初中英語現(xiàn)在完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時講解與練習(xí)如果你想說“我已經(jīng)看過某部電影，所以不想看了"、“某人曾經(jīng)做過什么事情”等等，該如果表達(dá)呢？首先請看下面的句子：Ihaveseenthefilm.Idon,twanttoseeitagain.這部電影我已經(jīng)看過，不想再看了。Haveyouansweredallthequestions?所有的問題你都回答了嗎？Haveyoueverlookedatatravelbrochure?你看過旅游宣傳冊嗎？ShehasnevervisitedtheUSA.她從沒有過去美國。觀察：以上句子的謂語動詞的一個共同特點是 ,用于表示在以前的某個時間曾經(jīng)做過的、發(fā)生的事情，這種行為對目前有某種影響。我們把這種時態(tài)稱為“現(xiàn)在完成時”。一、 現(xiàn)在完成時的概念。①現(xiàn)在完成時通常表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成的動假存在的狀態(tài)。說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。Shehasboughtacar她買了一輛車。Shehasarrived.她到了。②表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。We'veknowneachothersincewewerechildren.(我們從小就認(rèn)識。)IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.二、構(gòu)成：”助動詞have,has+過去分詞”現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式(以Work為例)：人稱-LE?士目TE 否定 疑問 回答 第一人稱IhaveseentheUFWehavetravelledaroundtheworld.ɑ.haven,tseentheUFO.Wehaven,ttravelledaroundtheworld.HaveyouseentheUFO?Haveyoutravelledaroundtheworld?Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven,t.Yes,wehave./No,wehaven,t.第二人稱YouhavebeentoEngland.Youhaven,tbeentoEngland.HaveyoubeentoEngland?Yes,I/wehave.No,I∕wehaven,t.第三He/ShehasbeentoHe/Shehasn,tbeentoHashe/shebeentoYes,he/shehas.人稱Beijing.Beijing.Beijing?No, he/shehasn,t.TheyhavegivenTheyhaven,tgivenHavetheygivenconcertsallovertheconcertsallovertheconcertsallovertheYes,theyhave.world.world.world?No,theyhaven,t.注：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去是相同，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見附表。練.把下面變否定句、一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答。havedonemyhomework.否定句： 一般疑問句： 回答： 2.Theplanehasarrived.否定句： 一般疑問句： 回答： 三、現(xiàn)在完成時用法歸納.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)已完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。（此種用法謂語動詞用短暫性動詞）如：Theplanehasarrived.常用的UF狀語和副詞：already（已經(jīng)）用于肯定句中，通常放??αve∕/IqS與過去分詞之間如：Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.ye”還，仍然，已紛用于否定句和疑問句的荷不如：Hasshefinishedcookingyet?他做完飯了嗎？練：Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.（變?yōu)榉穸ň洌〆ver（曾經(jīng)），句中，多用于疑問句如：HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?never（從不）,本身否定before（以前），句尾，獨立用JUSt（剛剛），用于肯定句中，常用在助動詞和過去分詞之間。如：Ihavejustheardthenews.我剛剛聽到消息。.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來的動作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語連用。如：for+一段時間：fortwohourssince+時間點：since1999,sincelastyearsince+一段時間+ago=for+一段時間sincetwodaysago= UPtonoW,tillnow,,sofar（至IJ目前為止）inthepasttwoyears,inthelastfewdaysrecently,lately（最近）如：MissZhaohastaughtmathforfiveyears.Hismotherhasworkedintheshopsince1990.TheGreenshavelivedinLondonsincethreeyearsago.[?]:其中在a,b,c,d這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如：Ihave如dthisbookforOneandahalfyears.（這本書我已買了一年半了不能用buy用since和for填空）1.twoyears3.lastmonth5.yesterday74hours9.wewerechildren2.twoyearsago4.19996.4o,clock8.anhourago10.lunchtime11.shelefthereHehaslivedinNanjingtheyearbeforelast.Fveknownhimwewerechildren.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanesethreeyears.Shehasbeenawayfromthecityabouttenyears.4.短暫性動詞怎樣和表示一段時間的狀語連用。英語中的短暫性動詞，也叫做終止性動詞、瞬間動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示一時的動作，不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。常見的短暫性動詞有:go,come,leave,find,buy,arrive,give,stop,join,marry,die,begin,start,borrow,close,open,lend等。eg.Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.(×)非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時間連用時可采用下列三種方法：(1)將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動詞。leave-beawayfrom

join-beinbuy-havedie-bedeadborrow-keep

open-beopenclose-beclosed

begin/start-beon(電影開始)

go-betherefinish-beover

join-beincomeback-beback(2)時間狀語的變化：把表時間的狀語“for…”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+時間名詞+ago”的短語形式。(即：將時間狀語改為過去時間，并用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時)如：他離開濟(jì)南三年了。HehasleftJi,nanforthreeyears.( )HehasbeenawayfromJi,nanforthreeyears.HeleftJi,nanthreeyearsago.例如：Theyborroweditlastweek.Theyitsince.Iboughtapentwohoursago.Iapenfor.havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別havebeento曾經(jīng)去過某地(現(xiàn)已離開)，可以與ever,never,once,twice等連用。hasgoneto去某地了，現(xiàn)在還未回來。此句型一般用于第三人稱。havebeenin表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用at。句末常有for+一段時間或SinCe+時間點翻譯：你以前去過北京嗎？ 吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。 格林一家在中國已經(jīng)兩年了O6.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：(1)側(cè)重點不同：現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時是一種過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過去的動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如：YesterdayIwenttothezoo.(僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))LiLeihasreadthebook.(說明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容)(2)連用的時間狀語不同：一般過去時常與ago,yesterday,last...,in2000,justnow等連用o而現(xiàn)在完成時與already,yet,still,just,sofar,inthelast/past...,before,ever,never,since...,for...等時間狀語連用。［注］現(xiàn)在完成時不可與yesterday,lastWeek,twodaysago等過去時間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時練習(xí)【基礎(chǔ)鞏固】一、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.1already(see)thefilm.I(see)itlastweek..he(finish)hisworktoday?Notyet..Myfatherjust(come)backfromwork.Heistirednow..Where7sLiMing?He(go)totheteacher,soffice..1(work)heresinceI(move)herein1999.SofarI(make)quiteafewfriendshere.HowlongtheWangs(stay)here?Fortwoweeks.just(finish)myhomework.He(go)toschoolonfooteveryday.you(find)yoursciencebookyet?Ifit(be)finetomorrow,I'llgowithyou.Thestudents(read)Englishwhentheteachercamein.Look!Themonkey(climb)thetree.Mymother(come)toseemenextSunday.I'velostmypen.you(see)itanywhere?二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.1havebeentoMacaubefore.(改為否定句)IbeentoMacaubefore.Hehasn'tcometoschoolbecausehe'sill.(就戈U線部分提問)hecometoschool?HehaslearnedEnglishfor5years.(就劃線部分提問) learnedEnglish?4.1boughtanewbikejustnow.(用just改寫)Ijustanewbike.5.WebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.(改為同義句)WeEnglishthreeyears.【能力提升】I.用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。Haveyouever(take)atrain?She,s(live)hereeversinceshewasten.Haveyou(make)friendswithyournewclassmatesyet?I(have)mylunchandΓmnothungrynow.Jimhasneverseenapanda,he?We(be)goodfriendssincewemetatschool.Wecan'tfindhimanywhere.PerhaPS(也許)he(go)home.He(read)thebookbefore.Mr.Green(teach)usalotaboutsocialstudiessinceSeptember.Inever(meet)hersisterbefore..用for或since填空。JillhasbeeninBeijingMonday.JillhasbeeninBeijingthreedays.MyaunthaslivedinAustralia15days.Margaretisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere7o'clock.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry1974.Thebusislate.We'vebeenwaiting20minutes.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenemptymanyyears.III,用括號中動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：he(wait)foranhouryet?I(notfinish)theworkyet.you(know)himsincethen?I(hear)frommyfatherrecently.We(be)theremanytimesduringthepastthreeyears.Howlongyou(stay)athome?She(notread)thebookbefore.Ijust(do)it.Mysister(walk)toschooleverydaylastyear.Hermother(go)toShanghai.She(leave)thismorning.IV.選擇填空( )1、WhereisMissGao?ShetoShanghai.A.cameB.hasbeenC.hasgoneD.Comes( )2.Johntothespacemuseumthree.A.havebeen,timeB.havebeen,timesC.hasbeen,timeD.hasbeen,times( )3、HaveyoumetMrLi?A.JustB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago( )4、Hergrandfatherfortwoyears.A.diedB.hasdiedC.hasbeendeadD.hasbeendied( )5、It'ssixweeksImetyoulasttime.A.whenB.sinceC.beforeD.for( )6、ZhaoLanalreadyinthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying（ ）7、WeXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.know B.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew（ ）8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.Iittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.saw D.see（ ）9、—Thesefarmershav