2023年9月高級(jí)口譯筆試真題

059月高級(jí)口譯筆試真題9月上海高級(jí)口譯證書考試的筆試真題局部,期望對(duì)大家的復(fù)習(xí)能有所幫助。SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST〔45minutes〕PartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Ifyoufindyouspendmorethanyoumake,thereareonlytwothingstoddecreaseyourspendingorsntoeersdoe〔2。Thereareasmanywaysto〔3〕astherearepeoplelookingtosaveit.Forexample,youmaypoolyourresourceswithfriendsor〔4〕onlyduringsalesorevenlivemoresimply.But〔5〕thatsavingmoneyshouldnotnecessarilybeanendinitself.Don”t〔6〕ofwaystosaveadtttts〔7〕odelsogrintobalance,nottobecomeatightwadwhokeeps〔8〕ofeverypennyandfeelsthatspendingmoneyalreadyhaveone.Manystudentsworkduringcollege.Althoughworkingaddstothe〔13〕youwillface,itdoesnotmeanthatyourgradeswillnecessarilysuffer.Infact,manystudentswhowork〔14〕thanthosewhodon”tworkbecausethosewithjobsneedtobe〔15〕。outaloan.Becausestudentloansare〔17〕,it”seasytousethemasacrutch.Loanscanbeofhelp〔18〕orifyoucouldn”taffordtoattendacollegewithoutthem.Ifyoudo〔19〕,remindyourself:onedaysoonyou”llhaveto〔20〕,withinterest.PartB:ListeningComprehensionStatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbenY,dultdmnner outn.youhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.〔A〕IknowmanybusinesspeopleattheBeachsideHotel.TheBeachsideistheonlyfavoritehotelformanybusinesspeople.ManybusinesspeopleliketoholdconferencesintheBeachsideHotel.ManybusinesspeopleprovidethebestconferencefacilitiesfortheBeachside.〔A〕Only25to30collegegraduateswillbeshort-listedfortheinterview.Theapplicantswillbeaskedtodoaqualificationtest.Noonebut25to30-year-oldcollegegraduatescanapplyforthejob.Thedepartmentneeds25to30collegegraduatestofinishtheevaluation.〔A〕Seldomarenewscientifictheoriesrejectedquickly.Newscientifictheoriesareoftenslowtobeaccepted.Scientistsrarelypublishtheirtheoriesimmediately.Quickbenefitsareexpectedfromthisnewscientifictheory.〔A〕Wearecontentwithourcooperation.Weplantostrengthenourcooperation.Theprojectwasnotapprovedbythetwosides.Theprojectwasnotcompletedontime.〔A〕Allthecommitteemembersexceptthechairmanwereagainsttheproposal.Nobodywantedtoputforwardaproposaltoopenasecondbranchdowntown.Thechairmanwastheonlyonewhowasagainstthenewproposal.Afternegotiations,thecommitteedecidedtoopenanewbranchdowntown.〔A〕Weofferafivetotenpercentdiscountunlessyourequireimmediatedelivery.Wepromisetorefundthemoneyifwecannotsendourproductsintime.Ifyouorderourproductsrightnow,wewillgiveyoucertaincommissionincash.Buyingourproductswillsavenotonlyyourmoney,butalsoyourtime.7.〔A〕ItwaspredictedthatIwouldbetheGuestofHonourattheShow.Ihadtowaitfor20yearsbeforeIwasinvitedtotheShow.Ididn”texpectthatIwouldbetheGuestofHonourattheShow.IsuspectedthatIwouldbegivenaleadingroleinthemovie.〔A〕Itwouldn”tbewisetoreopenthediscussionontheprojecttoday.Ithinkweshouldreconsiderourinvestmentintheproject.Don”tyouthinkwecouldbewisebyincreasingourinvestment？Haveyoueverseensuchawonderfulviewofthewoods？〔A〕Wewillbeatourrivalinthefootballleaguematchontheplayground.Wewillhavetoconsulttheexpertstolearnourrival”sfinancialposition.Ourspecialknowledgeanddiligencewillmakeupforourlackoffunds.Ourstaffmembersaremoreexperiencedanddiligentinraisingfunds.〔A〕PeopleusingtheInternetwillsoonbealmostdoubled.PopulationisexplodingbecauseoftheInternet.Tenyearsago,onlyrichpeoplecanaffordtousetheInternet.TheInternetpopulationwillincreasetwo-foldintenyears.2.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.ListencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11——14〔A〕Makeaphonecall. 〔B〕Askforheradvice.〔C〕Returnsomebooks.〔D〕Borrowhernotes.〔A〕Anessayonart. 〔B〕Abookreview.〔C〕AsurveyonITindustry. 〔D〕Ascienceproject.〔A〕Lendhimsomebooks. 〔B〕Givehimmoreadvice.〔C〕ReturnthebooksbyWednesday. 〔D〕Lethimusehernotes.〔A〕OnFriday.〔B〕Thenextday.〔C〕Intheevening.〔D〕Afewhourslater.Questions15——18〔A〕Realwordsspokenbynew-borns.Talkusedwithchildrenbyimmaturepeople.Luckynamesforanimalssuchascowsanddogs.Childishtalkusedwithyoungchildren.〔A〕Itassistschildrentodeveloplanguageskillsmorequickly.Itearnsmoreadmirationfromotherparents.Itmakeschildrentobecomemoreobedientandhumble.Ithelpschildrenbetterunderstandandcommunicatewithadults.〔A〕Byspeakinglikeababy.〔B〕Byusingrealnames.〔C〕Bybeingconsistent.〔D〕Bytalkinginapatronizingway.〔A〕Becausetheyarethesourceofadmirationfromtheirpeers.Becausetheycanpreparechildrenforthecomplexityinlaterlife.Becausetheycosttheparentslessthanthedessertsandtoys.Becausetheycanhelpthechildrenbecomemoreconsistentinfuture.Questions19——22〔A〕Restaurantownerandcustomer. 〔B〕Teacherandstudent.〔C〕Husbandandwife. 〔D〕Doctorandpatient.〔A〕Sometimesnothingatall.〔B〕Asandwichandacupofcoffee.〔C〕Somevitaminpills.〔D〕Somemineralwater.〔A〕He”stiredofhispromotionandnewresponsibilities.Hefindsitdifficulttocopewithsomanyurgentprojects.He”squitesatisfiedwiththerecentprogressinhiswork.Hethinksittobeaheadachethathehastoworklateeverynight.〔A〕Eatingmorefood.〔B〕Gettingsomeexercise.〔C〕Takingsomemedicine. 〔D〕Quittinghisjob.Questions23——26〔A〕Writing. 〔B〕Reading. 〔C〕Speaking.〔D〕Listening.〔A〕Becauseweoftentakeourabilitytolisteningforgranted.Becausewearesurroundedbyallsortsofnoises.Becausewedonotspendmuchtimelistening.Becausewedonotattachgreatimportancetolistening.〔A〕30percent.〔B〕45percent.〔C〕50percent.〔D〕75percent.〔A〕Theshipcrewignoredrepeatedwarnings.Thepassengersdidnotlistentothecaptain.Thecrewrefusedtoobeythecaptain”sorders.Thecaptaindidnotsleepwellthenightbeforetheaccident.Questions27——30〔A〕BecausehecouldavoidbeingkilledbytheH-bomb.Becausehehadanewworldtofightfor.Becausehewasabletoenjoyapollution-freelife.Becausehesucceededinsettinguphisownbusiness.〔A〕Movingfromplacetoplace. 〔B〕Enjoyinglifeinthecountry.〔C〕Makingalittleprogresseachday. 〔D〕Workingandlearning.〔A〕Pollutionandpopulationexplosion.Universalloveandunderstandingbetweenpeople.Adviceandsuggestionsfortheirchildren.Responsibilitiesforoneanotherregardlessofrace,colourornationality.〔A〕Becausetheydon”texperiencethesamekindofproblems.Becausetheycannotadaptthemselvestothefastprogress.Becausetheyaretoooldtofightforanewworld.Becausetheyfeelthegenerationgapistoogreattospanover.PartC:ListeningandTranslationSentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.〔1〕〔2〕〔3〕〔4〕〔5〕PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.〔1〕〔2〕SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS〔45minutes〕Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,〔A〕,〔B〕,〔C〕or〔D〕,toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Oneday,droughtmaybeathingofthepast,atleastinanycountrynottoofarfromthesea.Vastareasofdesertthroughouttheworldmayforthefirsttimecometolifeandprovidemillionsofhectaresofcultivatedlandwherenownothinggrows.Bytheendofthiscenturythismaynotbemerespeculation.ScientistsarealreadylookingintothepossibilityofusingsomeoftheavailableiceintheArcticandAntarctic. Intheseregionstherearevastice-capsformedbysnowthathasfallenoverthepast50,000years.Layeruponlayerofdeepsnowmeansthat,whenmelted,thesnowwaterwouldbepure,notsaltyassea-icewouldbe.Thereissomuchpotentialpurewaterherethatitwouldneedonlyafractiontoturnmuchofthedesertorpoorlyirrigatedpartsoftheworldintorichfarmland.Andwhatusefulpackageswouldcomein！Itshouldbepossibletohackoffabitoficeandtransportit！Alternativelyperhapsapassingicebergcouldbecaptured. Theyarealwaysbreakingawayfromthemaincapsandfloatingaround,pushedbycurrents,untiltheyeventuallymeltandarewasted.Manyicebergsare,ofcourse,muchtoosmalltobetowedanydistance,andwouldmeltbeforetheyreachedacountrythatneededthemanywhere.Itwouldbenecessarytoharnessonethatwasmanageableandthatwasbigenoughtoprovideagoodsupplywhenitreachedus.Engineersthinkthatanicebergupto11kilometreslongand2kilometreswidecouldbetransportedifthetugpullingitwasasbigasasupertanker！Eventhentheywouldcoveronly32kilometreseveryday.However,oncetheicebergwasatitsdestination,sayatoneendofHongKongharbour,morethan7,000millioncubicmetresofwatercouldbetakenfromit！ThatwouldprobablybemorethanenoughforHongKongeveninthehottestsummer！Butnodoubtausecouldbefoundforit.Apparently,scientistssay,therewouldnotbetoomuchwastageinsuchajourney. Thelargertheiceberg,thesloweritmelts,evenifitistowedthroughthetropics.Thisisbecausewhenthesunhasabiggerareatowarmup,lessheatactuallygetsintotheiceberg. Thevastfrozencenterwouldbeunaffected.Evenwiththegianttugthatwouldhavetobeavailabletotowanicebergsevenmileslong,thevoyagewouldtakemanymonthsfromtheAntarctictoHongKong,forexample,butasstrongerenginesarebuiltandmoreisknownaboutseacurrents,thejourneycouldgetshorterandshorterandthusthewastagelessandless.Airlinepilotshavelearnttousejetstreamstenmilesabovetheearthtoincreasespeedandsavefuelso,surely,aboattowinganicebergcouldmakeuseoffast-flowingcurrentsandavoidwarmerwater.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat .muchofdeserthasbeenchangedintorichfarmlandalreadytheproblemofdroughtcouldeasilybesolvedallovertheworldicefromthepolarareamaybeusedtosolvetheproblemofdroughtitispossibletosolvetheproblemofdroughtinmanycountriesWelearnformthepassagethaticebergs .tookshapeasearlyas50,000yearsagoareeventuallywastedwhilefloatingaroundmeltmoreslowlyintropicsthaninanyotherareasareoftentoobigtobeofanyvalueThedifficultyofusingicetosolvethedroughtproblemliesinallofthefollowingEXCEPT？theproperequipmentfortransportationthetimetakenonthejourneythestorageofthefreshwaterthepropersizeoficebergsAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue？Thetimefortowingicebergsmaybemadeshorter.Itispossibletouseshipstotowicebergsfromthepolarareas.Airlinepilotsmaymakeuseofjetstreamstohelptowinganiceberg.Nottoomuchoftheicebergwouldmeltwhilebeingtowedthroughtheoceans.Theauthor”sattitudetowardsthesolutiontotheproblemofdroughtis .〔A〕doubtful 〔B〕positive 〔C〕discouraging 〔D〕criticalQuestions6——10Mostsorethroatsarecausedbyaninfectionwhichtreatmentwithantibioticscannotcure.Butwithsimpleremediesthepatientnormallygetsbetterin4or5days.Sorethroatsarecommon.Mostofthetimethesorenessisworseinthemorningandimprovesasthedayprogresses.Likecolds,thevastmajorityofsorethroatsarecausedbyviralinfections.ThismeansmostsorethroatswillNOTrespondtoantibiotics.Manypeoplehaveamildsorethroatatthebeginningofeverycold.Whenthenoseorsinusesbecomeinfected,drainagecanrundownthebackofthethroatandirritateit,especiallyatnight.Or,thethroatitselfcanbeinfected.Withasorethroat,sometimesthetonsilsorsurroundingpartsofthethroatareinflamed.Eitherway,removingthetonsilstotrytopreventfuturesorethroatsisnotrecommendedformostchildren.Tonsillitis,however,usuallystartswithasorethroatwhichcausespainonswallowing.Withchildren—andsomeadults—theremaybeafeverandthepatientisobviouslynotfeelingwell.Itmaybepossibletoseewhitespotsonthebackofthethroat.Theneckmayalsoswell,bothofwhicharethenormalresponsetoinfection.Sometimesasorethroatmayoccurwiththecommoncold,andwithinfluenzatheremaybedrynessofthethroat,painoncoughingandlossofvoice.TREATMENT:Aspirin:Tohelprelievethepainonswallowingand〔ifthereisone〕thefever.Useaspirintabletsdissolvedinwatersothatthepatientcangarglebeforeswallowing.Repeatthetreatmentevery4hours.Drink:Encouragethepatienttodrinkplenty.Food:Foodshouldnotbeforcedonapatientwhodoesnotwanttoeat.Steam:Ifthereispaininthethroatoncoughing,breathinginsteammayhelp.CHILDREN:Youngchildren,whomaynotbeabletogargle,shouldbegivenaspirindissolvedinwaterevery4hoursintherightdosefortheirage.Atoneyear:Asinglejunioraspirin.Atfiveyears:Halfanadultaspirin.Ateightyears:Onewholeadultaspirin.WHENTOSEETHEDOCTOR:Ifthesorethroatitstillgettingworseafter2days.Ifthepatientcomplainsofearache.Itthepatient”sfeverincreases.Ifthepatientorparentisveryworried.Accordingtothepassage,itwouldappearthatmostsorethroats .requireanimmediatevisittoadoctorrespondquicklytotreatmentwithanantibioticrarelyturnouttobeseriousillnessesresultintonsillitisevenwhentreatedOneofthesignsoftonsillitiscanoftenbe .difficultyinswallowingfoodandliquidpaininthechestwhenthepatientcoughswhitespotsappearingontheneckearacheduringthefirstfourorfivedaysInordertotreatasorethroatoneshould .preventthepatientfromeatingtoomuchgivethepatientupto4aspirintabletseveryhourmakesurethepatienttakesinplentyofliquidmakethepatientgarglewithsoftdrinkYoushouldcallthedoctorinif .theinfectionspreadstoanothermemberofthefamilyswellingoccursintheregionoftheearsthepatient”svoiceislostaftertwodaysthepatient”sconditioncontinuestoworsenAsusedinthepassage,theword“gargle“means .towashone”smouthandthroatwithaliquidinmotionbybreathingthroughittoeatsomethingwithacontinuousandoftenaudibleactionofone”sjawstobiteandworkinthemouthwithone”steeth,especiallytomakeiteasiertoswallowsomethingtocauseorallowsomething,especiallyfoodordrink,topassdownone”ssorethroatQuestions11——15IwatchedasDrIanStead,thearchaeologistinchargeoftheexcavation,begancarefullyremovingthepeatwithaclaymodellingtoolX-raystakenthroughtheboxwhileitwasatthehospitalrevealedribs,backbonearmbonesandaskull〔apparentlywithfractures〕。However,thebonesshoweduponlyfaintlybecauseacidinthepeathadremovedmineralsfromthem.UsingtheX-rays,Steadstartedonwhathethoughtmightbealeg.ByhissidewasProfessorFrankOldfield,ofLiverpoolUniversity,anexpertonpeatwhocouldidentifyvegetationfromstemsonlyafractionofaninchlong.“SimilarbodiesfoundinbogsinDenmarkshowsignsofaviolentdeath,“Steadsaid.“Itisessentialforustobeabletodistinguishbetweentheplantfibresinpeatandclothingorapieceofropewhichmighthavebeenusedtohanghim.“amidstthepeat；butnotuntilmostofitwasexposedcouldheandRobertConnolly,aphysicalanthropologistatLiverpoolUniversity,decidethatitwasanarm.Besideitwasasmallpieceofanimalfur—perhapstheremainsofclothing.Followingtheforearmdownintothepeat,Steadfoundabrownshinyobjectandthen,closeby,twomore.Seenunderamagnifyingglass,hesuddenlyrealisedtheywerefingernails—“beautifullymanicureddtahn“e.tetseneneestfingernailslikethat,thispersoncan”thavebeen.Hemighthavebeenapriestoranaristocrat.“Especiallydelicateworkwasrequiredtorevealthehead.Onthethirdday,acurlysideburnappearedand,shortlyafterwards,amoustache.Atfirstitseemedthatthemanhadbeenbaldingbutgraduallyhewasseentohaveclose-croppedhair,aboutaninchortwolong.“Thisinformationabouthishairstyleisunique.WehavenootherinformationaboutwhatBritonslookedlikebeforetheRomaninvasionexceptforthreesmallplaquesshowingCeltswithdroopingmoustachesandshavenchins.“Thecrucialclueshowinghowthemandiedhadalreadybeenrevealed,closetohisneck,butitlookedjustlikeanotherinnocentheatherroot.Itwasnotrecogniseduntiltwodayslater,whenMargaretMcCord,aseniorconservationofficer,foundthesamerootatthebackofhisneckand,cleaningitcarefully,sawitstwistedtexture.“He”sbeengarrotted.“Shedeclared.The”root”wasalengthoftwistedsinew,thethicknessofstrongstring.Aslipknotatthebackshowshowitwastightenedroundtheneck.“Alargediscolorationontheleftshouldersuggestsabruiseandpossiblyaviolentstruggle,“Steadsaid.TheX-raysthatweretakenshowedSteadandOldfield .〔A〕avaguepictureofthebones〔B〕exactlywhattheywerelookingfor〔C〕whichdepositswereclayandwhichpeat〔D〕exactlyhowthemanhaddiedTheresearcherssuspectedthemanhadmetaviolentdeathbecause .hewasstillwearingclothessimilarbodieshadbeenfoundelsewherethereweretracesofahangingropeinthepeathehadn”tbeenburiedinacoffinItwastheforearmtheyuncoveredwhich .requiredthemostdelicateworkindicatedtheageofthemantoldthemsomethingabouttheman”sclothesledthemtodiscoverthefingernailsWhydidtheresearchersthinkthemanwaspossiblyapriest？Hehadclosely-croppedhair.Hiscoatwasfur-linedHehadadroopingmoustacheandshavenchin.Hisfingernailswerewelllookedafter.Itwasestablishedthatthemantheydugoutofthepeathadbeen .〔A〕beheaded〔B〕strangled〔C〕drowned〔D〕stabbedintheneckQuestions16——20Doesusingawordprocessoraffectawriter”sstyle？Themediumusuallydoesdosomethingtothemessageafterall,evenifMarshallMcLuhan”sclaimthatthemediumsimplyisthemessagehasbeenheardandlargelyforgottennow.Thequestionmatters.RayHammond,inhisexcellentguideTheWriterandtheWordProcessor〔Coronet￡2.95pp224〕,predictsthatoverhalfoftheprofessionalwritersinBritainandtheUSAwillbeusingwordprocessorsbytheendof1995.Thebest-knownrecruitisLenDeighton,fromaslongagoas1968,thoughmostusershaveonlystartedsincethemicro-computerboombeganin1980.Ironicallywordprocessingisinsomewayspsychologicallymorelikewritinginroughthantyping,sinceitrestoresfluidityandprovisionalitytothetext.Thetypist”sdreadofhavingtogetouttheTippex,thescissorsandpaste,orofredoingthewholethingifhehasanysubstantialsecondthoughts,canmakehimconsistentlychoosethesaferoptioninhissentences,orletsomethingstandwhichheknowstobeunsatisfactoryorincomplete,outofweariness.Inwordprocessingthetextisloosenedupwhilststillretainingtheadvantageoflookingformallyfinished.Thishas,Ithink,twoapparentlycontradictoryeffects.Theinitialwritingcanbecomeexcessivelysloppyandcareless,intheexpectationthatitwillbecorrectedlater.Thatcrucialfirstinspirationisnevereasytorecapturethough,andtherefore,ontheotherhand,thewritingcanbecomeover-deliberated,lackinginflowandspontaneity,sincerevisionbecomesalargerpartofcomposition.Howeverthesearefaultseasiertodetectinothersthaninoneself.Formostwriters,wordprocessingquiterapidlycomestofeelliketheidealmethod〔andcanalwayseadprgnrfurtfesdydithasimprovedtheirstyle〔“immensely“saysDeighton〕。Seeingyourownwordsonascreenhelpsyoutofeelcoolanddetachedaboutthem.Thusitisnotjustbyfreeingyoufromthelabourofmechanicalre-typingthatawordprocessorcanfeelingofhavingareactivemachine,whichappearstodothings,ratherthanjusthavethingsdonewithit,accountsforthis—yourslaveworkshardandsodoyou.eeo？tsatdseotoesf,Hammond,thoughdaysmightbenearerthemark.Notoriouslyitispossibletoloseworkaltogetheronawordprocessor,andthishappenstoeverybodyatleastonce.Theawarenessthatwhatyouhavewrittennolongerexistsatallanywhere,isunbelievablyenragingandbaffling.Accordingtothefirstparagraphofthepassage,whatistheobviouschangefor writersinBritainandtheUSA？〔A〕Thestyletheyareemploying. 〔B〕Themediumtheyareusing.〔C〕Thewaytheyarebeingrecruited. 〔D〕Thepapertheyarewritingon.Typingintheconventionalmanner,awritermay .choosetowhitemorecarefullymakemoremistakesbecomeovercriticalofhisorherworkhavealotofsecondthoughtsOneeffectofusingawordprocessormaybethattheongoingrevisionofatext .isdonewithtoolittleattentionproducesasloppyeffectislackinginflowandspontaneitydoesnotencourageonetopickupmistakesItisclaimedherethatwordprocessorscreate .asenseofpowerinthewriter”smindareluctanceintheauthortoexpresshimselforherselfanillusionasifyouwereaservantofthemachineafeelingofdistancebetweenawriterandhisorherworkAsfaraslearningtouseawordprocessorisconcerned,theauthorofthepassage mentionsanumberofdrawbacksEXCEPTthat .〔A〕ittakestime 〔B〕itiscostlytheusermayrelytoomuchonthemachinetheusermayloseweeksofworkQuestions21——25Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsoffossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts.Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachmentsarevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareas,ridges,orgrooves,smoothorroughpatchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesoftheanimalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethoseattachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments.Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhichitwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofanextinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpininferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwere,howfastitcouldrun,whatitsfoodwas,orsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryoflife.However,whatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhattheylookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Thingslikefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarule,becausethehardpartsareexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactuallypreservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonisinternalpresentgreatproblemsofrestoration,andhonestrestorersadmitthattheyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursofthebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeleton,butsurfacefeatures,whichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclook,areseldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelpstointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeitslivingrelatives,ifithasany.This,however,maybequiteequivocal.Forexample,extinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolooksomewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheirclosestwildrelatives.Itis,however,possibleandevenprobablethatmanyextincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Othersprobablyhadpatternsnolongerpresentinanylivingmembersofthefamily.Iflionsandtigerswereextincttheywouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairandmammoths,whichareextinctelephants,woulddoubtlessberestoredashairlessifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthick,woollycoats.Weknowthisonlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpicturesofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens.Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Accordingtothepassage,thesoftpartoffossilizedanimals .canalwaysbeaccuratelyidentifiedhaveusuallyleftsometracescanusuallybereconstructedhavealwaysvanishedwithoutanytraceThemusclesofafossilizedanimalcansometimesbereconstructedbecause .theywerepreservedwiththerestoftheanimaltheywerelodgedinsidetheanimal”sskulltheywerehardenedpartsoftheanimal”sbodytheywereattachedtotheanimal”sskeletonThereconstructionofafossilizedanimal”sexternalappearanceisconsiderednecessaryinorderto .〔A〕satisfypopularcuriosity 〔B〕answerscientificquestions〔C〕establishitsactivities 〔D〕determineitseatinghabitsTheword“equivocal“〔para.3〕means .〔A〕equallyimportant 〔B〕definable 〔C〕equallydoubtful 〔D〕deliberateThethirdparagraphofthepassagedealswiththedifficultiesofrestoringthefollowingfossilizedanimalsEXCEPT .thosewhichhadcomplexinternalstructuresthosewhichhadnoexternalhardpartsthosewhichhadfur-coveredbodiesthosewhichhadnolivingrelativesQuestions26——30Thereisabasichypothesisthatthemajorityofseriousmotoringoffencesarederivedfromaccidents,andthereisnothingintheoffender”spersonalityorbackgroundthatpredisposeshimtobreakthelaw.Ifanaccidentisachanceeventthathappenssoquicklyandsuddenlythatitisbeyondanyone”scontroltopreventit,thenitisclearthatthishypothesisisdisproved.Foronlyabout14percentofthe653offencesconsideredinarecentsurveycouldpossiblybecalledinadvertentaccidentsinthissense,andeventhisestimateisstretchingcredulitytoitslimits.Inthegreatmajorityofcasestheoffenceswerelargelyoftheoffenders”ownmaking.In11percentofthe653casesand21percentof43offenderswhowereinterviewedtherewasevidenceofselfish,andevenruthless,self-interest,butitwasnotpossibletoinferpersonalitydisturbanceinmorethan25percentofthe653and39percentofthe43offenders.Thoughtheinferenceswithregardtopersonalitytraitsmaybeanoverestimateintheinterpretationofqualitativedata,theycouldequallybeanunderestimate,sincesoverylittlewaseverrecordedabouttheoffendersthemselves.Thelackofdataisaconsequenceofthealmosttotallackofinterestinmotoringoffendersaspersons.Itmustbeassumed,therefore,intheabsenceofevidencetothecontrarythatthemajorityofseriousmotoringoffendersconsideredinthesurveywerenormalpeople,whosuccumbedtotemptationwhencircumstanceswerefavourableanditwasexpedienttotakeachance,soperhapsthereissomethinginthenormalpersonalitythatpredisposesadrivertobreakthelaw.Whateveritis,itspresenceismuchmoreevidentinmalesthaninfemales,sincetheanalysisofthenationalstatisticsshowsapredominanceofmalesoverfemalesofbetween18:1and22:1.Therealsignificanceofthesefiguresishardtoassess,becausetherelativeproportionsofeachsexatriskareunknown.Oneresearchworkerproducedaratioofsixmalestoonefemalefromhissampleofinsurancepolicyholders,butthisisalmostcertainlyanunderestimatesincemanyfemales—probablymorethanmales—arelikelytobedrivingonsomeoneelse”spolicy.Arationofthreetooneisprobablynearertotherealstateofaffairs.Femalesreachednoticeableproportionsonlyamongthehit-and-rundrivers,andthereseemstobesomejustificationforcallingthisthe”feminine”offence.Thedifferencebetweenthesexesintheirrelativepropensitytobreakthelawontheroadsisimportant,becauseitshowsthatmotoringoffendershaveacharacteristicincommonwithoffendersinotherfieldsofcriminalactivity,wheremalespredominatetoamarkeddegree.Onemotorinsuranceunderwriterrecentlyannouncedhisintenti