6版 Project 23 課文及翻譯

電子與通信技術(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)電子信息工程學(xué)院Project23Self-DrivingCar

Self-DrivingCarAself-drivingcaruseacombinationofcomputervision,imagerecognitionanddeeplearningtobuildautomatedskillatpilotingavehiclewhilestayinginagivenlaneandavoidingunexpectedobstructions,suchaspedestrians.Essentially,aself-drivingcarneedstoperformthreeactionstobeabletoreplaceahumandriver:toperceive,tothink,andtoact.Thesetasksaremadepossiblebyanetworkofhigh-techdevicessuchascameras,computersandcontrollers(asshowninFig.23-1).自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)是結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)、圖像識(shí)別和深度學(xué)習(xí)而建立的自動(dòng)駕駛技能，它能使汽車(chē)自動(dòng)在給定車(chē)道上駕駛和避開(kāi)意外障礙物,例如行人。從本質(zhì)上講,一輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)需要執(zhí)行三個(gè)動(dòng)作才能取代人類(lèi)駕駛員:感知、思考和行動(dòng)。這些任務(wù)是由高科技設(shè)備組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，如攝像頭、計(jì)算機(jī)和控制器（如圖23-1所示）。

Aself-drivingcar's"sight"or"perceptionisachievedviaseveralmechanisms.Camerasareinstalledontheroofandinotherplacesaroundthecarfor360°vision(asshowninFig.23-2).Whilecamerasaregoodforidentifyingshapesandcolorsintheenvironment,theyarenothelpfulinfindingthedistancetoanobject.自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)的“視覺(jué)”或“感知”是通過(guò)幾種機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)的。攝像頭安裝在車(chē)頂和汽車(chē)周?chē)钠渌胤?，可?shí)現(xiàn)360°視野（如圖23-2所示)。雖然攝像頭有利于識(shí)別環(huán)境中的形狀和顏色，但它們對(duì)于確定與物體的距離沒(méi)有幫助。Fortunately,self-drivingcarsalsohavehigh-techsensors,calledLIDARs,thataremuchbetteratdeterminingthelocationofpeopleandobjectsaroundthecar.LIDAR(LightDetectionandRanging)isadevicewithaconstantlyrotatinglaserbeam.Itsendsinvisiblelightpulsesallaroundit.Bymeasuringthetraveltimeandlocationofthereflectedlaserlight,itcandiscriminatetheshapeandlocationofsurroundingobjects.InadditiontocamerasandLIDARs,self-drivingcarsoftenhaveconventionalradarstectingmovingobjectsandaremuchcheaperthantheotherdevices.幸運(yùn)的是,自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)還配備了高科技傳感器,稱為激光雷達(dá)(即光探測(cè)和測(cè)距)?？梢愿玫卮_定汽車(chē)周?chē)撕臀矬w的位置。激光雷達(dá)是一種具有不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)的激光束的裝置。它向四周發(fā)送不可見(jiàn)的光脈沖。通過(guò)測(cè)量反射激光的傳播時(shí)間和位置,它可以識(shí)別周?chē)矬w的形狀和位置。除了攝像頭和激光雷達(dá)，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)通常還配備有傳統(tǒng)的雷達(dá)。雖然雷達(dá)只能看到非常模糊的東西,但它們非常擅長(zhǎng)探測(cè)移動(dòng)的物體,而且比其他設(shè)備便宜得多。Onceaself-drivingcar"sees"itssurroundings,thecameras,LIDARsandradarsallsendtheinformationtheyperceivetothe"brain"ofthecar.The"brain"ofaself-drivingcarisapowerfulcomputerthatoftensitsinthetrunkandcontrolsthecar'sthoughtsandactions.ByuseofGPS.Itinitiallyhasaroughideaoftherouteitmustfollowtogettoadestination.Thisisnotenough,however.tonavigatealongabusystreet,tochangelanesortostopatatrafficlightwhennecessary.Therefore,thecomputertakesincamera,LIDAR,radarandGPSdataanddeterminesthepreciselocationofthecaraswellastheobjectsaroundit.Programmershavedevelopedverysmartalgorithmsthatcanbe"trained"toidentifyobjectsinthecar'ssurroundings.一旦一輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)“看到”周?chē)沫h(huán)境,攝像頭、激光雷達(dá)和雷達(dá)都會(huì)將它們感知到的信息發(fā)送到汽車(chē)的“大腦”。自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)的“大腦”是一臺(tái)功能強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī),它通常位于后備箱里,控制著汽車(chē)的思想和行動(dòng)。通過(guò)使用全球定位系統(tǒng)，它最初對(duì)到達(dá)目的地必須遵循的路線有一個(gè)大致的概念。然面，這還不足以在繁忙的街道上行駛、變換車(chē)道或在必要時(shí)在紅綠燈處停車(chē)。因此，計(jì)算機(jī)接收攝像頭、激光雷達(dá)、雷達(dá)和GPS的數(shù)據(jù),并確定汽車(chē)及其周?chē)矬w的精確位置。程序員已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出非常智能的算法,可以“訓(xùn)練”識(shí)別汽車(chē)周?chē)h(huán)境中的物體。Oncethecomputerhasdeterminedwhichobjectssurroundthecarandhowfarawaytheyare,itmustdecidehowtoactandthenexecuteitsdecision.Oncethecar'scomputerdecideswhatactiontotake,itsendselectroniccommandstocontrollersthatturnthesteeringwheelandcontrolthethrottleandbrakes.

一旦計(jì)算機(jī)確定了哪些物體圍繞在汽車(chē)周?chē)约八鼈冸x汽車(chē)有多遠(yuǎn),它就必須決定如何行動(dòng),然后執(zhí)行它的決定。一旦汽車(chē)的計(jì)算機(jī)決定采取什么行動(dòng),它就會(huì)向控制器發(fā)送電子指令，由這些控制器轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤(pán)，并控制油門(mén)和剎車(chē)。Self-drivingcarswillpotentiallyhaveahugepositiveimpactonoursafetyandlifestyle.Thehigh-techvisionsystemhasthepotentialtooutperformhumansindetectingdangeroussituations.Additionally,thesmartalgorithmswillfindfasterroutestoourdestinations,drivemoreefficientlyandconsumelessfuel.Self-drivingcarsareanexcitingnewtechnologythathasthepotentialtodeeplytransformtransportation,