計算機圖形學課程設(shè)計報告書

./《計算機圖形學》實驗報告題目：3D真實感場景繪制：郭繼杰學號：2014214168班級：地信141學院：理學院指導(dǎo)老師：解山娟日期：2017年1月1日實驗?zāi)康慕Y(jié)合一學期所學計算機圖形學知識,基于專業(yè)背景,使用OpenGL繪制簡單的3D真實感圖形場景。實驗要求應(yīng)用光柵化算法、多邊形裁剪計算以及消隱算法在場景繪制中,其中真實感場景繪制包括顏色模型、紋理模型、霧化模型、運動模型以及環(huán)境光、漫反射、鏡面反射等光照模型設(shè)置。實驗小組及任務(wù)分工小組成員任務(wù)分工金城紋理貼圖,顏色模型,霧化模型郭繼杰運動模型,光照模型黎達材料收集,代碼整合實驗容1.實驗前期工作前期工作經(jīng)過小組成員充分討論,資料收集,最終確定小組實驗?zāi)０鍨橐韵聝煞鶊鼍?。目標是實現(xiàn)一艘簡單3D帆船模型以及一輛3D小車模型2.程序編譯環(huán)境：VisualStudio20123.光照模型建立過程光照模型建立流程圖:3.1設(shè)置光照模型相應(yīng)指數(shù)3.2打開光源光照模型設(shè)計過程有兩點注意的是：1、glShadeModel函數(shù)用于控制opengl中繪制指定兩點間其他點顏色的過渡模式,參數(shù)一般為GL_SMOOTH、GL_FLAT,如果兩點的顏色相同,使用兩個參數(shù)效果相同,如果兩點顏色不同,GL_SMOOTH會出現(xiàn)過渡效果,GL_FLAT則只是以指定的某一點的單一色繪制其他所有點。glShadeModel<GL_FLAT>著色模式glShadeModel<GL_SMOOTH>著色模式〔可以看出GL_SMOOTH模式下顏色更加光滑2、需要使用光照模型時必須啟用,glEnable<GL_LIGHTING>〔啟用燈源、glEnable<GL_LIGHT0>〔啟用光源,否則所有燈光效果都會無效。效果對比如下圖所示?！参磫⒂脽艄狻矄⒂脽艄狻参磫⒂脽艄狻矄⒂脽艄?.顏色模型建立過程1.設(shè)定多邊形圖形：OpenGL利用glBegin<>函數(shù)畫圖形樣式,里面的參數(shù)表示圖形樣式,這里以glBegin<GL_QUADS>為例,GL_QUADS表示繪制由四個頂點組成的一組單獨的四邊形。2.設(shè)定顏色：OpenGL利用glColor3f<a,b,c>函數(shù)設(shè)置圖形顏色,里面的參數(shù)表示設(shè)定顏色的顏色。3.坐標設(shè)定：OpenGL利用glVertex3f<a,b,c>函數(shù)設(shè)置圖形坐標,里面的參數(shù)表示坐標的位置。以跑道顏色模型為例：〔未使用顏色模型〔使用顏色模型5.霧化模型建立過程霧是生活中比較常見的現(xiàn)象,有了霧化模型,場景會比較逼真。1.建立過程及參數(shù)設(shè)定如下：2.其中,設(shè)置霧氣起始位置與結(jié)束位置可以使霧氣濃度隨運動模型變化。3.效果對比〔未使用霧化〔使用霧化4.實驗存在不足之處,由于本實驗的場景繪制不是特別接近真實感,所以霧化模型的效果不是很好。6．運動模型建立過程1.本次實驗的運動模型主要由鍵盤按鍵響應(yīng)發(fā)生。2.設(shè)定鍵盤按鍵響應(yīng)函數(shù)voidspecialKeyBoard<intkey,intx,inty>在主函數(shù)入口設(shè)定設(shè)置當前窗口的特定鍵的回調(diào)函數(shù)glutSpecialFunc<specialKeyBoard>;glTranslatef<0,0,0.1+delta_v>;//表示將當前圖形向x軸平移0,向y軸平移0,向z軸平移0.1+delta,表示物體在這個坐標的時候開始繪制。glutPostRedisplay<>;在圖像繪制的所有操作之后,要加入glutPostRedisplay<>函數(shù)來重繪圖像。實現(xiàn)物體的移動glRotatef<1,0,1,0>;//,旋轉(zhuǎn)角度函數(shù),表示小車往〔0,1,0向量方向逆時針旋轉(zhuǎn)1°以上都是控制小車運動的函數(shù),通過鍵盤響應(yīng)來觸發(fā)?！蚕蚯斑\動〔旋轉(zhuǎn)7．紋理貼圖過程①載入位圖圖像：AUX_RGBImageRec*LoadBMP<CHAR*Filename>//載入位圖圖象{FILE*File=NULL;//文件句柄if<!Filename>//確保文件名已提供 {returnNULL;//如果沒提供,返回NULL } File=fopen<Filename,"r">;//嘗試打開文件if<File>//判斷文件是否存在？ { fclose<File>;//關(guān)閉句柄returnauxDIBImageLoadA<Filename>;//載入位圖并返回指針 }returnNULL;//如果載入失敗,返回NULL}②位圖轉(zhuǎn)化成紋理：intLoadGLTextures<>//載入位圖<調(diào)用上面的代碼>并轉(zhuǎn)換成紋理{intStatus=FALSE;//狀態(tài)指示器AUX_RGBImageRec*TextureImage[2];//創(chuàng)建紋理的存儲空間memset<TextureImage,0,sizeof<void*>*1>;//將指針設(shè)為NULL//載入位圖,檢查有無錯誤,如果位圖沒找到則退出if<<TextureImage[0]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli.bmp">>&&<TextureImage[1]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli2.bmp">>>{Status=TRUE;//將Status設(shè)為TRUEglGenTextures<2,&texture[0]>;//創(chuàng)建紋理for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> { glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[loop]>;//綁定紋理 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>;//設(shè)置濾波 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>; glTexImage2D<GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,3,TextureImage[loop]->sizeX,TextureImage[loop]->sizeY,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,TextureImage[loop]->data>;//生成紋理 }}for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> {if<TextureImage[loop]!=NULL>//判斷紋理是否存在 {if<TextureImage[loop]->data!=NULL>//紋理圖像是否存在 { free<TextureImage[loop]->data>;//釋放紋理圖像占用存 } free<TextureImage[loop]>;//釋放圖像結(jié)構(gòu) } }returnStatus;//返回Status}③調(diào)用紋理glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[0]>;//選擇紋理glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//開始繪制四邊形glTexCoord2f<1.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左下glEnd<>;模型解讀〔1創(chuàng)建紋理圖像：OpenGL要求紋理的高度和寬度都必須是2的n次方大小,只有滿足這個條件,這個紋理圖片才是有效的。一旦獲取了像素值,我們就可以將這些數(shù)據(jù)傳給OpenGL,讓OpenGL生成一個紋理貼圖：①glGenTextures<2,&texture[0]>：創(chuàng)建紋理對象②glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[loop]>：綁定紋理對象③glTexImage2D<GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,3,TextureImage[loop]->sizeX,TextureImage[loop]->sizeY,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,TextureImage[loop]->data>：將Pixels數(shù)組中的像素值傳給當前綁定的紋理對象,于是便創(chuàng)建了紋理。glTexImage函數(shù)的參數(shù)分別是紋理的類型,紋理的等級,每個像素的字節(jié)數(shù),紋理圖像的寬度和高度,邊框大小,像素數(shù)據(jù)的格式,像素值的數(shù)據(jù)類型,像素數(shù)據(jù)?！?紋理濾鏡：在紋理映射的過程中,如果圖元的大小不等于紋理的大小,OpenGL便會對紋理進行縮放以適應(yīng)圖元的尺寸。我們可以通過設(shè)置紋理濾鏡來決定OpenGL對某個紋理采用的放大、縮小的算法。調(diào)用glTexParameter來設(shè)置紋理濾鏡。如：glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>;//設(shè)置放大濾鏡glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>;//設(shè)置縮小濾鏡〔3紋理坐標：要使用當前的紋理繪制圖元,我們必須在繪制每個頂點之前為該頂點指定紋理坐標。只需調(diào)用glTexCoord2d<s:Double;t:Double>;函數(shù)即可。其中,s、t是對于2D紋理而言的s、t坐標。對于任何紋理,無論紋理的真正大小如何,其頂端〔左上角的紋理坐標恒為<0,0>,右下角的紋理坐標恒為<1,1>。也就是說,紋理坐標應(yīng)是一個介于0到1之間的一個小數(shù)。紋理貼圖前后對比效果見圖5。紋理貼圖前紋理貼圖后成果展示本次實驗將兩個模型進行改造,實現(xiàn)了一輛簡單的小車以及一艘簡單的帆船。〔小車模型〔帆船模型心得體會計算機圖形學本身是一門理論與實踐都比較復(fù)雜的學科,從最開始二維圖形的實現(xiàn),到最后三維真實感場景的實現(xiàn),都不是一個簡單的過程,好的真實感場景實現(xiàn)需要多個模型的相互融合,在實驗設(shè)計過程中,難免遇到困難,下面是本次實驗總結(jié)出來的感受。glEnable<>啟動函數(shù),無論是構(gòu)造什么樣的模型,都需要由這個函數(shù)來啟動,如光照模型需要glEnable<GL_LIGHTING>,紋理貼圖需要glEnable<GL_TEXTURE_2D>;沒有啟動函數(shù)的作用,效果都是不可能是實現(xiàn)的。2.glPushMatrix<>和glPopMatrix<>函數(shù)的使用,這兩個函數(shù)在OpenGL中是模型視圖矩陣堆棧,分別是壓棧和出棧函數(shù),防止坐標不穩(wěn)定移動。確定每個模型都繪制在預(yù)期的位置。以本次實驗中小車模型畫車輪為例：這個函數(shù)中使用了堆棧的函數(shù),為了使輪胎往預(yù)期的方向移動,否則,輪胎移動的效果會變成規(guī)則的向不同地方跳動,顯的不切合實際。3.最后,個人感覺OpenGL場景的實現(xiàn)最重要的是函數(shù)的調(diào)用以及流程控制運用。函數(shù)的重要性不言而喻。如果可以充分吸收模型中各類函數(shù)的用法,實現(xiàn)一個場景就不會那么困難,流程控制就是應(yīng)該想好模型設(shè)計的順序問題,順序問題一旦解決,運用到程序中,思路清晰就會便于成功。七、源代碼實例1.小車模型：#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<GL/glut.h>#include<math.h>#include<GL/GLAUX.H>#include<gl/gl.h>#include<math.h>#pragmacomment<lib,"opengl32.lib"> #pragmacomment<lib,"glu32.lib"> #pragmacomment<lib,"glaux.lib">floatdelta_v=0.0;floatr=1.0,g=1.0,b=0.0;floatr1=0.0,g1=0.0,b1=0.0;floatP[16];floatM[16];staticGLfloatxRot=0.0f;staticGLfloatyRot=0.0f;staticfloatelbow=0,z=0;//光線及材質(zhì)的定義GLfloatglobal_ambient[]={0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1};//總體環(huán)境光設(shè)置GLfloatlight_ambient[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0};//環(huán)境光,通常定義在光源中GLfloatlight_diffuse[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0};//漫反射光〔DiffuseLightGLfloatlight_specular[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0};//和鏡面反射光〔SpecularLight。GLfloatlight_position[]={20.0,20.0,20.0,0.0};//光源位置GLfloatmat_specular1[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0};//鏡面反射光材質(zhì)材質(zhì)GLfloatmat_diffuse1[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0};//漫反射光材質(zhì)GLfloatmat_ambient1[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0};//環(huán)境光材質(zhì)GLfloatmat_shininess1={10.0};//鏡面反射指數(shù)GLfloatvertices[][3]={{-0.7,0,1},{0.7,0,1},{0.7,0,-1},{-0.7,0,-1},{-0.5,1,0.8},{0.5,1,0.8},{0.5,1,-0.8},{-0.5,1,-0.8}};GLfloatfogcolor[]={0.5f,0.7f,0.5f,1.0f};GLuinttexture[2];//存儲2個紋理AUX_RGBImageRec*LoadBMP<CHAR*Filename>//載入位圖圖象{FILE*File=NULL;//文件句柄if<!Filename>//確保文件名已提供 {returnNULL;//如果沒提供,返回NULL } File=fopen<Filename,"r">;//嘗試打開文件if<File>//判斷文件是否存在？ { fclose<File>;//關(guān)閉句柄returnauxDIBImageLoadA<Filename>;//載入位圖并返回指針 }returnNULL;//如果載入失敗,返回NULL}intLoadGLTextures<>//載入位圖<調(diào)用上面的代碼>并轉(zhuǎn)換成紋理{intStatus=FALSE;//狀態(tài)指示器AUX_RGBImageRec*TextureImage[2];//創(chuàng)建紋理的存儲空間memset<TextureImage,0,sizeof<void*>*1>;//將指針設(shè)為NULL//載入位圖,檢查有無錯誤,如果位圖沒找到則退出if<<TextureImage[0]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli.bmp">>&&<TextureImage[1]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli2.bmp">>>{Status=TRUE;//將Status設(shè)為TRUEglGenTextures<2,&texture[0]>;//創(chuàng)建紋理for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> { glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[loop]>;//綁定紋理 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>;//設(shè)置濾波模式 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>; glTexImage2D<GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,3,TextureImage[loop]->sizeX,TextureImage[loop]->sizeY,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,TextureImage[loop]->data>;//生成紋理 }}for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> {if<TextureImage[loop]!=NULL>//判斷紋理是否存在 {if<TextureImage[loop]->data!=NULL>//紋理圖像是否存在 { free<TextureImage[loop]->data>; //釋放紋理圖像占用存 } free<TextureImage[loop]>;//釋放圖像結(jié)構(gòu) } }returnStatus;//返回Status}voidmenu<intid>//設(shè)置一個右鍵菜單功能{switch<id> {case<1>: exit<0>;break; } glutPostRedisplay<>;}voidcolor_car_body_menu<intid>//車身顏色變化菜單{switch<id> {case<1>:r=1.0;g=0.0;b=0.0;break;case<2>: r=0.0;g=1.0;b=0.0;break;case<3>: r=0.0;g=0.0;b=1.0;break;case<4>: r=0.9;g=0.1;b=0.6;break;case<5>: r=0.7;g=0.5;b=0.1; break;case<6>: r=1.0;g=0.0;b=0.0;break;} glutPostRedisplay<>;}voidcolor_car_wheel_menu<intid>//車輪顏色變化菜單{switch<id> {case<1>:r1=0.0;g1=0.5;b1=1.0;break;case<2>: r1=0.7;g1=0.8;b1=0.4;break;case<3>: r1=0.7;g1=0.0;b1=0.0;break;case<4>:r1=0.9;g1=0.1;b1=0.6;break;case<5>: r1=0.7;g1=0.5;b1=0.1; break;case<6>: r1=0.7;g1=1.0;b1=0.6;break;} glutPostRedisplay<>;}//定義跑道voidrunway<>{ glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//GL_QUADS：繪制由四個頂點組成的一組單獨的四邊形。//頂點4n－3、4n－2、4n－1和4n定義了第n個四邊形。總共繪制N/4個四邊形 glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;//設(shè)定跑到顏色glVertex3f<-3.0f,-0.3f,100.0f>;//設(shè)定跑道坐標glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.8f,-0.3f,100.0f>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.8f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-3.0f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glEnd<>;glBegin<GL_QUADS>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.8f,-0.3f,100.0f>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<3.0f,-0.3f,100.0f>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<3.0f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glColor3f<0.0f,0.8f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.8f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glEnd<>;glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//跑道樣式glColor3f<0.9f,1.0f,0.9f>;//跑道顏色glVertex3f<-0.8f,-0.3f,100.0f>;//跑道坐標glColor3f<0.9f,1.0f,0.9f>;glVertex3f<0.8f,-0.3f,100.0f>;glColor3f<0.9f,1.0f,0.9f>;glVertex3f<0.8f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glColor3f<0.9f,1.0f,0.9f>;glVertex3f<-0.8f,-0.3f,-100.0f>;glEnd<>;}//畫車身voidquad<inta,intb,intc,intd>{ glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//GL_QUADS：繪制由四個頂點組成的一組單獨的四邊形。頂點4n－3、4n－2、4n－1和4n定義了第n個四邊形?？偣怖L制N/4個四邊形glVertex3fv<vertices[a]>;glVertex3fv<vertices[b]>;glVertex3fv<vertices[c]>;glVertex3fv<vertices[d]>; glEnd<>;}voidcar_body<>{ glColor3f<1.0,0.0,0.0>;//顏色模型函數(shù) glColor3f<r,g,b>;//設(shè)定初始顏色 glNormal3f<0.0f,-1.0f,0.0f>;//buttom,設(shè)置當前法線數(shù)組,指定新的當前法線的x,y,z坐標。各個定點的法向量不同,所以在確定頂點之前確定法向量。 quad<0,1,2,3>; glNormal3f<1.0f,0.0f,0.0f>;//right quad<1,2,6,5>; glNormal3f<0.0f,0.0f,-1.0f>;//back quad<2,3,7,6>; glNormal3f<-1.0f,0.0f,0.0f>;//left quad<7,3,0,4>; glNormal3f<0.0f,0.0f,1.0f>;//front quad<0,1,5,4>; glNormal3f<0.0f,1.0f,0.0f>;//top quad<4,5,6,7>;glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[0]>;//選擇紋理glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//右面glTexCoord2f<1.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左下glEnd<>;glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[1]>;//選擇紋理glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//左面glTexCoord2f<0.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,1.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,1.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,2.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,2.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左上glEnd<>;glPopMatrix<>;glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<delta_v,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>delta_v,0.0,1.0,0.0>; glTranslatef<0.0,1.55,0.0>;glColor3f<0.5,0.8,0.2>;glPushMatrix<>;glScalef<0.05,1.9,0.05>;glutSolidCube<1.0>;glPopMatrix<>;glPopMatrix<>;}//畫車輪voidcar_wheel<>{GLUquadricObj*quadratic; glColor3f<0.0,0.1,0.1>;glColor3f<r1,g1,b1>;glPushMatrix<>;//壓棧//模型視圖矩陣堆棧,OpenGL提供了相應(yīng)的接口：glPushMatirx<>和glPopMatrix<>//壓棧和堆棧,防止坐標不穩(wěn)定移動。確定每個模型都繪制在預(yù)期的位置,quadratic=gluNewQuadric<>;//創(chuàng)建二次曲面對象。gluNewQuadricglTranslatef<0.2,0,0.7>;//表示將當前圖形向x軸平移0.2,向y軸平移0,向z軸平移0.7,表示物體在這個坐標的時候開始繪制 glRotatef<90.0,0,1.0,0>;//沿著〔90,0,0方向向量逆時針旋轉(zhuǎn)90° glTranslatef<-0.2,0,-0.7>;gluCylinder<quadratic,0.25f,0.25f,0.2f,32,32>;//畫圓柱體〔輪胎這是繪制柱面的函數(shù) glTranslatef<0.0,0,0.8>;gluCylinder<quadratic,0.25f,0.25f,0.2f,32,32>;glTranslatef<2.0,0,-0.8>;gluCylinder<quadratic,0.25f,0.25f,0.2f,32,32>; glTranslatef<0,0,0.8>;gluCylinder<quadratic,0.25f,0.25f,0.2f,32,32>;glPopMatrix<>;//出棧}voidcar<>{ car_body<>;car_wheel<>; LoadGLTextures<>;}voidmydisplay<>{ glClear<GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT>;//清除顏色緩存 glLightModelfv<GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT,global_ambient>;//總體光源glMaterialfv<GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular1>;//指定鏡面反射光的材質(zhì)屬性glMaterialfv<GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient1>;//指定環(huán)境反射光的材質(zhì)屬性glMaterialfv<GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse1>;//指定漫反射光的材質(zhì)屬性glMaterialf<GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess1>;//設(shè)置鏡面反射指數(shù)//glPolygonMode<GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_LINE>; glGetFloatv<GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,P>;//矩陣視圖,得到模型移動之后的坐標。。不太確定glPushMatrix<>;glLoadMatrixf<M>;//把當前矩陣的16個值設(shè)置為m指定的值runway<>;glPopMatrix<>;glLoadMatrixf<P>;//把當前矩陣的16個值設(shè)置為m指定的值 car<>; glutSwapBuffers<>;//glutSwapBuffers函數(shù)是OpenGL中GLUT工具包中用于實現(xiàn)雙緩沖技術(shù)的一個重要函數(shù)。該函數(shù)的功能是交換兩個緩沖區(qū)指針。}voidspecialKeyBoard<intkey,intx,inty>{switch<key>{caseGLUT_KEY_DOWN://方向鍵下glTranslatef<0,0,0.1+delta_v>;//表示將當前圖形向x軸平移0,向y軸平移0,向z軸平移0.1+delta,表示物體在這個坐標的時候開始繪制glutPostRedisplay<>;//在圖像繪制的所有操作之后,要加入glutPostRedisplay<>來重繪圖像break;caseGLUT_KEY_UP://方向鍵上glTranslatef<0,0,-0.1-delta_v>;glutPostRedisplay<>;break;caseGLUT_KEY_LEFT://方向鍵左glRotatef<1,0,1,0>;glutPostRedisplay<>;break;caseGLUT_KEY_RIGHT://方向鍵右 glRotatef<1,0,-1,0>;glutPostRedisplay<>;break;case'a':delta_v+=0.5;break;case's':delta_v-=0.5;break;}}voidmyReshape<GLsizeiw,GLsizeih>//當窗口大小變化時,//為了防止物體變形,這時要重設(shè)投影轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣,設(shè)置視口轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣,以及視圖轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣。這也是reshape要做的事。{ glViewport<0,0,w,h>;//X,Y————以像素為單位,指定了視口的左下角〔在第一象限,以〔0,0為原點的位置。//width,height————表示這個視口矩形的寬度和高度,根據(jù)窗口的實時變化重繪窗口。glMatrixMode<GL_PROJECTION>;//將當前矩陣指定為投影矩陣glLoadIdentity<>;//該命令是一個無參的無值函數(shù),其功能是用一個4×4的單位矩陣來替換當前矩陣,實際上就是對當前矩陣進行初始化。 gluPerspective<100.0,w/h,1.0,10.0>;//角度,視景體的寬高比,沿z軸方向的兩裁面之間的距離的近處,沿z軸方向的兩裁面之間的距離的遠處 gluLookAt<0,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,0>;//該函數(shù)定義一個視圖矩陣,并與當前矩陣相乘 glMatrixMode<GL_MODELVIEW>;}voidinit<>{//OpenGL中使用函數(shù)glLightfv<>來創(chuàng)建光源,這里是光源位置 glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position>;//來創(chuàng)建光源,這里是光源位置glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_AMBIENT,light_ambient>;//打開環(huán)境光glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,light_diffuse>;//打開漫反射光glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_SPECULAR,light_specular>;//鏡面反射光glShadeModel<GL_SMOOTH>;//明使用哪種著色技術(shù),可以取值GL_FLAT和GL_SMOOTH。默認取值是GL_SMOOTH。glEnable<GL_LIGHTING>;//啟用燈源glEnable<GL_LIGHT0>;//啟用光源,必須啟用,否則光照模型無效 glEnable<GL_TEXTURE_2D>; glEnable<GL_DEPTH_TEST>; //啟用深度測試。glClearColor<1.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0>;//glClear利用glClearColor函數(shù)設(shè)置好的當前清除顏色設(shè)置窗口顏色glMatrixMode<GL_PROJECTION>;glLoadIdentity<>;glOrtho<-10.0,10.0,-10.0,10.0,-10.0,10.0>; glMatrixMode<GL_MODELVIEW>;glLoadIdentity<>;glMatrixMode<GL_MODELVIEW>;glGetFloatv<GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,M>;glMatrixMode<GL_MODELVIEW>;}intmain<intargc,char**argv>{intbody_menu,wheel_menu,main_menu;//cout<<"操作規(guī)則：〔上下左右鍵控制汽車運動方向,a/k控制加速減速"<<endl; glutInit<&argc,argv>;glutInitDisplayMode<GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGB|GLUT_DEPTH>;glutInitWindowSize<500,500>;glutInitWindowPosition<150,150>;glutCreateWindow<"car">;init<>; glColorMaterial<GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE>;glEnable<GL_COLOR_MATERIAL>;glutSpecialFunc<specialKeyBoard>;glutReshapeFunc<myReshape>;glutDisplayFunc<mydisplay>; body_menu=glutCreateMenu<color_car_body_menu>;glutAddMenuEntry<"red",1>;glutAddMenuEntry<"green",2>;glutAddMenuEntry<"blue",3>;glutAddMenuEntry<"purple",4>;glutAddMenuEntry<"yellow",5>;wheel_menu=glutCreateMenu<color_car_wheel_menu>;glutAddMenuEntry<"blue",1>;glutAddMenuEntry<"green",2>;glutAddMenuEntry<"red",3>;glutAddMenuEntry<"purple",4>;glutAddMenuEntry<"yellow",5>;main_menu=glutCreateMenu<menu>;glutAddSubMenu<"car_body_color",body_menu>;glutAddSubMenu<"car_wheel_color",wheel_menu>; glutAddMenuEntry<"quit",3>;glutAttachMenu<GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON>; glutMainLoop<>;//程序運行函數(shù),glutMainLoop<>。return0;}帆船模型#include<gl/glut.h>#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<math.h>#include<GL/GLAUX.H>#pragmacomment<lib,"opengl32.lib"> #pragmacomment<lib,"glu32.lib"> #pragmacomment<lib,"glaux.lib">staticintshoulder1=0;staticintshoulder2=0;staticinthand=0;staticintturn1=0;staticinttag=0;staticintturn=0;//轉(zhuǎn)彎staticfloatforward=0;//前進staticfloatelbow=0,z=0;intw;inth;intfont=<int>GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13;chars[30];intframe,timeOwn,timebase=0;staticGLfloatxRot=0.0f;staticGLfloatyRot=0.0f;//是否停止轉(zhuǎn)動boolIsStop=false;//光照使用光源GLfloatlightPos[]={1.0f,0.0f,-1.0f,0.0f};GLfloatspecular[]={1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,-1.0f};//反射光GLfloatspecref[]={1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};//GLfloatambientLight[]={0.5f,0.5f,0.5f,1.0f};//環(huán)繞光GLfloatspotDir[]={0.0f,0.0f,-1.0f};GLbooleanbEdgeFlag=true;GLfloatfogcolor[]={0.5f,0.7f,0.5f,1.0f};voidshowText<void>;voidresetPerspectiveProjection<>;voidsetOrthographicProjection<>;voidSomething<>;voidrenderBitmapString<floatx,floaty,void*font,char*string>;//設(shè)置背景voidSetupRC<void>{ glEnable<GL_CULL_FACE>;glEnable<GL_LIGHTING>;glLightModelfv<GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT,ambientLight>;glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,ambientLight>;glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_SPECULAR,specular>;glLightfv<GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,lightPos>;glLightf<GL_LIGHT0,GL_SPOT_CUTOFF,30.0f>;glLightf<GL_LIGHT0,GL_SPOT_EXPONENT,20.0f>;glEnable<GL_LIGHT0>;glEnable<GL_COLOR_MATERIAL>;glColorMaterial<GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE>;glMaterialfv<GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,specref>;glMateriali<GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,8>;glClearColor<1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f>;}GLuinttexture[2];//存儲一個紋理AUX_RGBImageRec*LoadBMP<CHAR*Filename>//載入位圖圖象{FILE*File=NULL;//文件句柄if<!Filename>//確保文件名已提供{returnNULL;//如果沒提供,返回NULL}File=fopen<Filename,"r">;//嘗試打開文件if<File>//文件存在么?{fclose<File>;//關(guān)閉句柄returnauxDIBImageLoadA<Filename>;//載入位圖并返回指針}returnNULL;//如果載入失敗,返回NULL}intLoadGLTextures<>//載入位圖<調(diào)用上面的代碼>并轉(zhuǎn)換成紋理{intStatus=FALSE;//狀態(tài)指示器AUX_RGBImageRec*TextureImage[2];//創(chuàng)建紋理的存儲空間memset<TextureImage,0,sizeof<void*>*1>;//將指針設(shè)為NULL//載入位圖,檢查有無錯誤,如果位圖沒找到則退出if<<TextureImage[0]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli.bmp">>&&<TextureImage[1]=LoadBMP<"Data/wenli2.bmp">>>{Status=TRUE;//將Status設(shè)為TRUEglGenTextures<2,&texture[0]>;//創(chuàng)建紋理for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> { glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[loop]>;//綁定紋理 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>;//設(shè)置濾波模式 glTexParameteri<GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR>; glTexImage2D<GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,3,TextureImage[loop]->sizeX,TextureImage[loop]->sizeY,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,TextureImage[loop]->data>;//生成紋理 }}for<intloop=0;loop<2;loop++> {if<TextureImage[loop]!=NULL> {if<TextureImage[loop]->data!=NULL> { free<TextureImage[loop]->data>; } free<TextureImage[loop]>; } }returnStatus;//返回Status}voidDrawCube<void>//從這里開始進行所有的繪制{glLoadIdentity<>;//重置當前的模型觀察矩陣glRotatef<xRot,1.0f,0.0f,0.0f>;//繞X軸旋轉(zhuǎn)glRotatef<yRot,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f>;//繞Y軸旋轉(zhuǎn)glTranslatef<0.0f,0.0f,-10.0f>;//移入屏幕5個單位glColor3f<1.0,1.0,0.0>;glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<forward,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>turn,0.0,1.0,0.0>;glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[0]>;//選擇紋理glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//右面glTexCoord2f<1.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,2.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<0.0f,1.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左下glEnd<>;glBindTexture<GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture[1]>;//選擇紋理glBegin<GL_QUADS>;//左面glTexCoord2f<0.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,1.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,0.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,1.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右下glTexCoord2f<1.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,2.5f,1.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的右上glTexCoord2f<0.0f,1.0f>;glVertex3f<-0.0f,2.5f,0.0f>;//紋理和四邊形的左上glEnd<>;glPopMatrix<>;glFlush<>;}voiddisplay<void>{glClear<GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT>;glShadeModel<GL_SMOOTH>;//glEnable<GL_FOG>;//啟用霧化模型//glFogi<GL_FOG_MODE,GL_EXP>;//設(shè)置霧的類型//glFogf<GL_FOG_DENSITY,0.04f>;//設(shè)置霧的密度//glFogfv<GL_FOG_COLOR,fogcolor>;//設(shè)定霧的顏色//glHint<GL_FOG_HINT,GL_DONT_CARE>;//設(shè)置系統(tǒng)如何計算霧氣//glFogf<GL_FOG_START,3.0f>;//設(shè)置霧氣的開始位置//glFogf<GL_FOG_END,8.0f>;//設(shè)置霧氣的結(jié)束位置if<IsStop==false>{turn=<turn-5>%360;if<forward<2>{turn1=turn;forward=forward-0.04*sin<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;z=z-0.05*cos<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;if<tag==0>{shoulder1=<shoulder1+1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2-1>;if<shoulder1>=0>{elbow=elbow-1.2;}else{elbow=elbow+1.2;}}else{shoulder1=<shoulder1-1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2+1>;if<shoulder1>=0>{elbow=elbow+1.25;}else{elbow=elbow-1.2;}}if<shoulder1>30>{tag=1;}if<shoulder1<-30>{tag=0;}}else{turn1=turn;forward=forward+0.04*sin<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;z=z+0.05*cos<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;if<tag==0>{shoulder1=<shoulder1-1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2+1>;}else{shoulder1=<shoulder1+1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2-1>;}if<shoulder1>30>{tag=0;}if<shoulder1<-30>{tag=1;}}}glBegin<GL_QUADS>;glColor3ub<140,210,240>;glVertex3f<8.0f,-3.0f,-4.0f>;glVertex3f<-8.0f,-3.0f,-4.0f>;glColor3ub<66,250,250>;glVertex3f<-8.0f,-3.0f,4.0f>;glVertex3f<8.0f,-3.0f,4.0f>;glEnd<>;glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<3.0,4.0,0.0>; glColor3f<1.0,0.0,0.2>; glutSolidSphere<0.3,100,100>; glPopMatrix<>;glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<forward,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>turn,0.0,1.0,0.0>; glTranslatef<0.0,0.5,0.0>;glColor3f<1.0,0.3,0.2>;glPushMatrix<>;glScalef<0.5,0.2,0.5>;glutSolidCube<1.0>;glPopMatrix<>;glPopMatrix<>; glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<forward,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>turn,0.0,1.0,0.0>; glTranslatef<0.0,0.3,0.0>;glColor3f<0.5,0.3,0.2>;glPushMatrix<>;glScalef<0.5,0.1,0.5>;glutSolidCube<2.0>;glPopMatrix<>;glPopMatrix<>; glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<forward,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>turn,0.0,1.0,0.0>; glTranslatef<0.0,0.1,0.0>;glColor3f<0.5,0.8,0.2>;glPushMatrix<>;glScalef<0.5,0.1,1>;glutSolidCube<2.0>;glPopMatrix<>;glPopMatrix<>; glPushMatrix<>;glTranslatef<forward,0.0,z>;glRotatef<<GLfloat>turn,0.0,1.0,0.0>; glTranslatef<0.0,1.55,0.0>;glColor3f<0.5,0.8,0.2>;glPushMatrix<>;glScalef<0.01,1.9,0.01>;glutSolidCube<1.0>;glPopMatrix<>;glPopMatrix<>; DrawCube<>;glutSwapBuffers<>;}voidrenderBitmapString<floatx,floaty,void*font,char*string>{char*c;glRasterPos2f<x,y>;for<c=string;*c!='\0';c++>{glutBitmapCharacter<font,*c>;}}voidreshape<intw1,inth1>{w=w1;h=h1;glViewport<0,0,<GLsizei>w1,<GLsizei>h1>;glMatrixMode<GL_PROJECTION>;glLoadIdentity<>;gluPerspective<65.0,<GLfloat>w1/<GLfloat>h1,1.0,20.0>;glMatrixMode<GL_MODELVIEW>;glLoadIdentity<>;glTranslatef<0.0,0.0,-8.0>;}voidkeyboard<unsignedcharkey,intx,inty>{switch<key>{case'w'://向后走turn1=turn;forward=forward-0.04*sin<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;z=z-0.05*cos<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;if<tag==0>{shoulder1=<shoulder1+1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2-1>;if<shoulder1>=0>{elbow=elbow-1.2;}else{elbow=elbow+1.2;}}else{shoulder1=<shoulder1-1>;shoulder2=<shoulder2+1>;if<shoulder1>=0>{elbow=elbow+1.25;}else{elbow=elbow-1.2;}}if<shoulder1>30>{tag=1;}if<shoulder1<-30>{tag=0;}IsStop=true;glutPostRedisplay<>;break;case's'://向前走turn1=turn;forward=forward+0.04*sin<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;z=z+0.05*cos<<GLfloat>turn1/360*3.14*2>;if<tag==0>{shoulder1=<shoulder1-1>;shoulder2