文化及其對(duì)外交政策影響

日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

戴季陶DaiJitao(famousChinesepoliticalfigureandtheorist)日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

戴季陶DaiJitao’sOnJapan

OnJapanpublishedin1928日本已經(jīng)把中國(guó)放在手術(shù)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行解剖，而中國(guó)人對(duì)于日本，只是一味地排斥、反對(duì)，再也不肯做研究的工夫。JapaneseareanatomizingChineseontheoperatingtablewhileChineseareonlyrepelling,rejectingandexcludingJapanesewithoutdoinganystudyonthem.日本人最富有的是優(yōu)雅精致，缺乏的是偉大崇高。我確信日本人有一種強(qiáng)烈的“信仰力”，這“信仰力”的作用，足以使他為主義而犧牲一切。而好美，和信仰同樣是民族最基本的力量，有了這兩個(gè)力量，一個(gè)民族一定能夠強(qiáng)盛，能夠發(fā)展。Japanesearefullofeleganceandexquisitenesswhilelackinggreatnessandnobility.IbelievethatJapanesehaveastrongsenseof“faith/belief”,whichmakethemabletosacrificeeverythingforcertain“ism”.Loveofbeautyandstrongbelief/faitharethebasicpower/strengthofanation,andwithtwokindsofpowerassuch,anationmustbedevelopingandprosperous.JapaneseShintobeliefs,thecharacteristicsoflovingbeauty,themartialspiritandmilitarismaretheimportantcharacters/thingsofJapaneseobservedbyMr.DaiJitao.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

JiangBaili(Chinesemilitarytheoristandeducator)

蔣百里日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

《日本人》１９３８年出版

日本是中國(guó)近現(xiàn)代史怎么也繞不過去的一個(gè)國(guó)家．對(duì)于日本，無論是怎樣反對(duì)他、攻擊他，總而言之，非曉得他不可。過去如此，現(xiàn)在更是如此。

Japanese---AStudybyaForeigner

publishedin1938JapanisacountrywhichChinesemodernhistorycannotavoidatall.Nomatterhowhardweareagainstitorattackingit,wemustknowit.Itwasthecaseinthepast,andisstilltrueatpresent.時(shí)時(shí)向外界注意，缺少了內(nèi)省的能力Japanattachesgreatimportancetothingsoutsideitsterritoryandlackstheabilityofintrospectionorself-examination.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy蔣百里、戴季陶著JapaneseandOnJapanbyJiangBailiandDaiJitao日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedictTheChrysanthemumandtheSword·日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·菊花王朝...日本皇室的家徽是16花瓣的菊花Chrysanthemum

dynasty…16-petalchrysanthemumistheroyalheraldryofJapan.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict武士刀WarriorSword(SamuraiSword)·

日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict

·恬淡靜美的“菊”----日本皇室家徽；QuietandbeautifulchrysanthemumisJapaneseroyalheraldry.兇狠決絕的“刀”----武士道文化的象征。Fierce/viciousswordisthesymbolof

bushidoculture.公家（圣德天子明治天皇昭和天皇平成天皇）武家（豐臣秀吉德川家康）“菊”與“刀”來揭示日本人矛盾的性格，即日本文化的雙重性ChrysanthemumandswordembodythecontradictorycharactersofJapaneseandreflectthedualnatureofJapaneseculture.日本人生性極其好斗而又非常溫和；黷武而又愛美；倨傲自尊而又彬彬有禮；頑梗不化而又柔弱善變；馴服而又不愿受人擺布；忠貞而又易于叛變；勇敢而又懦怯；保守而又十分歡迎新的生活方式。Japanese,ontheonehand,areveryaggressiveandontheotherhandaremildandgentle.Theyaremilitaristicandwarlikewhilelovingbeauty.Theyarearrogantbutalsocourteous.Theyareverystubborn/obstinate,butalsochangeableandfickle;docileandtamebutunwillingtobeorderedabout;loyalbutbetrayseasily;bravebutalsocowardly;conservativebutalsoadaptabletonewwayoflife.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy一．日本文化JapaneseCultureFeatures日本文化是所有偉大的傳統(tǒng)中最神秘的、最離奇的。－－美國(guó)哲學(xué)家穆爾TheU.S.philosopherMoorethinksthatJapanesecultureisthemostmysteriousandmostfantasticofallthegreattraditions.１．獨(dú)立性＋吸收性IndependenceandAcquisition/Learning大化改新（7世紀(jì)）：吸收中國(guó)大唐文化，接受佛教和中國(guó)哲學(xué)

TaikaReforminthe7thcentury:learningfromtheTangDynasty,acceptingBuddhismandChinesephilosophy明治維新（19世紀(jì)）：吸收西方文明，接受西洋技術(shù)MeijiReform/Restorationinthe19thcentury:learningfromthewesterncivilization,acceptingwesterntechnology２．本土性locality崇尚原味（愛吃生冷食物等）loveoriginaltaste(suchassashimi)家族意識(shí)（集團(tuán)意識(shí)）familyconsciousnessorgroupconsciousness民間巫術(shù)，對(duì)神靈的崇拜；（神國(guó)、日出之國(guó)，天照之神，日照之神）

Folkwitchcraftandworshipofgods,suchastheKingdomofGod,theLandofRisingSun,etc.神道，日本的傳統(tǒng)民族宗教，最初以自然崇拜為主，屬于泛靈多神信仰（精靈崇拜），視自然界各種動(dòng)植物為神祇。

ShintoisthetraditionalJapanesereligion,originallyworshipsmainlythenature,andregardsallanimalsandplantsinnatureasgods.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy

魯思·本尼迪克特RuthBenedict·3.恥感文化：（相對(duì)于罪感文化）Shame-basedCulture(differentfromquiltculture)他們以知恥為德行之本，依靠外部的強(qiáng)制力來做善行。GuiltemergesforEuropeanswhentheydosomethingtheyknowiswrongandnooneknowsaboutit.Europeansexperienceshameasbeing“embarrassed”orfeeling“ashamed”.ShameemergesforEuropeanswhensomethingtheydowrongespublic.Japaneserelyontheexternalforcetodogoodthings.這種文化的極端表現(xiàn)，就是日本流行的自殺現(xiàn)象和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)輸出。本人以適當(dāng)?shù)淖詺⑿袨閬硐此⑽勖麖亩A得名聲，這讓我們?cè)僖淮蜗肫鹞涫壳懈?。Anextremeexampleofshamecultureissuicideandwarwaging.Someoneearnsreputationandgetsridofstigmabycommittingsuicide.對(duì)外發(fā)動(dòng)侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，其深層動(dòng)因依然是名譽(yù)，日本人迫切要求在世界上贏得“尊重”。Waginginvasionwartoothercountriesinnatureisforreputation.Japanesearelongingeagerlyforothers’“respect”.日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy茶道teaism花道ikebana書道calligraphy劍道kendo日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy靖國(guó)神社YasukuniShrine日本文化與外交

JapaneseCultureandForeignPolicy喜好自然素雅（對(duì)美的理解；對(duì)自然花草的偏愛等）Japaneselikesimple,unadornedbutelegantthings.日本人眼中的美BeautyinJapanese’sView:潔凈之美：きれいー既有干凈之意，也有美麗之意clean簡(jiǎn)潔之美：枯山水—一地白沙，幾塊天然石plain素雅之美：追求自然、本份、素淡、和諧。吃講究原味。simplebutelegant纖細(xì)之美：小而精巧為美，茶道、花道、書道等slender感傷之美：凋零美、寂寞美。sorrowful(witheringofsakura,loneliness)群體之美：櫻花具有群體美、氣勢(shì)美，個(gè)人應(yīng)該像櫻花一樣隱沒在花海中，不能像牡丹那樣一枝獨(dú)秀，也不能像梅花那樣潔身自好，不合時(shí)流。collectivity(Sakurahasthebeautyofcollectivity.Individualshouldbeintegratedintogroupasimmergesintheseaofsakuras,andshouldn’tbeoutstandinglikepeonyorloftylikewintersweet.)MainCharacteristicsofJapaneseCulture二．日本文化的特點(diǎn)CharacteristicsofJapaneseCulture１、位置意識(shí)/集團(tuán)意識(shí)PositionConsciousness/GroupConsciousness人情味的集團(tuán)意識(shí)；親情般的上下級(jí)關(guān)系。Groupmembersarelikefamilymembers.以集團(tuán)為家，對(duì)集團(tuán)忠義，內(nèi)外有別。Loyaltothefamily-likegroup;cleardistinctionbetweenthein-groupsandoutsiders.２、恥感文化Shame-basedCulture“恥”意識(shí)是日本人思想和行動(dòng)的道德規(guī)范，強(qiáng)調(diào)外在的約束，他律性。缺乏是非觀念。ShameconsciousnessisthemoralstandardofJapanesethoughtsandbehaviors.Itemphasizestheexternalconstraintsandheteronomy.Japanesehasnosenseofprinciple.３、宗教意識(shí)ReligiousConsciousness自然崇拜，多教并存。（佛教、道教、基督教等）Natureworship,andcoexistenceofdifferentreligionssuchasBuddhism,Daoism,Christian,etc.Inconclusion,themaincharacteristicsofJapanesecultureincludeshinto

thought,shame

culture,

group

consciousness,religiousconsciousness

and

island

mentality.JapaneseHasNoSenseofPrincipleCommonfeelingisveryimportantinJapanandhasmanyvalues.Itdoesnotrecognizeonesolecorrectideologicalsystemorabsolutejustice.Managingwithdifficulty

todistinguishrightfromwrong,superiorityfrominferiorityornobilityfromhumbleness,certainlywillleadtoquarrelsandevendrawnswords.Howthencan“harmony”thenbetakenintoconsideration?TheJapanesedonotliketogetentangledinanabsolutetheory.Inextremeterms,whatallagreetois“correct”.ItisnowonderthatJapanesethinkerNakaeChominsaidfranklythatJapanhashadnophilosophyfromancienttomoderntimes.So,theJapanesehavenosuchmodeofthinkingthatseparateonetochoosethisorthat;theytakeineverything.PeopleoftensaythattheJapanesereceiveChristianbaptismatthetimeofbirth,abidebytherulesofShintoismatthetimeofmarriageandaskBuddhistmonkstochantscripturesatthetimeofdeath.Generallytheydonottakeextrememeasuresevenforsomedecree.Forinstance,whentheMeijigovernmentorderednationalstotrimtheirhairworninabunandhaveshorthair,itsolvedtheissuemainlyby“guiding,”ratherthan“banning”.FamousJapaneseculturalanthropologistandsociologistNakaneChiepointedoutthatthereisnofullyindependentframe,formandskeletoninJapaneseculture.ComparedwithChinaandIndia,Japanislikeamollusk,whileChinaandIndiaaresimilartomammalssuchashorsesandlions,whichhaveclear-cutbones.ItcanbesaidthatJapanisclosetolivingbeingswithoutbonessimilartotheseacucumber,whichinprincipledoesnotpresentanobviousformandoftenchanges.

ThisvividlysummarizestheJapaneselackofasenseofprinciple.日本文化與外交BeautyofCollectivity日本文化與外交

日本文化與外交日本文化與外交BeautyofPlainness日本文化與外交BeautyofSimplicity日本文化與外交WorshipofGod三．日本文化對(duì)外交的影響

JapaneseCulturalInfluencesonDiplomacy１．各守本分，依附強(qiáng)權(quán)Doitsownbitandclingtobigpower.

對(duì)自己在國(guó)際社會(huì)的地位、身份、等級(jí)很敏感，verysensitivetoitsposition,identityandstatusintheinternationalcommunity２．崇尚名譽(yù)，大國(guó)志向AdmiringGoodReputationandHavingBigPowerAmbition３．自卑與自大Feelingself-inferiorandself-importantatthesametime

日本的外交戰(zhàn)略

JapaneseDiplomaticStrategy１．結(jié)盟外交－日本國(guó)家發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略資源AlliancediplomacyisanimportantstrategicresourceforJapan’snationaldevelopment.２．遠(yuǎn)交近攻，與強(qiáng)者為伍（歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)：西方國(guó)家征服東方（中國(guó)）的幫手：鎮(zhèn)壓義和團(tuán)，八國(guó)聯(lián)軍）

Keepingfriendlyrelationswithdistantstatesandattackingthosenearby;sidingwiththepowerfulstatesandbenefitingfromsidingwiththeWesternpowersinconqueringtheEasternstates(suchastheEight-PowerAlliedForces,aggressivetroopssentbyBritain,theUnitedStates,Germany,France,tsaristRussia,Japan,ItalyandAustriain1900,tosuppresstheanti-imperialistYihetuanMovementoftheChinesepeople).

3.

缺乏大戰(zhàn)略，但見風(fēng)使舵，機(jī)敏過人Lackofgrandstrategy,“sailingwiththewind”,surpassothersbyswiftchanges

阻礙日本走向大國(guó)的障礙

TheObstaclesforJapantobeaRealBigPower

１.島國(guó)心態(tài)，大國(guó)志向IslandMentalityandBigPowerAmbition

日本雖然地處東亞一隅，但心懷東亞．日本的“亞洲感”比中國(guó)要強(qiáng)烈。近代以來，日本對(duì)亞洲有一種使命感，這種使命和抱負(fù)表現(xiàn)為一種沖動(dòng)和擴(kuò)張，“我要代表亞洲”，具有能動(dòng)性。JapanhasgreaterambitiontobeNo.1bigpowerinAsiathanChina,andeagerlywantstobetherepresentativeofAsiasincemodernhistory.IthasalwayshadasenseofmissiontowardAsia,whichturnedouttobeaggression/invasionandexpansioninhistory.島國(guó)劣根性Insularity：目光短淺，氣量狹隘，自我封閉，排外等beingshort-sighted,

narrow-minded,self-isolated,anti-foreign,etc.２.外交結(jié)構(gòu):日美同盟與亞洲外交的平衡DiplomaticStructure:ABalancebetweenJapan-USAllianceandAsianDiplomacy３.國(guó)內(nèi)問題能否解決DomesticProblems政治結(jié)構(gòu)，政局動(dòng)蕩，政治家－政客politicalinstability社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，老齡少子化，６５歲以上２４％agingsocietywithover24%above65andfewerchildren財(cái)政赤子問題，２０１１年１２月，公共債務(wù)９５０萬億日元。financialdeficitproblem,JPY950000billionsofpublicdebtinDec.2011

中日關(guān)系

Sino-