeding配種前-114天內(nèi)，母豬的抗體水平下降，繼而初乳里的抗體水平也下降Pre-breeding-114daysforsowantibodylevelstodecreasewhichwoulddecreasethelevelofantibodiesinthecolostrum增加仔豬免疫的成功率Thiswillimprovethechanceofsuccessfulpigletvaccination仔豬免疫時(shí)間

Pigletvaccinationtiming母源抗體對(duì)仔豬免疫可能存在一定的影響Impactofmaternalantibodylevelsinpigletsmayinterferewithsuccessfulvaccinationforpiglets在美國，這個(gè)仍是個(gè)待探討的問題ThiscontinuestobedebatedbyveterinariansintheUSDr.Madsen認(rèn)為高母抗對(duì)仔豬免疫影響不大Dr.MadsenatISUthinksifhighantibodiesaretransmittedtothepigletthatthiscouldnegativelyaffectpigletvaccination如果IFA值在320及以下則無影響UsingIFAtestingif1:320orbelownointerference.如果高于320，則可能有干擾Above320theninterferencemaybeaproblem.母豬免疫Sowvaccination無需每胎必免。各豬場(chǎng)可根據(jù)自己的狀況來確定。Don’tneedtovaccinateeverybreedingcycle.Dependsonthefarm.藍(lán)耳陰性場(chǎng)，母豬一年免疫一次IfPRRSnaivethenvaccinatedamsonceperyear.

藍(lán)耳陽性場(chǎng)，每3個(gè)月免疫一次IfPRRSpositivethenvaccinateevery3months豬流感或者藍(lán)耳穩(wěn)定豬場(chǎng)則一年免疫2次。同時(shí)免疫其它疫苗。IfSIVorPRRSstablethensemi-annualvaccination.Morediseasethenbetterneedtovaccinate.如何檢測(cè)通過胎盤感染的仔豬Howtotestpigstoseeifpigletsbecomeinfectedinuterus選取20個(gè)不同的仔豬血清Take20serumsfromdifferentpiglets初乳前檢測(cè)Pre-suckletesting出生時(shí)檢測(cè)。收集頸靜脈血或者臍帶血。注意：一定是初乳前的血液。Bethereatthebirth.Doajugulartestorcollectumbilicalcordblood.Criticaltotakepre-suckleblood.將每4份血液混成1份，20份樣縮減為5份，進(jìn)行PCR檢測(cè)病毒。4poolsof5anddoPCRlookingforthevirus.如果陽性則進(jìn)一步確診

Ifpositivethendomoretesting.同時(shí)檢測(cè)豬圓環(huán)病毒抗體AlsotestantibodiesforPCV2注意反飼！

ManureFeedbackconcerns!豬圓環(huán)病毒對(duì)反飼的影響？Manurefeedback.WhateffectwouldthishaveonPCV2?病毒血癥的母豬或后備母豬通過糞便和鼻分泌物散毒Sowsorgiltsthatareviremiccanshedvirusinfecesandnasalsecretion.反飼未免疫母豬可能導(dǎo)致其感染圓環(huán)病毒。FeedbacktoothersowscouldexposethemtoPCV2virusifnovaccineisused豬圓環(huán)病毒的免疫方案

PorcineCircovirus-VaccinationProtocols免疫方案-生長豬

VaccinationProtocol–GrowingPigs3周齡時(shí)普免-商品苗或自家特制苗

Vaccinateallpigletsat3weeksofagewithCommercialPCVorTissueAutogenousVaccine使用雙針型的需要在3周后加強(qiáng)免疫

If2dose–BoosterVaccinatepiglets3weekslaterwithsameproduct根據(jù)免疫應(yīng)答情況，考慮免疫次數(shù)和接種時(shí)機(jī)

Evaluatedosageandtimingofvaccinationasresponseindicates豬藍(lán)耳病(PRRS)PRRSControlOptionsintheUSA:藍(lán)耳病在美國的控制方案藍(lán)耳病區(qū)域性凈化方案PRRSEliminationandEradication–Regionalcontrol豬群與藍(lán)耳病共存方案PRRS(Decidingtolivewiththediseaseandestablishaprogram)不處理，期待好結(jié)果Donothingandhopeforthebest

藍(lán)耳病控制的關(guān)鍵KeystoPRRSControl建立藍(lán)耳病穩(wěn)定的母豬群（血檢陽性、PCR陰性）

CreateaPRRSStableherdwheresowsareserologicallyantibody(Elisa)positivebutarevirus(PCR)negative診斷程序–持續(xù)的監(jiān)測(cè)

Diagnosticprogram–Implementtestingprotocol當(dāng)病毒血癥存在時(shí)，PCR是確診母豬、后備豬或其他豬是否是陽性的關(guān)鍵手段

PCRtestiscriticaltodetermineifsows,giltsorpigsarepositiveandwhenviremiaisoccurring確定豬場(chǎng)病毒的毒株

Determinethestrainorstrainspresentonthefarm后備母豬馴化-確保血檢陽性、PCR陰性，與母豬保持一致

GiltAcclimitization–Giltsmusthaveuniformstatuswiththesowherd.NeedPRRSserologicpositivetofarmvirusbutPCRnegative豬場(chǎng)藍(lán)耳病的評(píng)估

EvaluationofPRRSFarms:評(píng)估臨床癥狀，將豬場(chǎng)的情況進(jìn)行分類

Evaluateclinicalsymptomsandcategorizethestatusofthefarm通過PCR和血清學(xué)診斷確定在斷奶仔豬中是否存在藍(lán)耳病毒的感染

UsePCRandserologydiagnosticstoconfirmthepresenceorabsenceofPRRSinsowsandweanedpigsPCR檢測(cè)可以確定免疫時(shí)間和劑量

PCRdiagnosticswilldeterminewhichcontrolprogramorvaccinewillberecommendedProtocoltodeterminePRRSStatusSowsTestsowsifclinicalsignsarepresentIfnoclinicalsignsinsowsthennotestingonsowsTestsowsthatareabortingorofffeedTake15samplesandpoolforPCRtestingProtocoltodeterminePRRSStatusPigletsTest30sucklingpiglets15pigsthataretheoldestsucklingpigs15pigsthatare1weekyoungerTesthalfthatarepoorpigsandhalfgoodpigsUsePCRonlytolookforthePRRSvirusElisaantibodiescouldbefromcolostrumorinfectionProtocoltodeterminePRRSStatusNurserypigsTestpigsthathavebeeninthenurseryfor30daysTest10to30pigsTakesomesamplesfrompoorpigsandsomefromgoodpigsTestforPCR(virus)andElisa(antibodies)GiltreplacementsTestgiltsbeforetheyenterthebreedingherdTestforPCR(virus)andElisa(antibodies)Testgiltsthathavebeeninthebreedingherdfor30daysTestforPCR(virus)andElisa(antibodies)PositivePCRfromtestingIsolatePRRSvirusDon’tisolatePRRSvirusTrytoisolatethevirusSequencethevirusComparetopriorfarmstrainsComparetoMLVvaccinethatwillbeusedSequencethevirusfromthePCRComparetopriorfarmstrainsComparetoMLVvaccinethatwillbeused藍(lán)耳病感染母豬群的分類

PRRSSowFarms“StatusClassifications”

發(fā)病狀態(tài)

Outbreak不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)

Unstable穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)

Stable陰性

NegativeCycleofPRRSinfectiononsowherds“Outbreak”–lasts4to6weeks“Unstable”–lasts6weeksto2yearstoforever“Stable”–lastsuntilyougetthenextstrainofPRRSorstopvaccinatingandgetPRRSbackIfgetanewstraingobacktothe“Outbreakstatus”Negative–lastsuntilyougetexposedtoaPRRSstrain藍(lán)耳病感染母豬群的分類

PRRSSowFarms“StatusClassifications”1.發(fā)病狀態(tài)Outbreak母豬Sows母豬PCR檢測(cè)陽性SowsPCRpositive并有臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicaldiseasepresent

仔豬

Piglets仔豬PCR檢測(cè)陽性

PigsPCRpositive有臨床癥狀

Clinicallysickpiglets藍(lán)耳病發(fā)病狀態(tài)“PRRSOutbreakStatus”

有臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)ClinicalDiseasePresent

母豬和仔豬同時(shí)出現(xiàn)病毒血癥

Viremiaisoccurringinbothsowsandp