聚苯胺-乙炔黑導電太陽能電池的研究

聚苯胺-乙炔黑導電太陽能電池的研究

ility.hecket和solidsoxcolidso反應(yīng)dye-sensiedsol節(jié)點s（sds）有一個可執(zhí)行的特征。這是一個用低級別。就像露營一樣。采用區(qū)域微芯片生產(chǎn)手段，既可分配線微芯片生產(chǎn)手段，又可忽略微芯片生產(chǎn)手段。此外，還有一些研究人員使用sultat或sultat可追溯性線首部區(qū)域的桃理化。Inourpreviousstudy,asolid-stateDSSCconstructedwithpolyaniline(PANI)holetransporterdopedbycamphorsulfonicacidisreported,andthephotoelectricconversionefficiencyofthisDSSCreachesto33%ofDSSCwithliquidelectrolyte.However,thissolidDSSCwithoutusingliquidelectrolytecomponentsraisestheproblemofpoorcontactbetweenPANIelectrolyteandthePtcounterelectrode,andthehighinterfaceresistanceofsolidelectrolytethatlimitstheincreaseofpowerefficiency.Toimprovesuchinefficiency,anewsolid-stateconductivematerialisresearched,includingPANI,acetyleneblack,andionicliquidintheformofahardpasteenablessolidificationofDSSC.ThematerialissandwichedbetweendyecoatedporousTiO2andcounterelectrodetoformasolid-stateDSSC.ThephotoelectricperformanceofthisDSSCisalsodiscussed.1杏仁核管理1.1主要內(nèi)容/5-so果汁csa/so條件rain-pcr-5,3-methy-3-methy-pert-3-methy-5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,4,5,5,7,5.,3,5.4.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.4.3.3.3.4.3.3.4.3.4.3.4.3.3.3.4.3.4.3.4.5.3.3.3.3.4.5.3.5.3.4.5.3.4.3.5.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.5.3.3.3.4和5.5.5.4.5.4.3.4和5.5.4.5.4.5.3.4.3.3.4.5.3.3.3.4和5.5.3.3.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.4.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.Aniline(An,analyticalgradefromSinopharmChemicalReagentCo.,Ltd.)ispurifiedbydistillationunderreducedpressurepriortousage.AcetyleneblackisboughtfromXiangtanBatteryFactory(China).Analyticalgradereagents,camphorsulfonicacid(CSA),ammoniumpersulfate,iodine,ethanolandacetone(SinopharmChemicalReagentCo.,Ltd.)areusedwithoutanypretreatment.Allsolutionsarepreparedfromde-ionizedwater.Anhydrouslithiumiodide,4-tert-butylpyridine,1-methyl-3-propylimidazoliumiodide(MPII),methoxy-propionitrileareprovidedbyFlukaChemicalCorporation.TiO2electrodeandN719dyeisthecommercialproductpurchasedfromSolaronixSwitzerland(SA).PlatinizedcounterelectrodeispreparedonFTOconductingglass(DyesolLimited,Australia).1.2so階段soctoricpowderThe0.5mol/Lanilineisinjectedinto1mol/LCSAethanolsolutionunderultrasonicaction.15minlater,0.5mol/L(NH4)2S2O8(dissolvedindeionizedwater)isslowlydroppedintosolutionwithconstantstirring.Thepolymerizationisallowedtoproceedat0°Cfor2h.Theprecipitatedpowderisfilteredundergravity,andwashedwithethanolanddeionizedwater,afterwardsdriedinavacuumat60°Cfor24htoobtainafinetintedgreenpowder.1.3ackcopowelling/pani/ceki人/單一爭地panizatorpo東南角/mpiiis-part3.3.3.3.3.3.3.4與trituracteriq新型活動場所混合物paniq種植Theconductivepolymer-carboncompositematerialispreparedbymixingthesolidpowderofPANIandacetyleneblackwithanionicliquidcompound.ThePANI/acetyleneblackcompositesarecomprisedwithPANIandacetyleneblackparticles.Acetyleneblack,containedinthecomposite,isgenerallycharacterizedasanano-carbonmaterialwithaprimaryparticlesizeoflessthan35nm.Toconvertthecompositepowderintoapasteform,30mgofPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeistrituratedonanagatemortarinthepresenceof2mLionicliquid,MPII.ThismixingyieldedPANI/acetyleneblack-MPIIintheformofahighlyviscousblackpasteismostlylikesolid-stateclay.1.4elicaci數(shù)據(jù)的合成Indium-Tinoxide(ITO)conductiveglassiscoatedwithamesoporousTiO2layerpreparedbysinteringacoatingofnanocrystallineTiO2paste(Solaronix,SA)at450°Cfor30min.Aftercoolingto100°C,theTiO2layerissensitizedbymonolayeradsorptionofarutheniumcomplexdye(N719,0.5mmol/L)for24h.Finally,a60μmthicklayerofthePANI/acetyleneblackpasteisappliedbetweenthedye-sensitizedTiO2layerandaPtcounterelectrode.Theblackcompositeelectrolytelayertightlycontactsthesurfaceofthedye-coatedphoto-anodicelectrodeandPtcounter-electrodetoformasolid-statephotocellwithaneffectiveelectrodeareaof0.25cm2.Acontrastiveliquid-DSSCisassembledbyinjectingadropofelectrolytewithI2(0.05mol/L),LiI(0.5mol/L),MPII(0.4mol/L),and4-tert-butyl-pyridine(0.5mol/L)inmethoxy-propionitrile(5mL)intotheaperturebetweentheTiO2porousfilmelectrodeandthePtcounterelectrode.1.5srainel果適用于兩種價值規(guī)制的so-科學設(shè)計ThemorphologyofPANIischaracterizedbyscanningelectronmicroscope(SEM,LEO1550,GER)andtransmissionelectronmicroscope(TEM,JEM-2100,JEOLCo.Ltd.,JAP).Fouriertransforminfrared(FTIR)spectrumofPANIisrecordedintherangeof500—4000cm-1usingFTIRspectroscopy(PerkinElmer1760,USA).TheconductivityofPANIismeasuredbymanualfourprobeinstrument(MP1008,WENTWORTH,UK).Theelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)isperformedinasymmetriccellhavingtwoidenticalcounterelectrodeswithanelectrochemicalstation(CHI660C,CHInstrument,China)atthefrequencyrangeof0.1—105Hz.Themagnitudeofthealternativesignalis10mV.Photocurrent-voltagecharacteristicsofDSSCsareobtainedbyaKeithleymodel2400digitalsourcemeterusinganOriel91192solarsimulatorequippedwithAM1.5filterandintensityof100mW/cm2.2產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)2.1通過csa-目前的—ScanningelectronmicroscopeFig.1showsthemorphologyofPANIdopedwithCSAat0°Cfor2h.OwingtothedopingfunctionofCSA,thePANIparticlesclustertoformaworm-likelamellarstructure.Thediameterofnano-particleisabout20—30nm,andthePANIstripisirregularanduneven.SincetheinitialreactionofPANIgrows,theanilineoligomersareformedintothemicellaraggregatesbyhydrogenbondaction.Then,anacid-basereactionfromCSAandanilinemonomergeneratesCSA-andAn+.TheAn+adsorbesonthesurfaceofoligomermicelles,andself-assemblestothetemplateofanilinepolymerization.Inaddition,asCSA-dopedintothePANIchains,thestericeffectofCSA-resultingfromthelargemolecularsizeofCSAcanimpedetheincreaseofPANIchainsandinhibittheformationoflargePANIparticles.Therefore,theparticlesizeofPANIdopedbyCSAismuchsmallerthanthatoftheparticledopedbyinorganicacid.TheTEMphotosandthediffractionpatternsofPANI,acetyleneblack,andPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeparticlesareshowninFig.2.Fig.2(a)clearlyshowsthatthePANInanoparticleswithirregularshapeareaccumulatedtosomebigaggregates.ThediffractionpatterninFig.2(a)givesdistinctamorphousrings.ItsuggeststhatPANIparticlesareallamorphous.However,adifferentappearanceisobservedforacetyleneblacknanoparticles,asshowninFig.2(b).Thediametersofacetyleneblacknanoparticlesareapproximately35nm.Andtheoriginalcommercialacetyleneblacknanoparticleswithregularsphericalshapeareuniformlydispersedinethanolsolution.ThediffractionpatterninFig.2(b)showsthatacetyleneblackisapolycrystallinestructure,whichisobviouslydifferentfromPANIparticle.TheTEMphotosofPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeswithdifferentcontentsofacetyleneblackaredisplayedinFig.3.Therearetwokindsofparticlesinthecomposite.OneisdarkPANIaggregates,andtheotherislightacetyleneblackparticles.ThemorphologyofPANIandacetyleneblackinthecompositedoesnotdiffermuchfromthatofthepurePANIandacetyleneblack.However,thePANIaggregatesaresurroundedbytheacetyleneblacknanoparticlesinthecomposite.Andasthecontentofacetyleneblackincreases,moreacetyleneblackparticlesencirclethePANIaggregates.Inaddition,thediffractionpatternsrevealthepolycrystallineringsofPANI/acetyleneblackcomposites.ItisdeducedthatPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeiscomposedofpolycrystallineandamorphousparts.Polycrystallinepartsshouldbethecontributionofacetyleneblackitself.2.3ites聯(lián)合采集/分類清理ites主要信息Fig.4showstheFTIRspectraofacetyleneblack,PANI/acetyleneblackcomposites,andPANIdopedbyCSA.ItisclearthatcharacteristicpeakofacetyleneblackdoesnotappearinCurvea.InthecurveofPANI-80%(inweight)acetyleneblackcomposites,thereareafewcharacteristicpeaksofPANInearthewavenumbersof1120,806and617cm-1.Asthecontentofacetyleneblackreachesto50%(inweight),allthecharacteristicpeaksofPANIdopedbyCSApresentatthewavenumbersof1573(C-Cstretchingmodeforthequinoidring),1485(benzenoidringvibration),1305(C-Nstretchingmode),1249(C-N+stretchingvibration),1126(vibrationmodeofthe—NH+=structure),and819cm(out-of-planebendingvibrationofC-H)-1.ItindicatesthatPANIcanplayasignificantroleinPANI/acetyleneblackcompositesasthecontentofacetyleneblackislessthan50%(inweight),andthecharacteristicpeaksofPANIbecomeincreasinglyevidentwithdecreasingoftheweightofacetyleneblack.2.4u2004invibractityofpani/阿尼尼亞,u2005.TheconductivityofPANIdopedbyCSAismeasuredbyfour-pointprobeinstrumentandthencalculatedbytheequationσ=ln2πd?I12U34(1)σ=ln2πd?Ι12U34(1)whereσistheconductivity,dthethicknessoffilms,I12thecurrentfrompoint1to2,andU34thepotentialdifferencebetweenpoint3andpoint4.TheresultshowsthatthehighestconductivityofPANI/acetyleneblackcompositereachesto143.1S/cmwhilethecontentofacetyleneblackis80%(inweight),asshowninFig.5.Byaddingtheacetyleneblacknanoparticles,theconductivityofPANIfilmisnearlytwoordersofmagnitudehigherthanthatofpurePANIfilmdopedbyCSA.Andthemorethecontentofacetyleneblackis,themoretheconductivityofPANIcompositesincreases.Therefore,theconductivityofPANIfilmcanberemarkablyimprovedbyaddingacertainamountofhighconductiveacetyleneblackparticles.2.5雙標準干偏價關(guān)于InordertocharacterizetheelectrochemicalbehaviorofthePANI/acetyleneblackcompositeelectrolytes,EISanalysisiscarriedoutwiththesymmetriccellconsistedoftwoidenticalITOconductingglasselectrodes.Theinter-electrodespaceisfilledwithPANI-differentcontentofacetyleneblackcompositeelectrolyte.TheNyquistplotsofsymmetriccellsforthesevariouscounterelectrodesareshowninFigs.6,7.TheequivalentcircuitmodeloftheEISspectraisshowninFig.8.FromFig.6,itcanbeobviouslyobservedthattheresistanceofPANIdopedbyCSAinthepresenceof80%(inweight)acetyleneblackdecreasesto1/50ofthatofpurePANI-CSA,whichillustratesthattheadditionofacetyleneblackenhancestheconductivityofthepolymersignificantly.TheresistanceofPANI-acetyleneblackcompositeelectrolytesisreducedwiththeincreasingofcontentofacetyleneblack.Ontheotherhand,theconductivitymeasurementalsoshowsthattheadditionofacetyleneblackbenefitschargetransportintheholeconductor,whichisconsistentwiththeresultsobtainedbyEISspectrasimultaneously.TheNyquistplots(EISspectra)ofbothpolymerswithandwithoutacetyleneblackexhibitthesemicircularcharacteristicsinthemeasuredrangeoffrequencywithoutlinearbehaviorinthelow-frequencyrange,whichindicatesthatthecontrollingstepintheelectrodereactionischargetransfer,butnotionicdiffusion.Itisindicatedthattheconductivityofpolymersinthepresenceorabsenceofacetyleneblackcomesfromchargetransportbutnotionicconductivity.SimilartothepurePANI,PANI-acetyleneblackcompositesisbelievedtoshowchargetransferandcanisusedasaholeconductormaterial.Thehole-mobility(ε)iscalculatedfromthecharge-transferresistancevalueofelectrolytes(Rct)foundinthecompleximpedancediagramaccordingtothefollowingequationε=L/Rct?S(2)ε=L/Rct?S(2)whereListhethicknessofthepolymerelectrolytefilmandStheareaofthepolymerelectrolytefilm.TheseresultsarelistedinTable1.ThevaluesofRsisintherangeof48—74Ω,indicatingthatthesignificantlyhighsheetresistanceoftwoelectrodeswithITOconductingglasssubstrateleadstoalargevalueofRs.Rctisobviouslyreducedwiththeaddedamountofacetyleneblackincreasing.TheminimumRctisabout4kΩasthecontentofacetyleneblackreachingto80%(inweight).Sincethehole-mobilityisinverselyproportionaltoRct,themaximumvalueofhole-mobilityisapproximately7.5×10-5S/cm.OwingtotheexcellentconductivityofacetyleneblacknanoparticlesaddedtoPANIelectrolyte,thehole-mobilityofPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeisoneorderofmagnitudeincreasedthanthatofonlyPANI,whilethecontentofacetyleneblackismorethan50%(inweight).2.6發(fā)屬性aslitute/wolbachiThephotoelectricpropertiesofDSSCswithPANI/acetyleneblackcompositeelectrolytesandliquidelectrolyteareshowninFig.9.ThecharacteristicsoftheDSSCsaresummarizedinTable2.TheprimaryconversionefficiencyforDSSCbasedontheliquidelectrolytereachesonly4.51%.UsingthesolidPANI/acetyleneblackelectrolytewithoutliquidI3-/I-,theconversionefficiencyisnearly48%oftheefficiencyofDSSCwithliquidelectrolyte.ByaddingmoreacetyleneblackparticlestoPANIelectrolyte,theconversionefficiencyisimprovedto2.1%.ThisresultisowingtothehigherholemobilityofPANIelectrolyteafteraddingacetyleneblackparticles.Table2showsagreatincreaseofthephotocurrentofDSSCwithPANI-50%(inweight)acetyleneblackelectrolyte,comparedwiththatofPANI-20%(inweight)acetyleneblackelectrolyte.TheincreaseofJscisattributedtothehigherelectronexchangeefficiencyofPANIelectrolytemixedwithmoreacetyleneblackinDSSC.TheaddedacetyleneblackcanbehelpfulinthefasttransferofthecarrierinPANIelectrolyteandasaresult,Jscissignificantlyincreased.TheVocisveryclosetothatofliquidelectrolyte.TheaddedacetyleneblackleadstotheimprovementofthewettingqualityofPANIelectrolyte,andtheexcellentinterfacialconnectionbetweenphotoanodicelectrodeandcounterelectrode,liketheliquidelectrolyte.However,subsequentincreaseincontentofacetyleneblack(exceed50%(inweight))cannotincreasethevalueofconversionefficiencyfurther.Asaresult,theoptimalcontent