新高考英語二輪復習課時練第1部分閱讀理解與閱讀七選五專題1第7 ?？荚掝}二生態(tài)環(huán)保類 (含解析)

?？荚掝}二生態(tài)環(huán)保類“人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保類閱讀理解是歷年高考命題的熱點，這類文章與學生的生活息息相關(guān)。通過對這些話題的學習和高考英語對這些話題的考查，可以讓學生多注意身邊的人和事、關(guān)注社會環(huán)境、樹立環(huán)保意識、學會與大自然和諧相處。因此，考生應(yīng)該了解生態(tài)環(huán)保類文章的以下特點：話題內(nèi)容動植物保護、環(huán)境保護、生態(tài)保護、自然災害、環(huán)保生活方式、人與自然和諧發(fā)展。命題細節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題、觀點態(tài)度題、詞義猜測題等。生態(tài)環(huán)保類說明文通常會開門見山表明作者的觀點，并且通常使用比較新穎的詞匯和長難句，這類材料的命題點往往落在主旨大意題和細節(jié)理解題上。具體答題策略如下：(2021·全國乙·C)You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage，forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear，theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse”，apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves，frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups，thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity，Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution，butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand，becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight，theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone，thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018，VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說明)aspecificstatistic：Every60seconds，atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork，titled“TruckloadofPlastic”，VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic，whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.語篇解讀藝術(shù)家BenjaminVonWong非常關(guān)注塑料污染的問題，他用回收的廢舊塑料垃圾創(chuàng)作巨型雕塑，以喚醒和提高人們的環(huán)保意識。28．WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A．Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B．Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C．Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D．Reducinggarbageonthebeach.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage，forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.”可知，藝術(shù)家VonWong制作雕塑的目的是迫使觀眾重新審視他們與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系，即關(guān)注塑料垃圾造成的問題。29．Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A．Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B．Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C．Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D．Tofindasubstituteforthem.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是其中的“Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution...becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight，theycannotberecycled.”可知，全球僅有9%的塑料廢棄物被回收利用，而且作者特別說明了塑料吸管因為體積小和重量輕而無法被回收。由此可知，作者在第三段討論塑料吸管的問題是為了說明塑料吸管回收的困難。故選A。30．Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A．Calming. B．Disturbing.C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，TruckloadofPlastic這一作品直觀展現(xiàn)了塑料污染的嚴重性，會令人不安，故選B。31．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB．MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC．ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD．OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures答案D解析標題歸納題。通覽全文可知，作者主要講述了藝術(shù)家VonWong用塑料垃圾制作雕塑以喚起人們對環(huán)保問題的關(guān)注，因此最佳標題為D。ATheAmazonrainforestisasundisturbedaplaceasmostpeoplecanimagine，buteventhere，theeffectsofachangingclimateareplayingout.Now，researchsuggeststhatmanyoftheregion’smostsensitivebirdspeciesarestartingtoevolveinresponsetowarming.Birdsareoftenconsideredsentinel(哨兵)species—meaningthattheyindicatetheoverallhealthofanecosystem—soscientistsareparticularlyinterestedinhowthey’rerespondingtoclimatechange.Ingeneral，thenewshasnotbeengood.Forinstance，a2019reportbytheNationalAudubonSocietyfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsofNorthAmerica’sbirdspecieswillbeindangerofextinctionby2100ifwarmingtrendscontinueontheircurrentcourse.Forthenewstudy，researcherscollectedthebiggestdatasetsofarontheAmazon’sresidentbirds，representing77non-migratoryspeciesandlastingthe40yearsfrom1979to2019.Duringthestudyperiod，theaveragetemperatureintheregionrose，whiletheamountofrainfalldeclined，makingforahotter，dryerclimateoverall.AccordingtothereportonNovember12inthejournalScienceAdvances,36specieshavelostsubstantialweight，asmuchas2percentoftheirbodyweightperdecadesince1980.Meanwhile，allthespeciesshowedsomedecreaseinaveragebodymass，whileathirdgrewlongerwings.Becauseofthestudy’slongtimeseriesandlargesamplesizes，theauthorswereabletoshowthemorphological(形態(tài)學的)effectsofclimatechangeonresidentbirds.However，theresearchersthemselvesareunsureandwonderwhatadvantagethewinglengthchangesgivethebirds，butsupposesmallerbirdsmayhaveaneasiertimekeepingcool.Ingeneral，smalleranimalshavealargerrateofsurfaceareatobodysize，sotheydissipatemoreheatfasterthanabiggeranimal.Lessavailablefood，suchasfruitorinsects，indryerweathermightleadtosmallerbodysize.eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了氣候變化對鳥的影響。)1．Whyarescientistsfondofdoingresearchonbirds?A．Theyhavesmallbodysizes.B．Theyaresensitivetohotweather.C．Theyliveinanundisturbedrainforest.D．Theyareecologicalbalanceindicators.答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，科學家喜歡研究鳥是因為鳥是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡的指標。故選D。2．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Athirdofspecieshavebeenextinctforadecade.B．36specieslost2%oftheirbodyweighteveryyear.C．Two-thirdsofspeciesshowedaconsiderabledecreaseinweight.D．About26speciesrespondedtoclimatechangewithlongerwings.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“representing77non-migratoryspecies”以及“whileathirdgrewlongerwings”可知，大約26種鳥類長出較長的翅膀來應(yīng)對氣候變化。故選D。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipate”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Putoff. B．Giveoff.C．Putaway. D．Giveaway.答案B解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中“...smallerbirdsmayhaveaneasiertimekeepingcool.Ingeneral，smalleranimalshavealargerrateofsurfaceareatobodysize”可知較小動物的表面積相對于自身整體而言較大，因此散發(fā)熱量就更多更快，所以更容易保持涼爽，dissipate的意思是“散發(fā)”，與Giveoff(散發(fā))的詞義一致。故選B。4．Whatwouldprobablytheresearchersfurtherstudy?A．Whyitiseasierforsmalleranimalstokeepcool.B．Whateffectsthewinglengthchangeshaveonbirds.C．WhytheAmazonianbirdshavelostsubstantialweight.D．WhetherbirdspeciesinNorthAmericawillbeextinctin2100.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句(然而，研究者們自己也不確信，想知道鳥的翅膀長度變化對鳥有什么好處)可知，研究者將進一步研究鳥的翅膀長度變化對鳥有什么影響。故選B。BTheover48,000orangetreesinSeville，Spain，notonlyfillthecity’sairwiththepleasantsmelloforangeblossomsinspring，buttheyalsoproduceover16,500tonsoffruiteverywinter.ThoughthatmakesthecapitalofsouthernSpain’sAndalusiaregionEurope’stoporange-producingcity，thefruitistoosourtobeconsumedfresh.Whilesomeoftheproduceisusedtomakeorangejamandanalcoholicdrink，mostofitendsupinSeville’slandfills(填埋場)．However，thatmaychangesoonthankstoacleverideatousetheorangestoproducecleanenergy.Thetrialprogramisbeinglaunchedbythecity’scouncilandparkdepartmentincooperationwithEmasesa，Seville’swatersupplyandsanitation(衛(wèi)生)division.Juicefrom38.6tonsoforangeswillbelefttoferment(發(fā)酵)inaspecializedfacility.Themethane(甲烷)releasedfromthefermentedliquidwillbecapturedandusedtodriveageneratortoproducecleanpower.Theofficialsestimatethetestrunwillproduceabout1,500kWhofenergy—enoughtorunoneofEmasesa’swaterpurificationplants.Toensurethereisnowaste，theorangeskins，peels，andfleshwillbeusedasfertilizer.“It’snotjustaboutsavingmoney.Theorangesareaproblemforthecity，andwe’reproducingaddedvaluefromwaste，”saidBenignoLopez，headofEmasesa’senvironmentaldepartment.Ifsuccessful，by2023，thecityhopestorecyclealltheorangesandaddtheelectricityproducedbackintoitspowertransmissionnetwork.Intrialruns，onetonoforangesproduced50kWhofcleanenergy—enoughtocoverthedailyelectricityneedsoffivehomes.Theprojectteamestimatesthatifallthefruitisrecycled，itwillproduceenoughenergytopowerasmanyas73,000residences.“Thisprojectwillhelpustoreachourtargetsforreducingemissions，energyself-sufficiency，andthecirculareconomy，”JuanEspadasCejas，mayorofSeville，saidinthepressconferenceannouncingthetrialscheme.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。西班牙城市塞維利亞的冬季是橙色的季節(jié)，但是當?shù)亟?6500噸的橙子大部分都作為垃圾被掩埋。然而，這一現(xiàn)象即將改變，這些無用的橙子將被用來生產(chǎn)清潔能源。5．WhatdoweknowaboutorangesinSevillefromthefirstparagraph?A．Theyareusuallypickedinspring.B．Theyaremostlyusedtomakejamsandjuice.C．Theyarenotrecommendedtobeeatenfresh.D．TheymakeSevilletheworld’stoporange-producingcity.答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知，塞維利亞的橙子太酸了，不建議新鮮食用。故選C。6．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Differentusesoforanges.B．Howtoproducepowerfromjuice.C．Anintroductiontothetrialprogram.D．Whythetrialprogramwasputforward.答案C解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段可知，本段主要介紹了這一試驗方案。故選C。7．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Sevillehasn’tcarriedoutthetrialprogramyet.B．Theelectricityproducedwillbeusedtopurifywater.C．TheelectricityproducedwillgotoSeville’spowerplants.D．Sevillemayneedtorecycle14,600tonsoforangestopower73,000homes.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句可知，一噸橙子產(chǎn)生的清潔能源足夠滿足五個家庭的日常用電需要。那么73000個家庭則需要14600噸橙子。故選D。8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．SevilleIsTurningWasteintoWealthB．SevilleIsSeekingMarketforOrangesC．SevilleIsContributingtoGlobalWarmingD．SevilleIsDealingwiththeElectricityShortage答案A解析標題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句及全文可知，文章主要介紹西班牙城市塞維利亞利用本將都作為垃圾被掩埋的橙子來生產(chǎn)清潔能源。故選A。強化練(十五)生態(tài)環(huán)保類說明文AWhenitcomestobecomingeco-conscious，manypeoplechoosetostartwithsomethingsimple：recycling.Butit’snotassimpleaseveryoneseemstobelieve.Indeed，thedesireforsomepeopletorecyclecanleadtoill-informeddecisionsaboutwhatcanandcannotberecycled，andnon-recyclableobjectsareaccidentallyputintotherecyclingbin.Thepracticeiswhatisknownaswishcycling.Wishcyclingboilsdowntotheideathatjustaboutanythingcanberecycled，andthatifyouputitintoarecyclingbin，thosewhoareresponsibleforitwillfindawaytorecycleit.Thisisobviouslynottrue，because，despiteeverythingthatyou’vebeentoldbythemedia，noteverythingisrecyclable.Smallnon-recyclableobjectsthatareattachedtorecyclablesaregenerallyacceptable.Forexample，glueandtapeattachedtopaperwillberemovedintherecyclingprocesswithoutanytrouble.Butimproperlyrecyclingbrokeneyeglasses，plasticshoppingbags，foodwasteandgreasy(油漬)pizzaboxescouldcauseproblemstotherecyclingprocess.Theobjectsintherecyclingbinaretypicallysortedbymachinesatrecyclingcenters，notpeople.Thesecomplexmachinesaredesignedtoseparateplastics，paper，andotherrecyclables.Ifsomethingisthrownintothebinthatshouldn’tbethere，itcouldendupdamagingthemachine，whichmeanstherecyclingcentercouldlosetimeandmoneyeverytimepeopledecidetowishcycle.Sometimes，anon-recyclableobjectisabletosneak(溜)pastthesesortingmachines.Ifthishappens，thenon-recyclableobjectendsupinaloadofrecyclablesthatwillbesoldfortherecyclingcentertomakeaprofit.However，havingjustonenon-recyclablethingmixedincanpollutetheentireloadofrecyclables，whichhastobethrownaway.Sowhatyouasaconsumerneedtodoismakeyourownrecyclingpracticemostfunctional.Thebestwayistoeducateyourself.Therearecertaingeneralruleswhenitcomestorecyclingthateveryoneshouldknow.eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了什么是wishcycling以及它帶來的一些問題。)1．Whatdoweknowaboutwishcycling?A．Itismisledbythemedia.B．Itleadstoabetterecology.C．Itisrelatedtoillintentions.D．Itcomesfrompeople’shope.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段和第三段第一句可知，wishcycling是指人們不考慮東西是否可以回收，按照自己的意愿進行回收。故選D。2．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputintotherecyclingbinaccordingtothepassage?A．Paperwithglueonit.B．Oilypizzaboxes.C．Plasticshoppingbags.D．Left-overfood.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一、二句可知，粘有膠水的紙是可以放到可回收垃圾桶的。故選A。3．Whatisparagraph5about?A．Theproblemsfromwishcycling.B．Theneedtoupdatethemachines.C．Thereasonsformakinglessprofit.D．Theobjectsunsuitableforrecycling.答案A解析段落大意題。根據(jù)本段的主要內(nèi)容可知，本段主要介紹了wishcycling給回收中心帶來的一些問題。故選A。4．Whatmightbetalkedaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?A．Reducingwaste. B．Makingrules.C．Recyclingproperly. D．Consumingwisely.答案C解析推理判斷題。結(jié)合上文講述wishcycling帶來的一些問題和最后一段最后一句可推知，下文可能會介紹如何進行正確的回收。故選C。BIt’sasimpleyeteffectivemessagethatappeals，andleadstoasatisfyingwayofmotivatingustopromoteenvironmentalisminourownway.BorninNairobi，LeseinMutunkeiisinhislateteens，andhisTrees4Goalsisthemeanswithwhichheintendstomaketheworldgreener.Itunitestwoofhisself-declaredpassionsinlife：loveoftheoutdoors，withhisloveoffootball.Leseinenjoyedwalkingintheforest，butrecognisedhiscountrywasexperiencingaseriouslossoftreecover.Between2001and2020，Kenyalostanestimated11%oftrees，releasingasmanyas176milliontonsofCO2.InablogpostforWWFKenya，Leseinrevealedthat，oncehestartedtheTrees4Goalsinitiative，heoriginallyplannedtoplantonetreepergoal.By2020，hewantedtotakehiseffortsevenfurther.Whatstartedasonetreeplantedpergoalmushroomedinto11treesplantedpergoal.Explainingthereasoningbehindexpandingthetree-planting，hesaid，“Itrepresentsteameffortinfootballandthecontributionbymyteam.Ihavemanagedtohitthe1,000thtreemilestoneinthelasttwoyears.”Whileit’ssomethingofanowngoaltodestroytheforestsandjunglesprovidingenormousbiodiversity，innovativeinitiativeslikeTrees4Goalsareanassuredwaytoscoreanenvironmentalisthat-trick.Footballispopular.Itcutsthroughculturalbarriersirrespectiveofthecountryitisplayedin.Byincreasingthetreesplantedpergoal，withmoresuchinitiativesspringingup，evenmorewillbegrown.Likeaseed，bestideasstartsmallandchangeintosomethingthatcanbecomefarlargerthananticipated.WhileLeseincontinuesplanting11treespergoal，Kenyangovernmentisaimingtoensuretheplantingof1.8billiontreestoreach10%forestcoverage.Thesciencebehindisclear：if900millionhectaresaredevotedtohalfatrilliontrees，theworldcanoffset(抵消)halfofallcarbonreleasedsince1960.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了肯尼亞的一個少年開創(chuàng)了一個項目Trees4Goals，目的是提高肯尼亞的森林覆蓋率。5．WhatgaveLeseintheideaoflaunchingtheproject?A．ReleaseoftoomuchCO2.B．Dreamofmotivatingothers.C．Passionforsportsandnature.D．Habitofexercisinginthewoods.答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，正是對于足球和戶外的熱愛，才使他開創(chuàng)了這個項目。故選C。6．WhatdidLeseindoin2020?A．HecreatedablogforWWF.B．Hemultipliedhiscommitment.C．Heplantedonetreeforeachgoal.D．Heextendedhisworktootherteams.答案B解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二、三句可知，他加大了自己的投入，從踢進一個球就種植一棵樹迅速增加到踢進一個球就種植十一棵樹。故選B。7．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“owngoal”inparagraph4referto?A．Aimthatisintendedtoachieve.B．Actionthatharmsone’sowninterests.C．Pursuittowardwhicheffortisdirected.D．Goalthatisscoredfortheopposingteam.答案B解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線單詞下文“todestroytheforestsandjunglesprovidingenormousbiodiversity”和常識可知，破壞森林和叢林是危害自然、損害自己和他人的行為。B項與“owngoal”意思相一致。故選B。8．WhatcanwelearnfromLesein’sstory?A．United，wewin.B．Nopains，nogains.C．Loveme，lovemydog.D．Smalldeeds，bigdifference.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段以及最后一段可推斷，文章主要表達的是從小事做起，往往能帶來大的影響。故選D。C(2022·安徽馬鞍山二模)In2007，theAfricanUnionannouncedanambitiousproject—toplanttheGreatGreenWall(GGW)，abandoftreesthatwouldstretchthelengthoftheSahel.TheGGWisanecologicalrestorationprojectdesignedbyAfricanpeopleforAfricanpeople.Heavyrains，droughts，wildfiresandlandslideshaveallbecomecommonthroughouttheworld.ButnowhereisquiteliketheSahel.InthishugeAfricanregion，climatechangehasmaterializedinadramaticmanner.Insomecases，thesevereconditionshaveleftpeoplewithnooptionotherthantomigrateelsewheretosurvive.Itwaswithallofthisinmindthattheextraordinary，butheavilydebatedprojectwasfirstputforward.Fourteenyearshavepassedsincetheinitiativeformallykickedoff.Thestatedgoalwastocreatea15-kilometre-wide,8,000-kilometre-longgreenbeltoftreesandotherplantsthat，by2030，wouldspan(跨越)theentirewidthoftheSahel，fromSenegaltoDjibouti.Overall,100milli