GRE強(qiáng)化班閱讀講義

GRE閱讀備考馬揚(yáng)（@馬揚(yáng)_MrClutch)教授課程：閱讀部分TOEFLGREIELTSGMATSATGRE概況和誤區(qū)老Gvs.新G1.能力vs.技巧2.VerbalSectionVerbalReasoningGRErevised=老GRE+邏輯3.SectionadaptivetestVerbal30min20questionQuantitative35min20question新GRE考試閱讀部分的改革按照ETS官方的說法：“（新GRE考試將會）減少對于單詞意涵的孤立考察（如取消類比反義題型），更加突出基于語境的理解能力的考察（如增加閱讀理解題目）?！眮砀由钊氩⒄鎸?shí)地反映考生的高級認(rèn)知能力。閱讀文章從老G的4篇增加到新G的10篇（2-3篇長文章，7-8篇短文章）

具體說來，這些能力包括：分析一段論述文字并推導(dǎo)結(jié)論；根據(jù)不完全的數(shù)據(jù)做推導(dǎo)；識別作者的前提/假設(shè)條件和視角；理解語言文字的多層次含義，包括字面含義，修辭含義和作者目的等。挑選重要觀點(diǎn)，區(qū)別主要論述和次要/相關(guān)論述；總結(jié)全文；理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)。理解詞、句和段落篇章的意涵；理解不同詞和概念間的關(guān)系等。新GRE考試閱讀部分的三種題型1.單項(xiàng)選擇題（5選1）2.多項(xiàng)選擇題（新題型，3選N）3.段中點(diǎn)選題（新題型，在段落中點(diǎn)選符合題設(shè)問題的答案句）按問題分類：（1）themainideaorprimarypurposeofthepassage;——主旨題（2）informationexplicitlystatedinthepassage;——細(xì)節(jié)題（3）informationorideasimpliedorsuggestedbytheauthor;——推斷題（4）possibleapplicationsoftheauthor’sideastoothersituations,includingtheidentificationofsituationsorprocessesanalogoustothosedescribedinthepassage;——類比應(yīng)用題（5）theauthor’slogic,reasoning,orpersuasivetechniques;——結(jié)構(gòu)題（6）thetoneofthepassageortheauthor’sattitudeasitisrevealedinthelanguageused.——語氣態(tài)度題三大原則讀文章的原則與TOEFL的比較（TPO）背景原則：白癡型思維順序原則：先文后題，先套路后細(xì)節(jié)目的原則：很多的學(xué)生最大的問題是不能有的放矢詳略得當(dāng)?shù)娜ラ喿x文章，導(dǎo)致沒有效率閱讀時關(guān)注(1)主題句，TopicSentence俗稱TS(2)關(guān)鍵詞，KeyWords俗稱KW(3)結(jié)構(gòu)框架，StructuralElements俗稱SE(4)作者所持有的態(tài)度或者評價Attitude，一般存在著大正(+)，大負(fù)(-)和混合評價大正小負(fù)，小正大負(fù)閱讀時關(guān)注文章的類型思考：GRE考試什么考試？美國的研究生考試

所以均為大量學(xué)術(shù)性文章大概可以區(qū)分為立論（presentation）評論（Argumentation）閱讀的類型類型一：論點(diǎn)說明型首段提出觀點(diǎn)，后段深入探討結(jié)尾也許讓步TS：一般就在首段中標(biāo)志：開頭出現(xiàn)一個表觀點(diǎn)的判斷句如…suggest/assert/arguethat…OGP.65(4、5)閱讀的類型類型二：新老觀點(diǎn)對比型首段闡述陳舊的觀點(diǎn)，后段推翻敘述出新觀點(diǎn)，TS一般就在新觀點(diǎn)中。標(biāo)志：過去的時間詞或者動詞的完成時，initially,ithaslongbeenestimatedthat…,ithasbeenfrequentlyassumedthat…普遍大眾觀點(diǎn)：often,usually,traditionally,typically,somehistorians,thecommonbelief,manypeoplebelievethat…否定肯定式：Kennedy：Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,butaskwhatyoucandoforthecountry;Socrates,Plato,AristotleAristotle:IlovenotPlatoless,buttruthmore.Iloveyounotbecausewhoyouare,butbecausewhoIamwhenIamwithyou.Thisis陳少清，heisnotaperson,heis陳少清。The

longest

distance

in

the

world

is

not

that

between

life

and

death，but

that

I

stand

in

front

of

you，yet

you

don't

evenknow

that

I

love

you.SomeobservershaveattributedthedramaticgrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1980'stoincreasedparticipationintheworkforcebycertaingroups,suchasfirsttimeorreenteringworkers,whosupposedlyprefersucharrangements.However,statisticalanalysesrevealthatdemographicchangesintheworkforcedidnotcorrelatewithvariationsinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkers.Instead,theseanalysessuggestthatfactorsaffectingemployersaccountfortheriseintemporaryemployment.Onefactorisproductdemand;temporaryemploymentisfavoredbyemployerswhoareadaptingtofluctuatingdemandforproductswhileatthesametimeseekingtoreduceoveralllaborcosts.Anotherfactorislabor'sreducedbargainingstrength,whichallowsemployersmorecontroloverthetermsofemployment.Giventheanalyses,whichrevealthatgrowthintemporaryemploymentnowfarexceedsthelevelexplainablebyrecentworkforceentryratesofgroupssaidtoprefertemporaryjobs,firmsshouldbediscouragedfromcreatingexcessivenumbersoftemporarypositions.Governmentpolicymakersshouldconsidermandatingbenefitcoveragefortemporaryemployees,promotingpayequitybetweentemporaryandpermanentworkers,assistinglaborunionsinorganizingtemporaryworkers,andencouragingfirmstoassigntemporaryjobsprimarilytoemployeeswhoexplicitlyindicatethatpreference.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)presenttheresultsofstatisticalanalysesandproposefurtherstudies(B)explainarecentdevelopmentandpredictitseventualconsequences.(C)identifythereasonsforatrendandrecommendmeasurestoaddressit.(D)outlineseveraltheoriesaboutaphenomenonandadvocateoneofthem(E)describethepotentialconsequencesofimplementinganewpolicyandargueinfavorofthatpolicy.2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthe“factorsaffectingemployers”thatarementionedinlines10?(A)Mostexpertscitethemashavinginitiatedthegrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredduringthe1980’s.(B)Theymayaccountfortheincreaseinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkersduringthe1980’s.(C)Theywerelessimportantthandemographicchangeinaccountingfortheincreaseoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.(D)Theyincludedasharpincreaseinthecostoflaborduringthe1980’s.(E)Theyaremoredifficulttoaccountforthanatotherfactorsinvolvedinthegrowthoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.ThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofgovernmentalactionEXCEPT(A)gettingfirmstooffertemporaryemploymentprimarilytoacertaingroupofpeople.(B)encouragingequitablepayfortemporaryandpermanentemployees(C)facilitatingtheorganizationoftemporaryworkersbylaborunions.(D)establishingguidelinesontheproportionoftemporaryworkersthatfirmsshouldemploy(E)ensuringthattemporaryworkersobtainbenefitsfromtheiremployers.閱讀的類型類型三：問題解決型文章開始提出一個問題，可以是明確的設(shè)問，也可以是給出一個困難（difficulty）或任務(wù)（task），后面會對此作出解答。TS一般在問題解決處。標(biāo)志：“問題”puzzle,task,problem,dilemma,difficulty,paradox,controversy;此后會有解釋：onepossibleexplanationisthat…,Cressyfindsthat…等。例題：OGp.328重點(diǎn)關(guān)注：1、一段敘述后（尤其在第二段開始），出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞。2、設(shè)問及其回答（一般來說，回答句即為TS）。3、大段舉例之前的觀點(diǎn)或大段舉例之后的總結(jié)往往就是TS，前者更為多見。Warm-bloodedanimalshaveelaboratephysiologicalcontrolstomaintainconstantbodytemperature(inhumans,37℃).Whythenduringsicknessshouldtemperaturerise,apparentlyincreasingstressontheinfectedorganism?Ithaslongbeenknownthatthelevelofserumironinanimalsfallsduringinfection.Garibaldifirstsuggestedarelationshipbetweenfeverandiron.Hefoundthatmicrobialsynthesisofsiderophores—substancesthatbindiron—inbacteriaofthegenusSalmonelladeclinedatenvironmentaltemperaturesabove37℃andstoppedat40.3℃.Thus,feverwouldmakeitmoredifficultforaninfectingbacteriumtoacquireironandthustomultiply.Cold-bloodedanimalswereusedtotestthishypothesisbecausetheirbodytemperaturecanbecontrolledinthelaboratory.KlugerreportedthatofiguanasinfectedwiththepotentiallylethalbacteriumA.hydrophilia,moresurvivedattemperaturesof42℃thanat37℃,eventhoughhealthyanimalspreferthelowertemperature.Whenanimalsat42℃wereinjectedwithanironsolution,however,mortalityratesincreasedsignificantly.Researchtodeterminewhethersimilarphenomenaoccurinwarm-bloodedanimalsissorelyneeded.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithattemptstodetermine(A)theroleofsiderophoresinthesynthesisofserumiron(B)newtreatmentsforinfectionsthatarecausedbyA.hydrophilia(C)thefunctionoffeverinwarm-bloodedanimals(D)themechanismsthatensureconstantbodytemperature(E)ironutilizationincold-bloodedanimals2.Accordingtothepassage,Garibaldideterminedwhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thatserumironisproducedthroughmicrobialsynthesis.

(B)Thatmicrobialsynthesisofsiderophoresinwarm-bloodedanimalsismoreefficientathighertemperatures.

(C)Thatonlyironboundtoothersubstancescanbeusedbybacteria.

(D)ThatthereisarelationshipbetweenthesynthesisofsiderophoresinbacteriaofthegenusSalmonellaandenvironmentaltemperature.

(E)ThatbacteriaofthegenusSalmonellarequireironasanutrient.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutwarm-bloodedanimalssolelyonthebasisofinformationinthepassage?(A)Thebodytemperaturesofwarm-bloodedanimalscannotbeeasilycontrolledinthelaboratory.(B)Warm-bloodedanimalsrequiremoreironinperiodsofstressthantheydoatothertimes.(C)Warm-bloodedanimalsaremorecomfortableatanenvironmentaltemperatureof37℃thantheyareatatemperatureof42℃.(D)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,bacteriaareresponsiblefortheproductionofsiderophores,which,inturn,makeironavailabletotheanimal.(E)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,infectionsthatleadtofeverareusuallytraceabletobacteria.4.Ifitweretobedeterminedthat“similarphenomenaoccurinwarm-bloodedanimals”(lines21-22),whichofthefollowing,assumingeachispossible,islikelytobethemosteffectivetreatmentforwarm-bloodedanimalswithbacterialinfections?(A)Administeringamedicationthatlowerstheanimals’bodytemperature(B)Injectingtheanimalswithanironsolution(C)Administeringamedicationthatmakesserumironunavailabletobacteria(D)Providingtheanimalswithreduced-irondiets(E)Keepingtheanimalsinanenvironmentwithtemperatureshigherthan37℃閱讀的類型類型四：現(xiàn)象解釋型開始是一個現(xiàn)象，并且往往很古怪，作者在后面一定會給出解釋。TS一般在解釋處。解釋123…例題：OGp.59Schoolsexpecttextbookstobeavaluablesourceofinformationforstudents.Myresearchsuggests，however，thattextbooksthataddresstheplaceofNativeAmericanswithinhehistoryoftheUnitedStatesdistorthistorytosuit

aparticularculturalvaluesystem.Insometextbooks，forexample，settlersarepicturedasmorehumane，complex，skillful，andwisethanNativeAmerican.Inessence，textbooksstereotypeanddeprecatethenumerousNativeAmericancultureswhilereinforcingtheattitudethatthe

EuropeanconquestoftheNewWorlddenotesthesuperi-orityofEuropeancultures.AlthoughtextbooksevalueteNativeAmericanarchitecture，politicalsystems，andhome-making.Icontendthattheydoitfromanethnocentric，Europeanperspectivewithoutrecognizingthatotherper-spectivesarepossible.Oneargumentagainstmycontentionassertsthat，bynature，textbooksareculturallybiasedandthatIamsimplyunderestimatingchildren'sabilitytoseethroughthese

biases.Someresearchersevenclaimthatbythetimestudentsareinhighschool，theyknowtheycannottaketextbooksliterally.Yetsubstantialevidenceexiststothecontrary.Tworesearchers，forexample，haveconductedstudiesthatsuggestthatchildren'sattitudesaboutparticular

culturearestronglyinfluencedbythetextbooksusedinschools.Giventhis，anongoing，carefulreviewofhowschooltextbooksdepictNativeAmericaniscertainlywarranted.1.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlogicallybethetopicoftheparagraphimmediatelyfollowingthepassage?(A)SpecificwaystoevaluatethebiasesofUnitedStateshistorytextbooks(B)Thecentralityoftheteacher’sroleinUnitedStateshistorycourses(C)NontraditionalmethodsofteachingUnitedStateshistory(D)ThecontributionsofEuropeanimmigrantstothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates(E)Waysinwhichparentsinfluencechildren’spoliticalattitudes2.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)describeindetailoneresearchstudyregardingtheimpactofhistorytextbooksonchildren’sattitudesandbeliefsaboutcertaincultures(B)describerevisionsthatshouldbemadetoUnitedStateshistorytextbooks(C)discussthedifficultyofpresentinganaccuratehistoryoftheUnitedStates(D)arguethattextbooksusedinschoolsstereotypeNativeAmericansandinfluencechildren’sattitudes(E)summarizewaysinwhichsometextbooksgivedistortedpicturesofthepoliticalsystemsdevelopedbyvariousNativeAmericangroups3.Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwilloccuriftextbooksarenotcarefullyreviewed?(A)ChildrenwillremainignorantoftheEuropeansettlers’conquestoftheNewWorld.(B)Childrenwilllosetheirabilitytorecognizebiasesintextbooks.(C)ChildrenwillformnegativestereotypesofNativeAmericans.(D)Childrenwilldevelopanunderstandingofethnocentrism.(E)Childrenwillstoptakingtextbooksseriously.4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecontentofthehistorytextbooksdiscussedinthepassageisbestdescribedasoneof(A)indifference(B)hesitance(C)neutrality(D)amusement(E)disapproval標(biāo)記詞知識點(diǎn)：如何做標(biāo)記（課堂聽課，課后大量練習(xí)）標(biāo)記詞（多關(guān)注動詞）

考點(diǎn)養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣

劃出考點(diǎn)標(biāo)記詞(1)“三強(qiáng)”---強(qiáng)因果強(qiáng)對比強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折強(qiáng)因果兩個“家族”：conclude,conclusion,conclusive;consequently,consequence.三個“所以”：thus,hence,therefore四個“短語”：resultin,resultfrom,leadto,liein五個“因?yàn)椤保篵ecause,since,for,dueto,冒號標(biāo)記詞強(qiáng)對比unlike,incontrastto,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折兩個“雖然”：although,while三個“但是”：but,yet,however五對“同義詞”(infact,actually)(nevertheless,nonetheless)(despite,inspiteof)(rather,instead)(virtually,practically)標(biāo)記詞三強(qiáng)標(biāo)志詞練習(xí)：OGp.57(3)OGp.58(6)(7)當(dāng)年陪伴門德爾松一起練習(xí)鋼琴的，是他的姐姐芳妮·門德爾松。對于幼年的門德爾松來說，姐姐芳妮是完美的化身，她天資聰慧、美麗動人、舉止優(yōu)雅，并且在藝術(shù)方面有著與門德爾松不相上下的敏感。在門德爾松整個的童年，姐姐芳妮是他的精神支柱，是他的良師益友，是他生活上的榜樣，是他創(chuàng)作中的伙伴，更是他夢中的情人。兩個人即使在同一屋檐下，也保持著常年通信的習(xí)慣。門德爾松對姐姐的迷戀隨著時間的增長越發(fā)明顯，同時他也在深深地克制著自己的情感，直到芳妮結(jié)婚的消息傳來，門德爾松的精神世界崩塌了。就在門德爾松38歲那年，傳來了姐姐芳妮去世的消息，門德爾松得知這個消息后，當(dāng)場痛哭流涕。芳妮的死訊讓門德爾松悲痛欲絕，無法自拔，終于在不久的某天，心力交瘁而死亡。十歲時，拜倫世襲家族的爵位及產(chǎn)業(yè)二十歲時（1808年），拜倫畢業(yè)于劍橋大學(xué)。1809年3月，他作為世襲貴族進(jìn)入了上議院（貴族院），任上議院議員。他出席議院會議的發(fā)言都鮮明地表示了拜倫的自由主義的進(jìn)步立場。深受啟蒙思想影響。1809-1811年游歷西班牙、希臘、土耳其等國，受各國人民反侵略、反壓迫斗爭鼓舞?！稐钜恍鳌窏钜恍φ?，不詳其姓字，亦不知其何許人也。其人常蓬頭垢面，衣若懸鶉而怡然自得于市井之間，人異之而求其名，但自稱楊一笑也……后楊一笑歿，葬云夢澤西鹿鳴山，其碑志曰：初從文，三年不中；后習(xí)武，校場發(fā)一矢，中鼓吏，逐之出；遂學(xué)醫(yī)，有所成。自撰一良方，服之，卒標(biāo)記詞(2)專有名詞時間狀語最高比較褒貶評述專有名詞：人名，物種，化學(xué)物質(zhì)（首字母），如ViviananeZelizer---VZ；Adenosine---ad；Phosphodiesterase---ph；時間狀語：untilrecently,priorto1970’s,now；標(biāo)記詞褒貶評述：形容詞副詞為主試著比較以下句子：Hisviewshapesmyphilosophy.Hisviewsuccessfullyshapesmyphilosophy.Hisviewcuriouslyshapesmyphilosophy.Hisbrazenviewshapesmyphilosophy.Hispenetratingviewshapesmyphilosophy.標(biāo)記詞最高比較：順序最高級（first），頻度最高級（always，never），程度最高級（foremost，uttermost），唯一性（only,solely,uniquely,exclusively,alone），比較說法（more/less…than與其說…不如說…），同級比較（as…as…,thesameas,similarto）主旨題主旨題特征指對文章的中心思想或主要寫作內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)問的題目關(guān)鍵詞primarypurpose,primarilyconcerned，focusprimarilyon,besttitle1ststep：搞清楚文章的類型，準(zhǔn)確找出TS主旨題解題思路：1.文章的TS和選項(xiàng)依次對照，語氣、內(nèi)容都符合的選項(xiàng)就是正確的。2.此類題型都和作者態(tài)度有關(guān)，所以正確選項(xiàng)中有關(guān)態(tài)度的描述應(yīng)該和作者在原文里的態(tài)度完全一致。主旨題注意事項(xiàng)：有些文章，前面部分結(jié)構(gòu)已非常完整，但后面說了大段和前文無關(guān)的內(nèi)容，這是要“從前不從后”，按前面的套路結(jié)構(gòu)把握文章主題，不要受后面影響。有些文章前面給出作者的態(tài)度，特別是TS處對某事物給出正態(tài)度，末尾一段卻又做轉(zhuǎn)折，說了一些缺點(diǎn)、毛病。這時，末尾屬于倒讓步，是作者為了避免行文極端而給出的緩和語氣，不會撼動作者在文中的主體態(tài)度。練習(xí)：p.325(16)態(tài)度題1.過于中庸，無態(tài)度indifferent漠不關(guān)心的ambivalence矛盾的resigned放棄的light-hearted戲謔的jocular愛開玩笑的態(tài)度題2.人身攻擊condemned被譴責(zé)的indignant憤怒的envious嫉妒的offensive具有攻擊性的，Insincere不誠懇的態(tài)度題Callous冷漠的Defiance挑釁的態(tài)度Derision嘲笑Scornful受鄙視的Cynical憤世嫉俗的Spiteful憤怒的態(tài)度題3.過于熱情，甚至諂媚Fervent熱烈的Fanatical狂熱的Adulatory奉承的態(tài)度題4.程度過強(qiáng)，不留余地CompletelyentirelyTotallyAbsolutelyunrestrained,unmitigated,unchecked態(tài)度題正確的可能性較大的選項(xiàng)：限定性的形容詞或副詞（尤其當(dāng)文中出現(xiàn)讓步語氣）。qualifiedguardedtemperedpartiallytentativeobjective態(tài)度題——讓步語氣讓步語氣在GRE文章中很常見且很重要，但讓步語氣在GRE閱讀中的具體應(yīng)用和大家在學(xué)校學(xué)到的語法不完全一樣。1.強(qiáng)調(diào)本不該強(qiáng)調(diào)的助動詞表示讓步一般來說，如果助動詞do，may，have出現(xiàn)在肯定句中，那說明這句話真的很重要。但在GRE文章中，這句話往往不是作者真正想說的，而是要做出轉(zhuǎn)折。態(tài)度題——讓步語氣2.有的時候，文章剛提及一個理論或現(xiàn)象時，就加上“nodoubt”，“withoutdoubt”，“undoubtedly"等詞語，這往往是一種讓步語氣。3.前面已給出明確結(jié)論，后面卻有貌似相反的說法。尤其是給出負(fù)評價后出現(xiàn)小讓步：XX其實(shí)還是有可取之處，等等。但后面又會給出明確轉(zhuǎn)折。4.在文中特意強(qiáng)調(diào)“我不想……”、“我原本不是要……”（Idonotwantto...或Itisnottodeny...），也是一種讓步語氣的表達(dá)方式。ThisisnottodenythattheBlackgospelmusicoftheearlytwentiethcenturydifferedinimportantwaysfromtheslavespirituals.Whereasspiritualswerecreatedanddis-seminatedinfolkfashion,gospelmusicwascomposed,published,copyrighted,andsoldbyprofessionals.Never-theless,improvisationremainedcentraltogospelmusic.OnehasonlytolistentotherecordedrepertoireofgospelsongstorealizethatBlackgospelsingersrarelysangasongpreciselythesamewaytwiceandneveraccordingtoitsexactmusicalnotation.Theyperformedwhatjazzmusi-cianscall"headarrangements"proceedingfromtheirownfeelingsandfromtheway"thespirit"movedthematthetime.Thisimprovisatoryelementwasreflectedintheman-nerinwhichgospelmusicwaspublished.BlackgospelcomposersscoredthemusicintendedforWhitesinginggroupsfully,indicatingthevariousvocalpartsandtheaccompaniment,butthemusicproducedforBlacksingersincludedonlyavocallineandpianoaccompaniment.Ofthefollowingsentences,whichismostlikelytohaveimmediatelyprecededthepassage?(A)Fewcomposersofgospelmusicdrewontraditionssuchasthespiritualincreatingtheirsongs.(B)SpiritualsandBlackgospelmusicwerederivedfromthesamemusicaltradition.(C)Thecreationandsingingofspirituals,practicedbyBlackAmericansbeforetheCivilWar,continuedafterthewar.(D)Spiritualsandgospelmusiccanbeclearlydistinguishedfromoneanother.(E)Improvisationwasoneoftheprimarycharac-teristicsofthegospelmusiccreatedbyBlackmusicians.態(tài)度題——讓步語氣讓步語氣關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：1.有讓步存在，后面都會有針對該讓步的轉(zhuǎn)折。與讓步相比，轉(zhuǎn)折才是作者真是語氣及落腳點(diǎn)。2.如果作者在文中用讓步語氣引出一事物，那該文的作者態(tài)度題就會較為復(fù)雜，應(yīng)選擇一個有限定修飾詞的形容詞或名詞。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題是GRE閱讀中分量最重、難度最懸殊的題型。題干特征Accordingtothepassage/authorTheauthorstatesthat…Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingas…根據(jù)原文信息殘缺關(guān)鍵：定位練習(xí)：p.73(5,7)p.326(21)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題幾種常見的錯誤方式：1.Confusion，混。文章說A有某些特征，選項(xiàng)卻張冠李戴，將這些特征移植到了B上。選項(xiàng)貌似是做了同義改寫，實(shí)際上是用了一個意義不同的說法來“轉(zhuǎn)述”。2.Deviation，偏。文章說某事物有很多特征，選項(xiàng)只講了其中一種特征，而且往往還是不重要的特征。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題3.Reverse，反。原文說東，選項(xiàng)說西；原文說好，選項(xiàng)說壞。4.Notexistent，無。所講內(nèi)容在文中根本不存在。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題大原則：名詞優(yōu)先1.專有名詞(NatureAmerica)2.時間和數(shù)字(in

the1840s)3.特別的詞串(oceanicislands,literaryrealism,spacedosesofinsulin)4.較特殊的單一名詞(wind-pollination)5.動詞形容詞(bandramatically)6.連接詞(when

as

because

resultfrom)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題特殊的細(xì)節(jié)定位：1.如果題干所問的事物在原文中多次出現(xiàn)，則應(yīng)該定位于首次出現(xiàn)的地方。首次出現(xiàn)之處所講到的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)，往往就是出題點(diǎn)。2.如果題干所問的事物和文章主要敘述點(diǎn)focus相關(guān)，則將其和文章的TS聯(lián)系，并依此定位。ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates.TheycorrectlynotethatslaverystrippedsomeculturalelementsfromBlackpeople—theirpoliticalandeconomicsystems—buttheyunderestimatethesignificanceofmusicinsustainingotherAfricanculturalvalues.Africanmusic,unlikethemusicofsomeothercultures,wasbasedonatotalvisionoflifeinwhichmusicwasnotanisolatedsocialdomain.InAfricanculturemusicwaspervasive,servingnotonlyreligion,butallphasesoflife,includingbirth,death,work,andplay.Themethodsthatacommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeingtopreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.Music,likeartingeneral,wassoinextricablyapartofAfricanculturethatitbecameacrucialmeansofpreservingthecultureduringandafterthedislocationsofslavery.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthefunctionofAfricanmusiccanbeinferredfromthepassage?(A)Itpreservedculturalvaluesbecauseitwasthoroughlyintegratedintothelivesofthepeople.(B)ItwasmoreimportantinthedevelopmentofAfricanreligiouslifethaninotherareasofculture.(C)Itwasdevelopedinresponsetothelossofpoliticalandeconomicsystems.(D)ItspervasivenessinAfricanculturehindereditseffectivenessinminimizingtheimpactofslavery.(E)Itsisolationfromtheeconomicdomainsoflifeenabledittosurvivethedestructiveimpactofslavery.Inline8,thephrase“isolatedsocialdomain”refersto(A)Africanmusicinrelationtocontemporarycultureasawhole(B)musicasitmaybeperceivedinnon-Africancultures(C)afeatureofAfricanmusicthataidedintransmittingAfricanculturalvalues(D)anaspectoftheAfricanculturallegacy(E)theinfluenceofmusiconcontemporaryculture事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題注意事項(xiàng)：一、在做細(xì)節(jié)題時，能定位的一定要定位，找原文語言重現(xiàn)，不要怕花時間。具體步驟：1.快速掃讀一遍原文。2.題干定位。問到什么，再詳細(xì)看。3.有些題目憑技巧可以做得更快。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題二、警覺選項(xiàng)中可能出現(xiàn)的幾個詞：1.than如果在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)比較從句，那么這兩個被比的事物要在原文中比過，而且要有結(jié)果，才可以選。例：Andyisagiant,Allenisadwarf.AndyismuchtallerthanAllen.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題2.最高級和表示唯一性的詞匯帶有最高級和唯一性的詞匯不一定是必錯的，要看原文對題干所問事物是如何描述的。如果文中出現(xiàn)最高級和唯一詞匯，那么帶有最高級或唯一詞匯的選項(xiàng)就有可能正確。原文就是把一個人捧上了天，只要沒有說他是最好的，那么正確選項(xiàng)中就不能帶有最高級的正評價。Expect題基本結(jié)構(gòu)：Theauthorprovidesthefollowingexamplesinthepassageexcept...解題思路：遇到這種題目，應(yīng)該去尋找原文列舉內(nèi)容。同理，讀文章時如果在原文中發(fā)現(xiàn)列舉也要警覺，以便后面碰到這種題型時能迅速找到答案。Seekingacompetitiveadvantage，someprofessionalservicefirms（forexample，firmsprovidingadvertising，accounting，orhealthcareservices）haveconsideredofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction.Suchguaranteesspecifywhatclientscanexpectandwhatthefirmwilldoifitfailstofulfilltheseexpectations.Particularlywithfirst-timeclients，anunconditionalguaranteecanbeaneffectivemarketingtooliftheclientisverycautious，thefirm‘sfeesarehigh，the

negativeconsequencesofbadservicearegrave，orbusinessisdifficulttoobtainthroughreferralsandword-of-mouth.However，anunconditionalguaranteecansometimeshindermarketingefforts.Withitsimplicationthatfailureispossible，theguaranteemay，paradoxically，causeclientstodoubttheservicefirm‘sabilitytodeliverthe

promisedlevelofservice.Itmayconflictwithafirm’sdesiretoappearsophisticated，ormayevensuggestthatafirmisbeggingforbusiness.Inlegalandhealthcare

services，itmaymisleadclientsbysuggestingthatlaw-suitsormedicalprocedureswillhaveguaranteedout-comes.Indeed，professionalservicefirmswithoutstandinreputationsandperformancetomatchhavelittletogainfromofferingunconditionalguarantees.Andanyfirmthatimplementsanunconditionalguaranteewithoutundertakingacommensuratecommitmenttoqualityofserviceismerelyemployingapotentiallycostlymarketinggimmick.1.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto（A）accountforthepopularityofapractice（B）evaluatetheutilityofapractice（C）demonstratehowtoinstituteapractice（D）weightheethicsofusingastrategy（E）explainthereasonsforpursuingastrategyAllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascircumstancesinwhichprofessionalservicefirmscanbenefitfromofferinganunconditionalguaranteeEXCEPT：（A）Thefirmishavingdiffiicultyretainingitsclientsoflongstanding.（B）Thefirmishavingdifficultygettingbusinessthroughclientrecommendations.（C）Thefirmchargessubstantialfeesforitsservices.（D）Theadverseeffectsofpoorperformancebythefirmaresignificantfortheclient.（E）Theclientisreluctanttoincurrisk.3.Whichofthefollowingiscitedinthepassageasagoalofsomeprofessionalservicefirmsinofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction？（A）Alimitonthefirm‘sliability（B）Successfulcompetitionagainstotherfirms（C）Abilitytojustifyfeeincreases（D）Attainmentofanoutstandingreputationinafield（E）Improvementinthequalityofthefirm‘sserviceinorderto題提問文中舉出某現(xiàn)象或某例子是為了什么真經(jīng)“inorderto”引用細(xì)節(jié)的選項(xiàng)錯。所有GRE文章都是論說文，文章舉出的一些例子就是為了說明一定的道理。我們要看這個例子在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，在它出現(xiàn)的不遠(yuǎn)處（以出現(xiàn)之前更為多見）肯定有一句總結(jié)說明的話，這就是inorderto類型選項(xiàng)中動詞之后賓語的答案OfHomer'stwoepicpoems,theOdysseyhasalwaysbeenmorepopularthantheIliad,perhapsbecauseitincludesmorefeaturesofmythologythatareaccessibletoreaders.Itssubject(touseMaynardMack'scategories)is“l(fā)ife-as-spectacle,”forreaders,divertedbyitsvariousincidents,observeitsheroOdysseusprimarilyfromwithout;thetragicIliad,however,presents“l(fā)ife-asexperience”:readersareaskedtoidentifywiththemindofAchilles,whosemotivationsrenderhimanotparticularlylikablehero.Inaddition,theIliad,morethantheOdyssey,suggeststhecomplexityofthegods'involvementinhumanactions,andtotheextentthatmodernreadersfindthiscomplexityaneedlesscomplication,theIliadislesssatisfyingthantheOdyssey,withitssimpler'schemeofdivinejustice.Finally,sincetheIliadpresentsahistoricallyverifiableaction,Troy'ssiege,thepoemraiseshistoricalquestionsthatareabsentfromtheOdyssey'sblithelyimaginativeworld.1.TheauthorusesMack's“categories”(lines4)mostprobablyinorderto(A)arguethattheIliadshouldreplacetheOdysseyasthemorepopularpoem(B)indicateMack'simportanceasacommentatorontheIliadandtheOdyssey(C)suggestonewayinwhichtheIliadandtheOdysseycanbedistinguished(D)pointoutsomeofthedifficultiesfacedbyreadersoftheIliadandtheOdyssey(E)demonstratethattheIliadandtheOdysseycanbestbedistinguishedbycomparingtheirrespectiveheroes2.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A)distinguishingarguments(B)applyingclassifications(C)initiatingadebate(D)resolvingadispute(E)developingacontrast3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatareaderoftheIliadislikelytohavetroubleidentifyingwiththepoem'sheroforwhichofthefollowingreasons?(A)Theheroiseventuallyrevealedtobeunheroic.(B)Theherocanbeobservedbythereaderonlyfromwithout.(C)Thehero'spsychologyisnothistoricallyverifiable.(D)Thehero'semotionsoftendonotseemappealingtothereader.(E)Thehero'semotionsarenotsufficientlyvarioustoengagethereader'sattention.推理題包含邏輯（削弱、加強(qiáng)）和類比題特點(diǎn)：答案可能會出現(xiàn)原文中所沒有的內(nèi)容邏輯題1.邏輯削弱題干特征：Iftrue,wouldweaken/undermine/castdoubtonacertaintheoryinthepassage.（1）反對原因；反對論據(jù)；反對原因和結(jié)果間的關(guān)系（2）存在他因（3）同因異果，異因同果P71(1)邏輯題TheopponentwarnsaboutthepossibilitythatmicroorganismswithrecombinantDNAmightescapefromthelaboratory.Foreigntothenature,thenewly-createdmicrobesmayinhabithumansandbecomefixedthere,withunpredictableconsequences.Similarly,thenewstrainsofmicroorganismthatparasiteontheirnewhostslivingonnaturalenvironmentsmaywreckhavocinthefragileecologicalbalance.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheclaimofcriticsofrecombinantDNAtechnology?(A)Thenewly-createdmicroorganismsareunlikelytoescapefromlaboratoriesduetothedevelopmentofstate-of-the-artsafetydevices.(B)Anewly-createdmicroorganismaccidentallyescapingfromalaboratoryissuccessfullycontained.(C)Aparticularmicroorganismwithnewlyinsertedgenesencountersitsenemyspeciesthatdevoursitquickly.(D)Anumberofmicroorganismswithnewlyinsertedgenescannotsurviveoutsidethebodiesofmanyanimals.(E)AparticularhumangeneticdiseasehasbeentreatedbyakindofmicroorganismwithrecombinantDNA.Opponentsoflawsthatrequireautomobiledriversandpassengerstowearseatbeltsarguethatinafreesocietypeoplehavetherighttotakerisksaslongasthe