英語閱讀主旨大意題目技巧

MainIdea主旨大意題閱讀技巧主旨大意題的特征及設(shè)題這類試題要求對文章的整體或局部（如段落）進(jìn)行分析、概括，歸納相關(guān)部分的中心大意(Mainidea)，選擇標(biāo)題(title)，判斷作者的寫作目的(purpose)等，旨在考查考生加工與濃縮信息的能力。這一項考查的是文章的靈魂與中心。記敘文、議論文?？嘉恼碌闹髦即笠?。一般主旨大意常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭，有時也出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾。當(dāng)然更重要的是從全文去把握。閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類:標(biāo)題類,主旨題(文章主旨,段落主旨),寫作目的標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式(體現(xiàn)概括性,避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式(體現(xiàn)全面性,避免以偏概全)(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(2)Thepassagetalksabout...(3)Thepassagetellsusthat...(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith...(5)What’sthemainidea/topicofthepassage?段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式(體現(xiàn)針對性,避免張冠李戴)(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(2)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(4)What’sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?第一步:識別文體,找主題句議論文：總--分--總（論點－論據(jù)－結(jié)論）說明文：主題句（首－－中－－尾）記敘文：記敘文六要素主題句在文中的位置:開門見山：提出主題----細(xì)節(jié)支撐闡明主題段末點睛：細(xì)節(jié)描述----歸納要點---概括主題段中點旨：細(xì)節(jié)描述---歸納主題---進(jìn)一步解釋無主題句：考生需根據(jù)文章中所敘述的事實或提供的線索來概括和總結(jié)文章的大意尋找主題句的方法(一)記敘文:文中一般沒有明顯的題句說明文:一般在首段議論文:一般為總分總模式,即主題句（作者的觀點）常在首段或末段（作者觀點的重申）。當(dāng)然，由于寫作需要，主題句偶爾也可在一段文章中間。(二)關(guān)注重要標(biāo)志詞：but,yet,however等notonly…butalso句型forexample，suchas等詞so,therefore,actually,inshort,等詞…show/find/suggest/argue等詞后往往預(yù)示著新發(fā)現(xiàn)或真理(三)有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要讀者對每段文章的段意進(jìn)行歸納，在段落大意的基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)一步加工概括了。(四)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的解答就是文章主旨.(五)關(guān)注高頻詞(常為名詞)第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾推敲選項正誤的5個小竅門:⑴根據(jù)第一步尋找主題句,找出關(guān)鍵詞,與四個選項進(jìn)行匹配,選出最合適恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢涪普_選項常含有概括性的詞語⑶正確選項一般不含絕對意義的詞⑷正確選項應(yīng)能概括全文,內(nèi)容全面,含義深刻或說明道理⑸四個選項中,內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案干擾項(即錯誤選項)特點1）以偏概全，選項只是局部信息,或是一句沒有展開論述的話；2）過于籠統(tǒng)，即選項歸納的主題過于寬泛,與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對細(xì)節(jié)加以充分論述；3）選項的觀點強加于作者,選項的觀點往往是讀者根據(jù)自己的常識對文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視作者的見解；4）相反信息與文章的主題完全相反5）無關(guān)信息既在文章中沒有提到或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息。標(biāo)題的特點:簡練,全面,范圍合理,常為名詞.忌:范圍太大,過于籠統(tǒng),范圍太小(常用文中細(xì)節(jié)或某段段落大意來混淆).如何尋找主題句Sample1 Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主題句在段首 一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據(jù),層層推理論證,最后自然得出結(jié)論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）在短文中間

當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.Sample4（無主題句） JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage? A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer. B.Binghamisadiligentstudent. C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation. D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.Sample5 Thestudyontheimpactoflightonteenagers’sleepinghabitsfindsthatinsufficientdailymorninglightexposurecontributestoteenagersnotgettingenoughsleep.………50.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?LackofMorningLightKeepingTeenagersupatNight B.LightTherapyCanReduceHealthRisksof Teenagers. C.MeasuresImpactofReducedMorningLight Exposure. D.StudentsWearsSpecialGlassesto GuaranteeSleep.Sample6 Doyouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?Thecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlycategorizedas"honor"helpyoucreatethislifeofgoodfeelings. Here'sanexampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness. Sayastoreclerkfailstochargeusforanitem.Ifwekeepsilent,andprofitfromtheclerk'smistake,wewoulddrivehomewithasenseofsneakyexcitement.Laterwemighttellourfamilyorfriendsaboutourgoodfortune.幻燈片22 Ontheotherhand,ifwetelltheclerkabouttheunchargeditem,theclerkwouldbegratefulandthankusforourhonesty.Wewouldleavethestorewithaquietsenseofhonorthatwemightneversharewithanothersoul.Then,whatisittodowithoursenseofhappiness?Inthefirstcase,wherewedon'ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoLiveTruthfullyImportanceofPeacefulnessC.WaysofGainingSelf-respectD.HappinessthroughHonorableActions Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection. Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.幻燈片24 Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels如何做主旨大意題做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。在做主旨題時，我們還要注意以下幾點：第一，注意段首，段尾。一般來說，文章的第一段首句或末段尾句往往是文章中心思想的體現(xiàn)處,有時段首或段尾的話就是該文章的中心思想。第二，特別關(guān)注結(jié)論性或者轉(zhuǎn)折性的語言。這些表達(dá)方式有：therefore,asaresult,thus,so,forexample,infact,moreover,furthermore,what’smore,mostimportantofall,but,however,rather,yet等等。第三，在選擇正確答案的過程中，盡量要避免選擇過于絕對的選項。例如：選項中包含有all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely等。通常正確的答案有一定的概括性和結(jié)論性，過于細(xì)節(jié)的選項往往不是正確答案，而過于籠統(tǒng)的選項則往往缺乏準(zhǔn)確性，或者過于片面，需要我們在選擇時注意。練習(xí)Passage1ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren’sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren. Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomsTVs.……..67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ComputersorTelevisionB.EffectsofTelevisiononChildrenC.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducationD.TelevisionandChildren’sLearningHabitsPassage2 Theterm“multitasking”originallyreferredtopeople’sabilitytocarryoutseveraltasksonetime.Formanypeople,multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflifeandevenakeytosuccess.Infact,someexcellentmentalaerobicexercises(大腦訓(xùn)練)involveengagingthebrainintwoormorechallengingactivitiesatatime.Althoughcheckingemailwhiletakingonaphoneandreadingthenewspapermaybesecondnatureforsomepeople,manytimesmultitaskingcanmakeuslessproductive,ratherthanmore.Andstudiesshowthattoomuchmultitaskingcanleadtoincreasedanxietyandmemoryloss.…………Passage252.Whatisthemainideaohthepassage?Multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflife.Multitaskingoftenleadstoefficiencydecline.C.Multitaskingexercisesneedtobeimproved.D.Multitaskingenablespeopletorememberthingsbetter.Passage3 PeoplefromEastAsiatendtohavemoredifficultythanthosefromEuropeindistinguishingfacialexpressions--andanewreportpublishedonlineinCurrentBiologyexplainswhy. RachaelJack,UniversityofGlasgowresearcher,saidthatratherthanscanningevenly(均勻的)acrossafaceasWesternersdo,Easternersfixtheirattentionontheeyes. "WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions,"Jacksaid."Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglect(忽略)themouth."………..70.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheEyeastheWindowtotheSoulB.CulturalDifferencesinReadingEmotionsC.EffectiveMethodstoDevelopSocialSkillsD.HowtoIncreaseCross-culturalUnderstandingPassage4 ForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.Indeed,formanyofthepoorestregions(地區(qū))oftheworld,itremainsthenextbigthing——finallybecomesgloballyavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetter. Acrossthedevelopingworld,around45%offamilieshadaTVin1995;by2005thenumberhadclimbedabove60%.…… Television’smostpowerfuleffectwillbeonthelivesofwomen.InIndia,…… ToomuchTVhasbeenassociatedwithviolence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishavingapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofbillionsworldwide.63.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage? A.TVWillRuletheWorld B.TVWillDisturbtheWorld C.TVWillBettertheWorld D.TVWillRemaininWorldPassage5Onemorningmorethanthirtyyearsago,IenteredtheTrackKitchen,arestaurantwhereeveryonefromthehumblest(卑微的)tothemostpowerfulcameforbreakfast.Inoticedanemptychairnexttoanelderly,unshavenman,wholookedsomewhatdisheveled.Hewaswearingaworn-outhatandwasalone.IaskedifImightjoinhim.HeagreedquietlyandIsatdowntohavemybreakfast.Wecautiouslybeganaconversationandspokeaboutawiderangofthings.Weneverintroducedourselves.Iwasconcernedthathemighthavenomoneyandnotbeabletoaffordsomethingtoeat.SoasIrosetogobacktothecounterandbuyasecondcupofcoffee,Iasked,“MyIgetyousomething?”“Acoffeewouldbenice.”ThenIboughthimacupofcoffee,Wetalkedmore,andheacceptedanothercupofcoffee,Finally,Irosetoleave,wishedhimwell,andheadedfortheexit.AtthedoorImetoneofmyfriends.Heasked,“HowdidyougettoknowMr.Galbreath?”“Who?”“Themanyouweresittingwith.HeischairmanoftheBoardofChurchillDowns.”Icouldhardlybelieveit.Iwasbuying,offeringafreebreakfast,andfeelingpityforoneoftheworld’srichestandmostpowerfulmen.MyfewminuteswithMr.Galbreathchangedmylife.NowItrytotreateveryonewithrespect,nomatterwhoIthinktheyare,andtomeetanotherhumanbeingwithkindnessandsincerity.59.Whatisthemessagemainlyexpressedinthestory?Weshouldlearntobegenerous.B.Itishonorabletohelpthoseinneed.C.Peopleinhighpositionsarenotlikewhatweexpect.D.Weshouldavoidjudgingpeoplebytheirappearances. Passage6AlongtheriverbanksoftheAmazonandtheOrinocotherelivesabirdthatswimsbeforeitcanfly,flieslikeafatchicken,eatsgreenleaves,hasthestomachofacowandhasclaws（爪）onitswingswhenyoung.Theybuildtheirhomesabout4.6mabovetheriver,animportantfeature（特征）forthesafetyoftheyoung.Itiscalledthehoatzin. Inappearance,thebirdsofbothsexeslookverymuchalikewithbrownonthebackandcreamandredontheunderside.Theheadissmall,withalargesetoffeathersonthetop,brightredeyes,andblueskin.Itsnearestrelativesarethecommonbirds,cuckoos.Itsmoststrikingfeature,thoughisonlyfoundintheyoung. Babyhoatzinshaveaclawontheleadingedgeofeachwingandanotherattheendofeachwingtip.Usingthesefourclaws,togetherwiththebeak(喙)，theycanclimbaboutinthebushes,lookingverymuchlikeprimitivebirdsmusthavedone.Whentheyounghoatzinshavelearnedtofly,theylosttheirclaws. ThedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroups,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.63.Whatisthetestmainlyabout?A.Hoatzinsindryandrainyseasons.B.Therelativesandenemiesofhoatzins.C.PrimitivebirdsandhoatzinsoftheAmazon.D.Theappearanceandlivinghabitsofhoatzins.麝雉 Passage7 Theneedtofeedagrowingpopulationisputtingmuchpressureontheworld’ssupplyofwater.With97%oftheworld’swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture,theworldwidesupplyofwaterneedscarefulmanagement,especiallyinagriculture.Althoughtheideaofawatershortage（短缺）seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfulcountry,manyoftheworld’sagriculturalindustriesexperienceconstantwatershortages. Althoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindryareasanddryseasons,thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areveryhigh.幻燈片45 Notonlyistherethecostoftheengineeringitself,butthereisalsoanenvironmentalcosttobeconsidered.Wherevalleys(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams,housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroyed.Besides,watermanyfloweasilythroughpipestofields,butitcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.Eachcountrymustthereforerelyonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplyitsfarmingrequirements. Thisisparticularlytroublingthecountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation（灌溉）.InTexas,farmers’overuseofirrigationwaterhasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleyareaofsoutheasternUSA,ahugewaterengineeringprojectprovidedwate