chapter 2 國(guó)際供應(yīng)鏈管理

MaritimeCargoTransportationChaptertwoMaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructure(vessels,channelsandports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean)TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationPerformanceComparisonforSelectedFreightModesBargeHoppercar100cartrainunitSemi-trailertruck1500Tons52,500Bushels453,600Gallons100Tons

3,500Bushels

30,240Gallons10,000Tons

350,000Bushels

3,024,000Gallons26Tons;910Bushels

7,865Gallons9,000foratankertruck124tonsCapacity557.7TruckEquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamaxcontainership5,000TEU2,1169,330VLCC300,000tons2millionbarrelsofoil747-400FOceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage:notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctualCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散貨Break-bulkcargo雜貨Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Containerizedcargo集裝箱貨Bulkcargo(散貨）

Bulkcargoiscommodity

cargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuchascoal,grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulkcargo(generalcargo)goodsthatispackedindividually,andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins,destinationsandclients.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Uniformlypackagedgoods,suchasautomobilesandlogs,whichstoreassolidlyasbulk,butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo.Containerizedcargo

GenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever,therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending…

Containerforbulkcargo

Cargo,TradeandShipCharacteristicsCargoTypeTradeCharacteristicsVesselSizeGeneralCargoBreak-bulkVariedsmallconsignments,Numerousconsignees,Slowhandlingrates,Variousroutes,NumerousportsSmallUnitized(containers)Moreuniformcargo,Rapidhandling,ManyportsSmalltomediumDryBulkOres/coal/cemetLargeconsignments,Longhauls,Moderatehandlingrates,Specializedterminals,FewportsMediumtoverylargeLiquidCrudeoilVerylargeconsignments,Longhauls,Fewroutes,Specializedterminals,FewportsVerylargetoultralargeOilproductsSmallshipments,Numerousconsignees,ManyportsSmalltomediumMaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(byfunction)Containervessels集裝箱船p267Ro/Rovessels滾裝船Break-bulkvessels雜貨船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH(LighterAboardShip)載駁船Oiltankers油船Bulk/Orevessels散貨船Refrigeratedship冷藏船Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)Sizeofvessels--measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage--D.W.T.載重噸

D.W.T.isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation.Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits.Itcanbedividedinto2classes:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.Totalloadedtonnage=fullloaddisplacement–lightdisplacement

2)DeadWeightCargoTonnage--D.W.C.T.凈載重噸Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.

OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)DomainsofMaritimeCirculationChannellength(inkm)watchthevedioandfindouthowaportoperatesDischarge卸貨Containerstackingarea集裝箱堆場(chǎng)Loadsequense裝載順序Crane起重機(jī),吊車Lorry卡車，接駁車Straddlecarrier跨車Typesofoceantransportation

Privatefleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)Chartertransportation包船運(yùn)輸-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班輪運(yùn)輸-lessthanshiploadsizeshipperPrivatefleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)

Privateshipsareshipsthatareownedorleasedonalong-termbasisbythefirmmovingthegoods.Anotherelementofinterestininternationalshippingisthatofshipregistry.AlthoughashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandplyaroutebetweentheU.S.andthePersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandflytheflagofLiberiaorPanama,itiscalledflagofconvenience方便旗Theownersderivecertainbenefitsoftaxes,manning,andsomerelaxedsafetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries,ratherthanintheUnitedStates,Canada,orwherever.Charterservices(alsoknownasTramp).Inthisformofserviceamaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose,commonlybetweenaspecificportoforiginanddestination.Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum,ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoships

Linershippingservices.Involvesaregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencallingseveralportsalongafixedroute.ThistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofgeneralcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristics

TrampingLinerShipping

TransportationDemandNumberofshippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh(weight)Low(volume)UnitvalueLowHighRegularityLowHigh

TransportationSupplyContractCharterpartyFreight(billoflading)VesselsLiquidandbulkGeneralcargoFrequencyLowHigh

ImplicationsFreightLiquidandmainbulkcommoditiesMinorbulkandgeneralcargo(containerized)

ShareinMaritimeTransportTons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

基本港comparativelyfixedfreightrates費(fèi)率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibilitylinerconference

DefinitionAgreementbetweentwoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerservice

onaparticulartrade

route

under

uniform

ratesandcommon

terms.Alsocalledshippingconference.

班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)呢涍\(yùn)程序承運(yùn)人攬貨,并向港口預(yù)訂泊位Cargocanvassing,berthreservation

托運(yùn)人填寫托運(yùn)單，租船訂艙ReservationofShippingSpace

備貨，報(bào)關(guān)Cargopreparation,customclearances裝船換單/接