四種翻譯方法-十種翻譯技巧

#朱生豪將其譯為：“你講的話完全像是一個(gè)不曾經(jīng)歷過(guò)這種危險(xiǎn)的不懂事的女孩子。”異化揭示了深層含義，又再現(xiàn)了原文的表層形式，一方面豐富和完善了漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)力，使表達(dá)意思的手段更準(zhǔn)確，更多樣化；另一方面，也為我們了解西方文化打開(kāi)了一扇窗戶。練習(xí)：請(qǐng)用“異化”的翻譯方法翻譯下面十個(gè)句子。⑴Armedtoteeth⑵Meetone'sWaterloo⑶Darkhorse⑷Crocodiletears⑸Ivorytower⑹Helookedcoolinhisnewclothes.⑺Thisisthelastsupperinourcollegelife.⑻Thecoldwarbetweenthehusbandandwifeendedwhenthehusbandfoundabetterjob.⑼ThefearthattheBlackMondaymightreturnsoonalarmedtheseWallStreeters.⑽Thewealthhehadboastedforyearsturnedouttobetheemperor'snewclothes.十種翻譯技巧了解完四種翻譯方法后，我們?cè)賮?lái)了解一下十種常用翻譯技巧，即重復(fù)法(repetition)，增詞法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion)，詞序調(diào)整法(inversion)，拆譯法(division)，合譯法(combination),正說(shuō)反譯和反說(shuō)正譯法(negation),語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法(voicechanges)，引申法(extension)和句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯法。重復(fù)法(repetition)重復(fù)法(repetition)是在翻譯中，為了使譯文忠實(shí)于原文并且產(chǎn)生意義明確，文字通順、流暢，符合目的語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的文字，而將某一部分文字反復(fù)使用的翻譯技巧。例子：Youmustaskthemotherathome,thechildreninthestreet,theordinarymaninthemarketandlookattheirmouth,howtheyspeak,andtranslatethatway;thenthey'llunderstandandseethatyou'respeakitheminGerman.(重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)你一定要問(wèn)一問(wèn)家庭主婦們，問(wèn)一問(wèn)街頭玩耍的孩子，問(wèn)一問(wèn)集市上做買賣的百姓，聽(tīng)聽(tīng)他們說(shuō)些什么，他們?nèi)绾握f(shuō)，你就如何譯；這樣他們就會(huì)理解，就會(huì)明白：你是在用德語(yǔ)和他們講話。Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.(重復(fù)賓語(yǔ))我們必須分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.(重復(fù)省略的部分）無(wú)知是畏懼之源，羨慕之根。Butwestillhavedefects,andverybigones.（指代內(nèi)容的重復(fù)）但我們?nèi)杂胁蛔?，而且是很大的不足。Thedogischasingthecatwhichischasingaratwhichishavingapieceofcheeseinitsmouth.（指代內(nèi)容的重復(fù)）那條狗在追著那只貓，而貓又在追著一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里銜著一塊奶酪。判斷我們各方面工作的是非得失，歸根到底，要以是否有利于發(fā)展社會(huì)主義的生產(chǎn)力，是否有利于增強(qiáng)我國(guó)的綜合國(guó)力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Inthefinalanalysis,thecriterionforjudgingthesuccessorfailureofourworkinvariousfieldsiswhetherithelpstodeveloptheproductiveforcesofsocialistsociety,tostrengthentheoverallcapacityofthecountryandtoimprovethepeople'slivingstandards.Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾碰到過(guò)，不是氧氣設(shè)備了故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障（重復(fù)名詞）Thethreemostimportanteffectsofanelectriccurrentareheating,magneticandchemicaleffects.電流的三種最重要的效應(yīng)是熱效應(yīng)、磁效應(yīng)和化學(xué)效應(yīng)。Alternatingstressnotonlyvariesinmagnitudebutalsoindirection.交變應(yīng)力不僅大小不同，而且方向不同。10，Buthiswifekeptdinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,hiscarelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.可是他老婆不斷地在他耳朵邊嘮叨個(gè)沒(méi)完，說(shuō)他懶惰，說(shuō)他粗心，并且說(shuō)他一家人都要?dú)г谒纳砩稀?1,Sleepismostgracefulinaninfant;soundest,inonewhohasbeentiredintheopenair;completest,totheseamanafterahardvoyage;mostwelcome,tothemindhauntedwithoneidea;mosttouchingtolookat,intheparentthathaswept;lightest,intheplayfulchild;proudest,inthebrideabored.嬰兒的睡眠，最為優(yōu)美；經(jīng)過(guò)一番戶外勞作，疲憊不堪的人的睡眠，最為酣暢；在艱苦航程之后的水手的睡眠，最為圓滿；為某種意念所苦的人，對(duì)睡眠最為歡迎；哭泣后的母親的睡眠，最為動(dòng)人；一個(gè)頑皮小孩的睡眠，最為輕松；一個(gè)深受愛(ài)慕的新娘的睡眠，最為驕傲。增詞法(amplification)在翻譯中為了使譯文通順易懂，或是為了行文生動(dòng)，更符合目的與的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣而采取的增加部分解釋性詞語(yǔ)、連接詞、類屬詞、概括性詞語(yǔ)和代詞的做法叫增詞法(Amplification)。Thesubsequentgenerationsofthisfamilygrewimpoverishedbyacombinationofdrought,extortion,andtoomanygiftstooperagirls,allofwhichledtotheirlosingfaceandtheirproperty.參考譯文：在接下來(lái)的幾代中，因?yàn)樵庥龊禐?zāi)，被人勒索，再加上給優(yōu)伶的封賞太多，這個(gè)家族便最終資財(cái)耗盡，風(fēng)光不再了。Themensquattedintheirdark-coloredlogyis,theever-presentcherootsclenchedbetweentheirteeth.參考譯文：男人們穿著深色的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里總是叼著煙。HisconsiderationoftheBiblewiththelanguageofordinarypeopleandhisconsiderationoftranslationintermsoffocusingontheTLandtheTTreaderwerecrucialinhistranslation.他注重使用民眾的語(yǔ)言來(lái)翻譯圣經(jīng)，注重為目的語(yǔ)和目的語(yǔ)文本的讀者考慮，這兩點(diǎn)在他的翻譯中很關(guān)鍵。Thisplanwithallitsdisadvantagesisconsideredtobeoneofthebest.盡管有種種不周全之處，這個(gè)計(jì)劃仍被認(rèn)為是最佳計(jì)劃之Flowersbloomallovertheyard.朵朵鮮花滿院盛開(kāi)。Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫(xiě)作使人嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。不要重復(fù)葉公好龍那個(gè)故事，講了多少年的社會(huì)主義，臨到社會(huì)主義跑來(lái)找他，她又害怕起來(lái)了。(《毛澤東選集》，第五卷)ThestoryofLordYewhoprofessedtolovedragonsshouldnotberepeated.Onemustnotjusttalkaboutsocialismforyearsandthensuddenlyturnpalewhensocialismcomesknockingatthedoor.Dayafterdayhecametohiswork——sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.他每天來(lái)干活——掃地，擦桌椅，清理房間。9,一個(gè)籬笆三個(gè)樁，一個(gè)好漢三人幫。Abamboofenceneedsthesupportofthreestakes,andanablemanneedsthehelpofthreeotherpersons.Stakesmakeabamboofencestand,andsupportershelpanablemansucceed.10,三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeliangthemastermind.省略法(omission)省略法(omission)是為了行文的簡(jiǎn)潔和更符合目的與習(xí)慣，將一些重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)或一些已被涵蓋的意義省去的翻譯方法，而原文的意義

并未因此受到任何損失。Whenshecouldnolongerdecide,shebecamedepressed.WheneverDwightpickedupthebabytotakehimtohisplaceortothedoctor'sforacheckup,shefeltrelief.她無(wú)法抉擇，心情壓抑，而前夫馬賽一把孩子接走或是送到診所接受檢查，她就會(huì)有一種輕松感。Rupertwithhisflexibleyoungkneessatinahunch-and-crouchposeinimitationofthenatives.魯珀特年齡小，雙膝柔韌，學(xué)著當(dāng)?shù)厝说臉幼?，弓背縮身地跪坐著。Stainlesssteelpossessgoodhardnessandhighstrength.譯文：不銹鋼硬度大，強(qiáng)度高。Penicillinworksbynotallowingabacteriumtobuilditscellwall.青霉素的作用是不讓細(xì)菌制造細(xì)胞壁。Thisisthesolidrockybottomundertheoozeandmudoftheoceanfloor.海底軟泥和泥層下面是堅(jiān)硬的巖石層。Thereisa30%increaseofourinstalledcapacitywiththisyear.今年，我們的裝機(jī)容量增加了30%。在工作中，我們必須避免犯不必要的的錯(cuò)誤。

Wemustavoidmakingmistakesinourwork.質(zhì)子帶陽(yáng)電，電子帶陰電，而中子既不帶陽(yáng)電也不帶陰電。Aprotonhasapositivechargeandanelectronanegativecharge,butaneutronhasneither.Heputhishandintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.他雙手插進(jìn)口袋，聳了聳肩。Smokingisnotallowedinthestore-house.倉(cāng)庫(kù)重地，嚴(yán)禁吸煙。11，匪軍所至，殺戮人民，奸淫婦女，焚毀村莊，掠奪財(cái)物，無(wú)所不用其極。Wherevertheywent,theymassacredandraped,burnedandlooted,andstoppedatnothing.前怕龍后怕虎的態(tài)度不能造就干部?！癋earingdragonsaheadandtigersWbiUhnndProducecadres.我們黨結(jié)束了那個(gè)時(shí)期的社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩和紛擾不安的局面。OurPartyhasputanendtothesocialunrestandupheavalofthattime.這種人鬧什么東西呢？鬧名譽(yù)，鬧地位，鬧出風(fēng)頭。（《毛澤東選集》三卷，779頁(yè)）Whatarethesepeopleafter?Theyareafterfameandpositionandwanttobeinthelimelight.4詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion)是基于兩種語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的不同，在翻譯中保留詞語(yǔ)意義而改變此類的做法。MayaAngeloureturnedtoAmericain1964,withtheintentionofhelpingMalcolmbuildhisnewOrganizationofAfricanAmericanUnity.瑪雅安琪露于1964年返回美國(guó)，打算幫助馬爾科爾木新建立一個(gè)非裔美籍人聯(lián)合會(huì)。ShortlyafterherarrivalintheUnitedStates,Malcolmwasassassinated,andhisplansforaneworganizationdiedwithhim.馬爾科爾木來(lái)美不久即遭暗殺，他籌建新組織的計(jì)劃也隨即夭亡。His(Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.)assassination,fallingonherbirthdayin1968,leftherdevastated(蹂躪，破壞；使荒廢).1968年她生日那天，小馬丁路德金被人暗殺，她痛不欲生。Thereisapopularbeliefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinspelling.譯文：學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)普遍認(rèn)為學(xué)校不再對(duì)教單詞拼寫(xiě)感興趣。Hewaspopularamongyoungpeople.譯文：他在年輕人中很受歡迎。

Weweremostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.譯文：給我們留下極深印象的是：即便那些沒(méi)有被告知其病情的病人對(duì)其疾病的潛在后果也非常清楚。學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。Allthestudentsshoulddevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysically.（名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞）由于我們實(shí)行了改革開(kāi)放政策，我國(guó)的綜合國(guó)力有了明顯的增強(qiáng)。Thankstotheintroductionofourreformandopeningpolicy,ourcomprehensivenationalstrengthhasgreatlyimproved.（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）Theimitationoflivingsystems,beitdirectorindirect,isveryusefulfordevisingmachines,hencetherapiddevelopmenofbionics.對(duì)生物系統(tǒng)的模仿，不管是直接的還是間接的，對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)都很有用，因此仿生學(xué)得以快速發(fā)展。AbrahamLincolnwantedtobuildagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople.林肯想建立一個(gè)民有民治民享的政府。疏忽幾秒鐘，貴重的儀表就可能會(huì)徹底損壞，無(wú)法修復(fù)。

Someofmyclass-matesaregoodsingers.我的同班同學(xué)中有些人唱歌唱的很好。Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.黨的干部吃簡(jiǎn)陋的飲食，住寒冷的窯洞，靠微弱的燈光，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的工作。黨的干部長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地工作，而他們吃的是粗陋的飯菜，住的是寒冷的窯洞，點(diǎn)的是昏暗的油燈。Stevensonwaseloquentandelegantbutsoft.史蒂文森有口才，有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。TheWildefamilywerereligious.王爾德全家都是虔誠(chéng)的教徒。Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.他不抽煙，可他爸爸卻是個(gè)老煙槍。他的講演給聽(tīng)眾的印象深刻。Hisspeechimpressedtheaudiencedeeply.該廠的產(chǎn)品的主要特點(diǎn)是工藝精湛，經(jīng)久耐用。Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability

她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。Shefiguresprominentlyinthelastact.19，會(huì)議沒(méi)能取得一致意見(jiàn)就結(jié)束了。Themeetingendedindisagreement.5順序調(diào)整法(inversion)為避免字對(duì)字，行對(duì)行翻譯所產(chǎn)生的弊端，翻譯中要根據(jù)目的與習(xí)慣進(jìn)行詞序和句內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整，但順序調(diào)整后的譯文不能偏離原文的句子重心。DuringtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStates,amanvirtuallyownedhiswifeandchildrenashedidhismaterialpossessions.在美國(guó)早期歷史上，男人就像擁有個(gè)人物質(zhì)財(cái)產(chǎn)一樣完全擁有自己的妻子和孩子。Themedicalprofessionisanexampleofchangedattitudesinthe19thand20thcenturiesaboutwhatwasregardedassuitableworkforwomen.關(guān)于什么是適合于女人的工作，19和20世紀(jì)的人們態(tài)度發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變，其中一例就是對(duì)于醫(yī)療職業(yè)態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。3.Italsoplaysanimportantroleinmakingtheearthmorehabitable,aswarmoceancurrentsbringmildertemperaturestoplacesthatwouldotherwisebequitecold.由于溫暖的洋流能把溫暖的氣候帶給那些本來(lái)十分寒冷的地區(qū)并使之變暖,因此,海洋在使我們這個(gè)地球更適合人類居住方面也扮演一個(gè)重要的角色（原因狀語(yǔ)從句）Timegoesfastforonewhohasasenseofbeauty,whenthereareprettychildreninapoolandayoungDianaontheedge,toreceivewithwonderanythingyoucatch!當(dāng)你跟可愛(ài)的孩子們站在池子里，又有個(gè)年輕的狄安娜在池邊好奇的接受你捉上來(lái)的任何東西的時(shí)候，如果你懂得什么叫美的話，時(shí)間是過(guò)得很快的！要是你和一群可愛(ài)的孩子在池塘中捉魚(yú)摸蝦，有位天仙般的姑娘站在池邊，快活地?fù)炱鹉銈兊摹皯?zhàn)利品”，你若知美，定會(huì)覺(jué)得時(shí)間如白駒過(guò)隙，一晃即逝。（逆序法）whilethepresentcenturywasinitsteens,andononesunshinymorninginJune,theredroveuptothegreatirongateofMissPinkerton'sacademyforayoungladies,onChiswickMall,alargefamilycoach,withtwofathorsesinblazingharness,drivenbyafatcoachmaninathree-corneredhatandwig,attherateoffourmilesanhour.（當(dāng)時(shí)）這個(gè)世紀(jì)剛過(guò)了十幾年。在六月的一天早上，天氣晴朗，啟斯維克林蔭道上平克頓女子學(xué)校的大鐵門前面來(lái)了一輛寬敞的私人馬車。拉車的兩匹馬套著锃亮的馬具，一個(gè)肥胖的車夫戴了假發(fā)和三角帽子，趕車的速度是一小時(shí)四英里。（分譯法）Thedinofthestall-holderscryingtheirwares,ofdonkey-boysandportersclearingawayforthemselvesbyshoutingvigorously,andwould-bepurchasersarguingandbargainingiscontinuousandmakesyoudizzy.擺攤的高聲吆喝，兜售自己的商品，趕驢的小伙和腳夫扯開(kāi)嗓門，叫前面的人開(kāi)道兒讓路，買主和店家爭(zhēng)來(lái)爭(zhēng)去、討價(jià)還價(jià)，人聲喧噪，持續(xù)不斷，讓人頭昏腦暈。Bakeristypicalofmanytranslationscholarswhomakedetaileduseoftheterminologyoffunctionalgrammaranddiscourseanalysisinthatshedevotesbyfarthemostattentiontothetextualfunction.在詳細(xì)運(yùn)用功能語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇分析術(shù)語(yǔ)的眾多翻譯學(xué)家中，貝克很有代表性，因?yàn)榈侥壳盀橹顾亲铌P(guān)注語(yǔ)篇功能的學(xué)者。Linguisticdifferencesareofcourseindicativeofculturaldifferences,andVenutiisonecriticwhoseeslinguistics-orientedapproachesasprojecting‘a(chǎn)conservativemodeloftranslationthatwouldundulyrestrict(translation's)roleinculturalinnovationandchange'.語(yǔ)言的差異當(dāng)然表明著文化的差異，韋努提批評(píng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)向的研究方法使用的保守翻譯模式，它限制了翻譯促進(jìn)文化創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的作用。Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductscannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertyofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldsinwhichitistobeapplied.合成材料通常稱為人造材料。許多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料，這或許是因?yàn)樘烊恢破返臄?shù)量不能滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的需求，但更多的則是因?yàn)槿藗兛粗辛撕铣刹牧系哪撤N物理性能，并充分發(fā)揮這些性能，以便使合成材料在其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中最大限度地發(fā)揮作用。（綜合法）10,中國(guó)人也好，外國(guó)人也好，死人也好，活人也好，對(duì)的就是對(duì)的，不對(duì)的就是不對(duì)的。Whatisrightisrightandwhatiswrongiswrong,whetheritconcernstheChineseorforeigners,whetheritconcernsthedeadortheliving.11，能不能盡快的把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去,這是一個(gè)關(guān)系到社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的全局，關(guān)系到我們國(guó)家命運(yùn)與前途的大問(wèn)題。Whetherscienceandtechnologycanbepushedforwardasquicklyaspossibleisaquestionofvitalimportanceforsocialistconstructionasawholeandforthedestinyandfutureofourcountry.12,Springhassomuchmorethanspeechinitsunfoldingflowersandleaves,andthecoursingofitsstreams,andinitssweetrestlessseeking!(JohnGalsworthy:Theappletree)春花怒放，春水奔流，春天歡騰地?zé)o休無(wú)止地追逐著，這一切都比語(yǔ)言要豐富得多!6拆譯法(division)與合譯法(combination)這種方法是指為符合漢語(yǔ)流水句的習(xí)慣而將英語(yǔ)中過(guò)長(zhǎng)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆解或合并的翻譯方法。Thisintuitionthatlooksmatterlittlemaybeanotherinstanceofourdenyingrealinfluencesuponus,forthereisnowafiledrawerfullofresearchstudiesindicatingthatappearanceisapowerfuldeterminantofinitialattraction.這種認(rèn)為外貌并不重要的直覺(jué)行為，也許是我們否認(rèn)對(duì)我們真正有影響的事物的又一個(gè)例子，因?yàn)橛写罅康恼{(diào)查研究的結(jié)果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要決定因素。Thepresident,ingivingtohismostpowerfulandmostdistinguishedrivalthegreatestplacewhichapresidenthasinhispowertobestow,gaveanexcellentproofofthenoblenessofhisownspirit.

譯文：那位總統(tǒng)把自己的權(quán)力所能授予的職位，給予了他的最有勢(shì)力、而又最為卓越的敵手。這便是他的崇高精神的最好證據(jù)。Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinhigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方法繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。.Hedidnotrememberhisfatherwhodiedwhenhewasthreeyearsold.他不記得他父親了，父親死時(shí)他才三歲。Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.行為主義者認(rèn)為，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。Sunraysfilteredinwherevertheycould,drivingoutdarknessandchokingtheshadows.陽(yáng)光射入了它所能透過(guò)的地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了幽影。

陽(yáng)光所到之處，黑暗盡消，幽影全無(wú)。7.中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。Chinaisalargecountrywithfour-fifthsofthepopulationengagedinagriculture,butonlyonetenthofthelandisfarmland,therestbeingmountains,forestsandplacesforurbanandotheruses.（合譯）8.Myfatherwasnotwronginjudgingmetooyoungtomanagebusinessofimportance.父親認(rèn)為我太年輕，難當(dāng)重任。他的判斷不錯(cuò)。9Shesatwithherhandscuppingherchin,staringatacornerofthelittlekitchen.她坐在那兒雙手托著下巴，眼睛凝視著小廚房的一角。Themilitaryisforbiddento“kill”thevessel,arelativeeasytask.（政府）禁止軍方“擊毀”這艘潛艇，雖然要擊毀該艇并不怎么費(fèi)事。11.Hewasveryclean.Hismindwasopen.他為人單純而坦率。12.蕓作新婦，初甚緘默，終日無(wú)怒容，與之言，微笑而已。Asabride,Yunwasveryquietatfirst.Shewasneversullenordispleased,andwhenpeoplespoketoher,shemerelysmiled.13.如今沒(méi)奈何，把你雇在間壁人家放牛，每月可以得他幾兩銀子你又有現(xiàn)成飯吃，只在明日就要去了。（吳敬梓《儒林外史》）There'snowayoutbuttosetyoutoworklookingafterourneighbour'sbuffalo.You'llmakealittlemoneyeverymonth,andyou'llgetyourmealstheretoo.Youaretostarttomorrow.14，Thesunwascomingoverthehills.Abassjumped,makingacircleinthewater.Nicktrailedhishandinthewater.Itfeltwarminthesharpchillofthemorning.太陽(yáng)露出山頭。一只鱸魚(yú)跳起來(lái)，使水面泛起一圈漣漪。尼克把手伸到水里，在清晨凜冽的寒氣里，水摸上去很暖和。15,Nostretchofimaginationcouldvisualizeanythinghalfsolovely.即使發(fā)揮了最豐富的想象力，也想不到這般美妙的事物。16，Itsgleamingsandsandbackdropofpinewoodsanddistanthillsgiveitapleasantandrestfulatmosphere.這兒沙灘閃爍，松林掩映，遠(yuǎn)山連綿，自有一種心曠神怡的氣氛。17,Dawnmethimwellalongtheway.Itaspleasantuneventfulride.在東方欲曉的時(shí)候，他早已走了一大段路了，這次騎馬旅行是很愉快的，沒(méi)有碰到意外事件。18，Hecrasheddownonaprotestingchair.原譯：他猛然坐到一張吱吱地發(fā)出抗議聲的椅子長(zhǎng)。改譯：他猛然坐到一張椅子上，椅子被壓得吱吱作響。19,她已經(jīng)洗完了衣服，坐在小溪邊的石頭上撩起布衫揩臉上的汗水。Shehahalreadyfinishedwashing.Seatedonastonebesidethestream,shewipedherperspiringfacewithhertunic.20，但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交納朋友，終日閉戶讀書(shū)。Hewas,however,eccentric.Hedidnotlookforanofficialpost,anddidevenhaveanyfriends.Alldayhestudiedbehindcloseddoors.21，年歲不好，柴米又貴；這幾件舊衣服和舊家伙，當(dāng)?shù)漠?dāng)了，賣的賣了；只靠著我替人家做些針指生活尋來(lái)的錢，如何供得你讀書(shū)？（吳敬梓《儒林外史》）Timesarehard,andfuelandriceareexpensive.Ouroldclothesandourfewsticksoffurniturehavebeenpawnedorsold.WehavenothingtoliveonbutwhatImakebymysewing.HowcanIpayforyourschooling?ItwasinvainthattheoldladyaskedherifshewasawareshewasspeakingtoMissPinkerton.（W.M.Thackray:VanityFair）老太太問(wèn)她明不明白對(duì)他說(shuō)話的不是別人,是平克頓小姐。這話毫無(wú)效力。華大媽在枕頭底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋錢，交給老栓，（C）老栓接了,抖抖的裝入衣袋,又在上面按了兩下,便點(diǎn)上燈籠,吹滅燈盞，走向里屋去了（C）。Aftersomefumblingunderthepillow,hiswifeproducedapacketofsilverdollarswhichshehandedover.OldShuanpocketeditnervously,pattedtheoutsideofhispockettwice,thenlightingapaperlanternandblowingoutthelamp,wentintotheinnerroom.24,她一手提著竹籃，內(nèi)中一個(gè)破碗，空的一手拄著一支比她更長(zhǎng)的竹竿，下端開(kāi)了裂，她分明已經(jīng)純乎是一個(gè)乞丐了。Inonehandshehadabamboobasketcontainingachipped,emptybowl;intheother,abamboopole,tallerthanherself,thatwassplitatthebottom.Shehadclearlybecomeabeggarpureandsimple.25,Kingsandbearsoftenworrykeepers.國(guó)王難事，狗熊難養(yǎng)。7正說(shuō)反譯和反說(shuō)正譯法(negation)這種方法是指為照顧目的語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，原語(yǔ)中肯定的或否定的表達(dá)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成目的語(yǔ)中否定的或肯定的表達(dá)。Onebyone,thesefriends,acquaintances,andstrangersfromthedifferenttimesofmyshortenedlifestoodbythecaskettosayfarewell,adieu,zaijen.參考譯文：在我提前結(jié)束的生命里，我在不同時(shí)期所結(jié)交的朋友，認(rèn)識(shí)的熟人，還有一些陌生人，都一一走到我的棺材前，操著不同的語(yǔ)言跟我說(shuō)“再見(jiàn)”。AndbeforeMarlenacouldlashintohimforsuchacallousremark,heaimedhisfingertowardtheothersideofthelobby.參考譯文：不等朱馬琳指責(zé)他對(duì)別人漠不關(guān)心，他便朝大廳的另一頭指了指。Themajorreasongivenwasthatthegirls'ownexpectationsdeclinedbecauseneithertheirfamiliesnortheirteachersexpectedthemtoprepareforafutureotherthanthatofmarriageandmotherhood.主要原因是姑娘們對(duì)自己的期望降低了，因?yàn)闊o(wú)論家人還是老師都只是期望她們將來(lái)能結(jié)婚生子。Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind.［譯文］:科學(xué)研究的方法只是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式。Itisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchahighprice.（開(kāi)這么高的價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲竹杠。）Youcannotattachtoomuchimportancetothematter.（你應(yīng)該非常重視這件事情。）Heisnolesscleverthanhisbrother.（他和他兄弟一樣聰明。）Themanoverthereisnoneotherthanourprincipal.（站在那兒的人正是我們的校長(zhǎng)。）9無(wú)論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。Shecanhardlyberatedasabrightstudent.（正譯）Sheisanythingbutabrightstudent.（反譯）I'mblestifIknow.我一點(diǎn)也不知道。Hewasanindecisivesortofpersonandalwayscapricious.他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無(wú)常。MissFairliekepttoherroomallday.范俐小姐整日足不出戶。13,油漆未干Wetpaint14，他新雇來(lái)的女傭人懶得出奇，飯量到很大，真是一個(gè)無(wú)用而又累贅的東西。Hisnewlyemployedwomanservantwasextremelylazyandatealot,nomorethanawhiteelephant.15，.Herhusbandhatestoseeherstonyface.她丈夫不愿見(jiàn)到她那毫無(wú)表情的臉。16，Heknewhewasmortallyill.他不知道他得的事不治之癥。8語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法(voicechanges)英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句多與漢語(yǔ)，因而翻譯是要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)態(tài)調(diào)整。InsomeoftheEuropeancountries,thepeoplearegiventhebiggestsocialbenefitssuchasmedicalinsurance.在有些歐洲國(guó)家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會(huì)福利，如醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)等。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Therobotsifterhasbeenputintouse.自動(dòng)篩機(jī)已投入使用。Theshellpartsofreactorpressurevesselshavebeenoftenfabricatedwithformedplatesweldedtogether.反應(yīng)堆壓力容器的殼體常常由成型鋼板焊接而成。Allthesoundsarefedintoacomputerandanalyzed.把所有的聲音輸入電腦進(jìn)行分析。Itwouldbeastonishingifthatlosswerenotkeenlyfelt.如果人們不強(qiáng)烈地感受到損失，那倒是奇怪了。Theyweregivenaheartywelcome.他們受到熱烈歡迎。IwassoimpressedbythesewordsthatIusedthemlaterforaChristmascard.我為這些話深深感動(dòng)，后來(lái)我就把它們寫(xiě)在圣誕卡上。Lastyeartheregionwasvisitedbytheworstdroughtin60years.

去年該地區(qū)遭遇了六十年一遇的旱災(zāi)。TheshipwasdestinedforLondon.這艘船開(kāi)往倫敦。Rainbowsareformedwhensunlightpassesthroughsmalldropsofwaterinthesky.陽(yáng)光穿過(guò)空氣中的小水珠就形成了彩虹。9引申法Itisnoteasytobecomeamemberofthatclubtheywantpeoplewhohaveplentyofmoneytospend,notjusteveryTom,DickandHarry.誤譯：要加入個(gè)俱樂(lè)部并不容易——他們要的是有錢花的人，不只是湯姆、迪克和哈利等。正確譯文：要加入那個(gè)俱樂(lè)部并不容易——他們要的是有錢花的富人，不是隨便哪個(gè)平民百姓。Dogsdon'tspeakinthefuturetense.Theyliveinthemoment.狗不顧將來(lái)，只管眼前。Ivisitedvariouspartsofmyowncountry;andhadImerelyaloveroffinescenery,Ishouldhavefeltlittledesiretoseekelsewhereitsgratification,foronnocountryhavethecharmsofnaturebeenmore

prodigallylavished.Hermightylakeslikeoceansofliquidsilver;hermountainswiththeirbrightaerialtints;hervalleys,teemingwithwildfertility;hertremendouscataracts,thunderingintheirsolitudes;herboundlessplains,wavingwithspontaneousverdure;herbroaddeeprivers,rollinginsolemnsilencetotheocean;hertracklessforests,wherevegetationputsforthallitsmagnificence;herskies,kindlingwiththemagicofsummercloudsandglorioussunshine,——no,neverneedanAmericanlookbeyondhisowncountryforthesublimeandbeautifulofnaturalscenery.我游遍祖國(guó)山河，如果單是為欣賞美景，那我就犯不著去別處尋找這種欲望的滿足感；因?yàn)樵跊](méi)有別的國(guó)家象美國(guó)這樣有如此迷人的自然景色了：廣闊的湖泊，如銀波閃耀的大海；崇山峻嶺，鋪上空靈爽朗的色彩；深邃的峽谷，繁茂的草木；鳥(niǎo)獸眾多，激蕩的瀑布在寂靜的荒原中轟鳴而下；無(wú)邊的平原，連綿起伏，蓊蓊郁郁；深而寬闊的河流，浩浩蕩蕩，無(wú)聲無(wú)息地奔流入海；人跡罕至的森林，處處顯露著豪爽的景觀；夏日的天空，云朵變幻莫測(cè)，陽(yáng)光燦爛——不，一個(gè)美國(guó)人永遠(yuǎn)不必去國(guó)外尋找宏偉壯麗的美景！Youthisnotatimeoflife;itisastateofmind;itisnotamatterofrosycheeks,redlipsandsuppleknees;itisamatterofthewill,aqualityoftheimagination,avigoroftheemotions;itisthefreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife.青春不只是人生的一個(gè)階段；它是一種心境。它不是指紅潤(rùn)的臉頰，紅色的嘴唇和柔軟彎曲的膝蓋；而是指意志力、豐富的想象力、充沛的情感。它是生命深泉之清新。青春不是年華，而是心態(tài)；青春不是粉面、紅唇、柔膝，而是堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，恢弘的想象，炙熱的戀情；青春是生命深泉的自在涌流。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。NewYorkisnotMeccatome.紐約不是我心中的圣城。紐約不是我向往的地方。7，郭彩娣笑了，贊賞他的口才說(shuō)：“說(shuō)話真會(huì)繞彎?！?《上海的早晨》)GuoCaidismiledandsaidappreciatively:“Hecertainlyknowshowtokeepyouguessing.”8，Long-stemmedmodelsankledthroughthelobby(<time>)身材修長(zhǎng)的模特們裊裊婷婷地走過(guò)大廳。9、Haiegazesthoughtfullyathisgreatpawsandwinksatme.Thethrashingwasthehighwatermarkofhislife.Hetellsmeheoftendreamsofit(BrickRemarque:<AllQuiteontheWesternFront>)哈伊面帶沉思地盯著自己的一雙大手，對(duì)我眨了眨眼。他一生最好的時(shí)候，就是在家鄉(xiāng)打粒脫谷那會(huì)兒。他告訴我說(shuō)他常常夢(mèng)見(jiàn)那些日子10，Theprojectisaneconomicalbatrossfromthestart這個(gè)項(xiàng)目從一開(kāi)始就是一個(gè)擺脫不了的經(jīng)濟(jì)難題11，她怕碰一鼻子灰，話到嘴邊，他又把它吞了下去Shewasafraidofbeingsnubbed,sosheswallowedthewordsthatcametoherlips.12，為頭一人，頭戴武巾，身穿團(tuán)花線袍，白凈面皮，三綹髭須，真有龍鳳之表。（《儒林外傳》）13，Theleaderofthebandworeamilitarycapandfloweredsilkcostume.Hehasaclearcomplexion,hisbeardwasfineandhelookedeveryinchaKing.那柳湘蓮原系世家子弟，…..素性爽俠，不拘細(xì)事，酷好耍槍舞劍，賭博吃酒，以至眠花臥柳，吹笛彈箏，不所不為。LiuXiang-lianwasayoungmanofexcellentfhmily...Hewasofadashingimpulsivewithspearorsaber,drinking,andgambling,butbewasnotaverseplayonboththefluteandzither.14,我要有個(gè)三長(zhǎng)兩短，你給玉山捎個(gè)話!（杜鵬程《保衛(wèi)延安》I