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文檔簡介
UnderstandingTextStructures2021/10/10·A“structure”is
abuildingorframework·“Text
structure”refersWhat
is
a
text
structure?to
how
a
piece
of
textis
built2021/10/10·Builders
can
usedifferent
kinds
of
t
t
ng
uild·sbhitodifferenstructuresA
skyscraper,forexample,isadifferentkindofstructurefromWhat
is
a
text
structure?a
house2021/10/10·
Writers
usedifferent
structures
to
buildtheir
ideas·Each
text
structurecommunicates
ideasin
a
different
way照
墨TDN
AWhat
is
a
text
structure?2021/10/10叫·Authors
usechronologicalordertoexplain
how
things·
happen
in
orderChronological
order
isalsocalledsequence
or
time
orderChronologicalorder2021/10/10·You
willknowthatyouare
readinga
text
inChronologicalorderchronological
orderbecauseyouwillseewords
likefirst,next,later,then,andfinally2021/10/10Chronologicalorder·You
will
often
see
chronological
order
indirections:Have
you
ever
made
macaroni
and
cheese?It's
simple!First,boil
some
water
and
makesome
macaroni.Then,make
your
cheesesauce.After
the
cheese
sauce
is
ready,mixit
with
the
macaroni.Bake
the
entirein
the
oven.Finally,it's
time
to
eat!thing2021/10/10Chronologicalorder·You
will
often
see
chronological
order
indirections:Have
you
ever
made
macaroni
and
cheese?It's
simple!
First,boil
some
water
and
makesome
macaroni.Then,make
your
cheesesauce.Afterthe
cheese
sauce
is
ready,mixit
with
the
macaroni.Bake
the
entireintheoven.
Finally,it's
time
toeat!thing2021/10/10Pennsylvania
has
manyhistoric
sites.You
canvisitRevolutionary
war
sites,like
ValleyForge.Youcanalsovisitimportant
locationsfrom
the
Civil
War,likeGettysburg.Finally,you
canalso
see
the
site
ofthe
firstoilwellin
Titusville.Pennsylvaniahasmanyneatplacestovisit!2021/10/10Which
paragraph
is
in
chronologicalorder?Throughtheages,WilliamPenn.Later,Pennsylvaniawasthesiteof
a
t
l
onary
WarttauhoteverRAfntstleorttpbaimPennsylvaniawashometonew
factories
during
theIndustrial
Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania
hasseenmanyinteresting
events.The
statePennsylvaniacontinuestowasfounded
in
1681
bymake
historyThroughtheages,This
is
thePennsylvania
hasseenmanyWilliamPenn.Later,Can
you
find
theclue
words
thatshow
this
order?Which
paragraph
is
in
chronologicalorder?Pennsylvaniawasthesiteof
a
t
l
onary
WarttauhoteverRAfntstleorttpbaimPennsylvaniawashometonew
factories
during
theIndustrial
Revolution.Today,interesting
events.The
stateparagraph
inchronologicalorder.Pennsylvaniacontinuestowasfounded
in
1681
bymake
history.2021/10/10Throughtheages,William
Penn.
Later
,11Which
paragraph
is
in
chronologicalorder?Pennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportant
Revolutionary
Warbattles.
After
that,Pennsylvaniawashometonew
factories
during
theIndustrial
Revolution.
Today,This
is
theparagraph
inchronologicalorder.Can
you
find
theclue
words
thatPennsylvania
hasseenmanyinteresting
events.The
statePennsylvaniacontinuestowasfounded
in1681byshow
this
order?make
history.2021/10/10Think
aboutit!·What
isa
structure?·What
does
chronological
order
mean?·
eo
that
show?wordsrderclueologicalre
somnaroathhcW2021/10/10·But
what
if
an
author
s
showhappenedin
sequence?·The
author
wouldneedto
useanothertext
structure!gomethinwant
tsnowoehdAnother
text
structure2021/10/10text
structure·Supposeanauthor·T
u
t
l
n
eedcontrastcomparehor
wouseauoewanted
to
explain
howthese
two
birds
are·C
i
oderrentorfeldificandgaronolmilarhswouldn't
work---there
is2021/10/10
14no
order
of
eventsAnotherThe
cardinal
and
the
cedar
waxwingare
two
common
birds.Both
have
crestsyear.on
their
heads.Both
are
common
ati
ef
..hu
l
i
dhi
el
i
mb
ightreaossnaave
mat
thessred,while
the
waxwing
is
brown.Thecedar
waxwing
often
migrates
fromplace
to
place.On
the
other
hand,thecardinalstays
inone
placeyearafterAnother
text
structure2021/10/10Whenauthors
usethetextCanyoufindthecluewordsinthe
paragraph?2021/10/10Compareandcontrastcluewordsstructureof
compare
andcontrast,they
often
usespecialcluewordstoshowthis
text
structure.The
cardinal
and
the
cedar
waxwingare
two
common
birds.Both
have
crestson
their
heads.Both
are
common
ati
ef
..hu
l
i
dhi
el
i
mb
ightred,while
the
waxwing
is
brown.Thecedar
waxwing
often
migrates
fromyear.reaossnaave
mat
thessCanyoufindthecluewords?place
to
place.On
the
other
hand,thecardinalstays
inone
placeyearafter2021/10/10Heretheyare!Thecardinal
andthe
cedarwaxwingare
two
common
birds.Both
havecrestson
their
heads.
Bothare
common
atbirdfeeders.
Butthe
birds
havesomeyear.differences.The
male
cardinal
is
a
brightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedar
waxwing
often
migrates
fromplaceto
place.On
theotherhand,thecardinalstays
inone
placeyearafter2021/10/10·Toorganizedetailsfroma
paragraph
incompareandcontrast,
useaVenndiagramCompare
and
contrast
graphic
organizer2021/10/10Review·Can
you
explain
the
difference
betweencontrast?·Howcanclue
words
help
you
as
a
reader?chronological
order
and
compare
and2021/10/10Another
text
structure·Sometimes,a
writer
will
want
to
explain
howoneevent
leadsto
another·This
kind
oftext
structure
is
called
causeandeffect2021/10/10·When
authorswrite2021/10/10paragraphstoshowcausesandeffects,theyusewords
likecause,efject,as
a
result,consequently,Causeandeffect
cluewordsand
soCanyoufindthecluewords?The
night'ssnowstorm
had
manyeffects.Peoplewere
out
shoveling
snowfrom
theirsidewalks.The
power
lineswere
drapedwith
ice.Snow
plows
drove
down
everystreet.Children
were
the
happiest
of
all.cancelledl2021/10/10Theunexpectedsnowcaused
schoolto
beCanyoufindthecluewords?The
night'ssnowstorm
had
manyeffects.Peoplewere
out
shoveling
snowfrom
theirsidewalks.The
power
lineswere
drapedwith
ice.Snow
plows
drove
down
everystreet.Children
were
the
happiest
of
all.cancelledlTheunexpectedsnowcausedschool
to
be2021/10/10
24Morewithcauseand
effectBabypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheir
nests.They
have
special
chemicals
in
theirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.As
a
result,baby
painted
turtles
cansurvivefreezingtemperatures!2021/10/10Morewithcauseand
effectBabypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsin
theirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing
As
a
result,baby
painted
turtles
can
sur
ive
freezing
temperatures!Thisis
thecause2021/10/10Morewithcauseand
effectBabypaintedturtlesspendallwinterin
theirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.As
aresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!This
is
theeffect2021/10/10Review·Whichtextstructuretells
about
how
thingsare
similarand
different?·Compare
and
contrast·Which
text
structure
explains
how
thingshappenintime
order?·Chronological
order2021/10/10
28·Sometimes,anauthor
willwanttoexplain
aproblem,and
thenshowone
ormoresolutions●
Thiskind
of
textm
nd
tionudlesocallaisoblecturerupstrAnotherkindoftextstructure2021/10/10Park
School
had
aterrible
problem.Everyday
at
recess,studentswouldargueover
theslides.Teachers
had
tospendtime
every
daytaking
care
of
thearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreat
solution.Theybought
another
set
ofslidesthateveryonecould
enjoy.Anexampleofproblemand
solutionParkSchoolhadaterrible
problem.Every
day
atrecess,students
wouldargue
over
the
slides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytaking
careof
the
arguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwitha
great
solution.Theybought
another
set
ofslidesthateveryonecould
enjoy.2021/10/10Anexampleofproblemand
solution·Can
you
find
theand
thein
thisproblemsolutionparagraph?ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Every
day
atrecess,students
would
argue
over
the
slides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytaking
careof
the
arguments.Finally,one
teacher
came
up
with
a
great
solution.Theybought
another
set
ofslidesthateveryonecould
enjoy.2021/10/10Anexampleofproblemand
solutionHere
is
the
problemParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Every
day
atrecess,students
would
argue
over
the
slides.Teachers
had
tospendtimeeverydaytaking
careof
the
arguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwith
agreat
solution.Theybought
another
set
ofslidesthateveryone
couldenjoy.2021/10/10Here
is
the
problemHere
is
thesolutionAnexampleofproblemand
solution·Often,authorswillsignalproblem
andsolution
structurewith
cluewords
likeproblem
and
solution,just
like
in
the
lastparagraph·
Sometimes,authorswill
use
related
words2021/10/10Ofcourse,problemandsolution
is
notalwayssosimpleOfcourse,problemandsolution
is
notalwayssosimple·Synonyms
for
problemtrouble·Synonyms
for
solution2021/10/10include
difficulty,struggle,uncertainty.include
possibility,hope,bright
spot,answer;and
futureworry,threat,andTheChesapeakeBayfaces
anuncertain
future.Issues
such
aspesticides,too
many
nutrients,and
habitat
loss
all
threaten
theBay'swaterquality
and
animallife.However,scientists
arehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.If
everyone
in
theChesapeakeBaywatershedworks
together,solutions
may
be
found.36Amoredifficult
problemand
solutionparagraph2021/10/10TheChesapeakeBayfaces
anuncertain
future.Issues
such
aspesticides,too
many
nutrients,and
habitat
loss
all
threaten
theBay'swaterquality
and
animal
life.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.If
everyone
in
theChesapeakeBaywatershedworks
together,solutions
may
be
found.Amoredifficult
problemand
solutionparagraphWhat
isthe
problem?What
is
thesolution?2021/10/10TheChesapeakeBayfaces
an
uncertainfuture.Issuessuch
as
pesticides,too
many
nutrients,
andhabitatlossallthreatenthe
Bay'swaterquality
and
animallife.
However,scientists
arehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.
If
everyone
in
theChesapeakeBaywatershedworks
together,solutions
may
befound.38Amoredifficult
problemandsolution
paragraphSolution2021/10/10Problem·Chronological
order
·Compareand
contrast
·Cause
and
effect·Problemand
solutionTextstructureswe've
learnedsofar2021/10/10Matchthecluewords!Canyoufigureoutthetextstructure
that
these
cluewordspointto?however,ontheotherhand,similarity,like,unlikeCompareandcontrast2021/10/10Matchthecluewords!Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethat
these
cluewordspointto?as
a
result,consequently,therefore,so,cause,effectCauseand
effect2021/10/10Matchthecluewords!Can
you
figure
out
the
text
structure
that
these
cluewordspointto?problem,solution,threat,difficulty,hope,answer,possibilityProblemandsolution2021/10/10Arethereanyothertextstructures?Mostparagraphsthatwewriteinschoolcanbecalledmain
idea,description,or
statement
and
supportparagraphs2021/10/10·In
this
kind
ofparagraph,the
author
offersamain
ideastatement,and
thensupports
that
statementwith
several
detailsMain
idea
paragraphs2021/10/10
44The
pond
was
a
beautifulplace
to
visit.The
fallingleaves,all
different
colors,decoratedthe
surface
of
thewater.At
the
edges
of
thepond,small
wildflowers
grew.
Thegolden
forest
glowedfaintlyinthe
distance.Main
idea
paragraphs2021/10/10MainideaThe
pond
was
a
beautifuldecorated
the
surface
ofthewater.Atthe
edges
of
thepond,small
wildflowers
grew.The
golden
forest
glowedfaintly
in
the
distance.46Main
idea
paragraphsplaceto
visit.Thefallingleaves,all
different
colors,2021/10/10MainideaThe
pond
was
a
beautifuldecorated
the
surface
of
thewater.Atthe
edges
of
thepond,small
wildflowers
grew.The
golden
forest
glowedfaintly
in
the
distance.All
of
the
other
sentencesexplainwhythemainldea
is
trueMain
idea
paragraphsplaceto
visit.Thefallingleaves,all
different
colors,·Clue
words
in
these
paragraphsmayinclude:·O
f,
otherexampleoranandasonason,reeernMain
idea
paragraphs2021/10/10·Onthenextfew
slides,you
will
read
someparagraphs
about
theGreat
Chicago
Fire·
Your
taskistodecideonthe
text
structure
for
eachOne·Understanding
the
textstructurewillhelpyoutounderstandeachparagraph2021/10/10Now
it'syourturn!DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonotice
the
flames
coming
from
the
OLearybarnat
around
8:30pm
on
October
8.A
problem
with
the
alarm
box
made
it
impossible
for
the
people
in
the
areato
call
for
the
fire
department.By
9:30
pm,the
entire
block
was
blazing.Inanother
3
hours,there
were
fires
allover
Chicago.The
heavy
wind
coming
fromthe
lake
only
made
the
firebigger.It
would
be
another
day
beforethe
fire
would
be
completely
out.Bythat
time,17,500
buildings
had
been
burned.·Chronological
order·Compare
andcontrast·
Cause
andeffect·Problem
andsolution·
Main
ideaWhat's
the
text
structure?2021/10/10What's
the
text
structure?Daniel
Sullivanwas
the
first
to
notice·ChronologicaltheflamescomingfromtheOLearyorder
barn
at
around
8:30
pm
on
October
8.·Compare
andf
ithth
hepe
i
oxth
a
a
itcontrast
to
call
forthe
fire
department.By
9:30pm,the
entire
block
was
blazing.In
another
3
hours,there
were
fires
all·
Problem
and
overChicago.Theheavywindcomingsolutionfrom
the
lake
only
made
thefirebigger.It
would
be
another
day
beforethe
fire
would
be
completely
out.Bythat
time,17,500
buildings
had
been
burned.2021/10/10aredeemnbplearmoaletorwemimpossiblA
probleDaniel
Sullivanwas
the
first
to
noticethe
flames
coming
from
the
OLearybarnat
around
8:30pm
on
October
8.A
problem
with
the
alarm
box
made
it
impossible
for
the
people
in
the
areato
call
for
the
fire
department.By
9:30
pm,the
entire
block
was
blazing.Inanother
3
hours,there
were
fires
allover
Chicago.The
heavy
wind
comingfromthe
lake
only
made
the
firebigger.It
would
be
another
day
beforethe
fire
would
be
completely
out.Bythat
time,17,500
buildings
had
been
burned.What's
the
text
structure?·Chronologicalorder2021/10/10What's
the
text
structure?·ChronologicaltheflamescomingfromtheO'Learyorder
barnat
around8:30
pmonOctober8.A
problem
with
the
alarm
box
made
itimpossible
for
the
people
in
the
areato
call
forthe
fire
department.By9:30pm
,the
entire
block
was
blazing.Ine
t
l
n
ye
h
edthe
fire
would
be
completely
out.Bythat
time,17,500
buildings
had
beenburned.2021/10/10ayfirrhetanotmadedouewolakIerthiggombfranother3hours,there
were
fires
allover
Chicago.The
heavy
wind
comingDaniel
Sullivan
was
the
first
to
noticethe
text
structure?Daniel
Sullivan
was
the
first
to
noticethe
flames
coming
fromthe
O'Learybarn
at
around
8:30pm
onOctober8.A
problem
with
the
alarm
box
made
itimpossible
for
the
people
in
the
areato
call
forthe
fire
department.By9:30pm
,the
entire
block
was
blazing.
Ine
t
l
n
ye
h
edthe
fire
would
be
completely
out.Bythat
time,17,500
buildings
had
beenburned.ayfirrhetanotmadedouewolakIerthiggombfrWhat's·Chronologicalorder·
Notice
howthe
paragraphshows
howeventshappenin
time
orderanother3hours,there
were
fires
allover
Chicago.The
heavy
wind
coming2021/10/10the
text
structure?DanielSullivanwasthefirst
to
notice
o
i
:g3
8.Aproblem
with
the
alarmbox
made
itimpossible
for
the
people
in
the
areato
call
for
the
fire
department.By
9:30
r
r
lfaizriensg
llna.Iebweasewerkto3
hoursentire
banothepm,thepm
on
Octoberom
the
O'Leary0fr8nundcomat
aramesnflbartheWhat's·
Understandingthat
this
text
iswritten
inchronologicalordercan
helpyoutounderstandhow
the
GreatFire
startedover
Chicago.The
heavy
wind
comingfrom
the
lake
only
made
the
firebigger.It
would
be
another
day
beforethe
fire
would
be
completely
out.By
that
time,17,500
buildings
had
been
burned.2021/10/10Tryanother!t
iCrll
laig
oirOeh
fire
i
hir
n
hetteetcaaccfiisl
thyoeefirTfedebltehrrinetnihoutnlfnmyaforpamonmagso
Fneets
ae?AGfrtnsheutmosepartihsya
wstar·Chronologicalorder·Compare
andcontrast·
Cause
andeffect·Problem
andsolution·
Main
ideaasitwas
returningfromanotherfire.As
another
problem,a
watchman
whosaw
the
flames
directed
other
firecompanies
to
a
location
that
was
nearly
a
oldfduaoerecusspcaatlyBtehpiri
errallemtbeeneletwawoveesmihatahacross
the
city.2021/10/10Tryanother!t
iCrll
laig
oirOeh
fire
i
hir
n
hetteetcaaccfiiisl
thyoeefirTfedebltehrrinetnihoutnlfnmyaforpamonmagso
Fneets
ae?AGfrtnsheutmosepartihsya
wstar·Compare
andcontrast·
Cause
andeffect·
Problemandsolutionasitwas
returningfromanotherfire.As
another
problem,a
watchman
whosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompanies
to
a
location
that
was
nearlya
mile
away
from
the
fire.Because
ofthesetwo
problems,afirethat
couldhavebeencontrolled
rapidlyspreadacross
the
city.2021/10/10Tryanother!
t
olamr
a
ya
nlf
ic
i
ntehde.ihre
bl
cacl
cfiidrenteethfirtOhrerrfialtthe
tesandAftere
Greaformentous?as
thas
it
was
returning
from
another
fire.As
another
problem,awatchmanwhosaw
the
flames
directed
other
firecompanies
to
a
location
that
was
nearlya
mile
away
from
the
fire.Because
ofthese
two
problems,a
fire
that
couldhave
been
controlled
rapidly
spreadacross
the
city.Causeeffect2021/10/10and·Tryanother!
fire59nasOehoirsgFmaofiatramentrousas
thrtswtdepaWdishya·
Causeandeffect·Notice
howthe
causes
(inblue)leadtotheeffect
(inyellow)2021/10/10reasonfortheterriblefire
is
that
the
a
a
i
nteh
ihr
bl
c
cfii
nteeacalyoeeccnolfunympmcomalarasitwas
returningfromanotherfire.As
another
problem,a
watchman
who
nei
tmo
sl
icoth
t
arlyneresfiwaheraoneciaeslaefahptcomsaw
h
tawwoa
r
rbol
fi
eir
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