高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解題型解讀和專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

高考閱讀理解題型解讀閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復(fù)雜、更精確信息的必要手段，考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)，不僅要看懂文章的字面意思，還需要針對(duì)不同題材和體裁的篇目運(yùn)用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，詞匯、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個(gè)最重要且有相互聯(lián)系的因素。

閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種：

1.跳讀：就是快速的一步閱讀法。實(shí)際上是有選擇閱讀，找關(guān)鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問(wèn)題最為有效。

2.略讀：指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對(duì)文章有個(gè)總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問(wèn)題。

3.精讀：即最細(xì)致、最慢的深層閱讀方法，目的是求得對(duì)所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。

在使用閱讀技巧時(shí)盡量做到以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.帶著問(wèn)題閱讀短文。

2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。

3.推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。

4.盡快選擇答案。

高考題型和解題技巧閱讀理解歸納為以下幾種題型：主旨大意題，細(xì)節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題（含寫作意圖、目的等），詞義猜測(cè)題。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的技巧與策略是學(xué)生提高閱讀理解多需要具備的。主旨大意題（幾乎每年高考都有，1~3題）這類題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等詞。歸納標(biāo)題題特點(diǎn)：短小精悍，一般多為一個(gè)短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般能覆蓋全文意思；精確性強(qiáng)，表達(dá)范圍要恰當(dāng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)意程度或色彩。常見(jiàn)命題形式有：What’s

the

best

title

for

the

text?Thebesttitleforthispassageis___.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?★真題范例（2012安徽卷）Whyispinkorpurpleacolorforgirlsandblueorbrownforboys?

Theanswerdependslargelyonculturalvaluesaswellaspersonalexperiences.TotheEgyptians,greenwasacolorthatrepresentedthehopeandjoyofspring,whileforMuslims,itmeansheaven.Redisasymbolofgoodluckinmanycultures.InChina,childrenaregivenmoneyinaredenvelopetobringgoodfortuneintheNewYear.Formanynations,blueisasymbolofprotectionandreligiousbeliefs.

Greekpeopleoftenwearabluenecklacehopingtoprotectthemselvesagainstevils(災(zāi)禍).

People'schoiceofcolorsisalsoinfluencedbytheirbodies'reactions(反應(yīng))towardthem.Greenissaidtobethemostrestfulcolor.Ithastheabilitytoreducepainandrelaxpeoplebothmentallyandphysically.Peoplewhoworkingreenenvironmenthavebeenfoundtohavefewerstomachaches.

Redcancauseaperson'sbloodpressuretoriseandincreasepeople'sappetites(食欲).Manydecoratorswillincludedifferentshadesofredintherestaurant.Similarly,manycommercialwebsiteswillhaveared"BuyNow"buttonbecauseredisacolorthateasilycatchesaperson'seye.

Blueisanothercalmingcolor.Unlikered,bluecancausepeopletoloseappetite.Soifyouwanttoeatless,somesuggestthateatingfromblueplatescanhelp.

Thenexttimeyouaredecidingonwhattowearorwhatcolortodecorateyourroom,thinkaboutthecolorcarefully.

63.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostpropertitleforthetext?

A.ColorsandHumanBeings

B.TheCulturalMeaningofColor

C.ColorsandPersonalExperiences

D.TheMeaningandFunctionofColor概括大意題包括尋找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（mainidea），常見(jiàn)命題形式有：

Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage？Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea？

Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat_____.Thepassage/textismainlyabout_____.What’s

the

article

mainly

about

？★范例JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?＿＿＿＿A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.【解題思路】

此文沒(méi)有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來(lái)，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒(méi)有言明的主題思想。由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：JoshuaBingham接受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ?！锓独齀nthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.Healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled“Lexico”.However,hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame,sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”andthento“CrissCross”.Hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidn’thaveanyrealcommercial(商業(yè)性的)success.Q:Thetextismainlyabout________.A.Lexico

B.Threemen

C.Awordgame

D.AlfredButts.解題技巧：

閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說(shuō)明文，這兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為：提出問(wèn)題——論述問(wèn)題——得出結(jié)論或者闡明觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于這類文章，抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)。主題句在文章中的位置主要有以下幾種情況：位于段首：一般而言，以演繹法撰寫的文章，主題句往往在文章的開(kāi)頭，即先點(diǎn)出主題，然后圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句，可具體分析段落的首句與第二，三句的關(guān)系；如果從第二句就開(kāi)始對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，論述或描述，那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句后面有明顯引出細(xì)節(jié)的信號(hào)詞，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號(hào)詞來(lái)確定主題句的位置?！锓独齈eoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealun1esstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat．Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplantandfreshfruit．0therscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast—foods：ahamburgerorhotdog。Frenchfriesandasoftdrink．位于段尾：有些文章會(huì)在開(kāi)頭列舉事實(shí),然后通過(guò)論證闡述作者的核心論點(diǎn)。因此，如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個(gè)句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特征。如果它具備主題句的特征，段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，當(dāng)一種觀點(diǎn)不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時(shí)，主題句便會(huì)到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生可以充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞,如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等來(lái)確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無(wú)明顯的此類信號(hào)時(shí)，學(xué)生可在段落的最后一句話前面添加一個(gè)引出結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞，以確定其是否是主題句?！锓独鼳mericans

might

be

embarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem．JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually．Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers．ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect．位于段中：有時(shí)段落是先介紹背景和細(xì)節(jié)，接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容或事例，然后再圍繞主題展開(kāi)對(duì)有關(guān)問(wèn)題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會(huì)在段落中間出現(xiàn)。歸納起來(lái)主要有兩種情況：先提出問(wèn)題，然后給予回答(主題句)，最后給予解釋；或者，先提出問(wèn)題，然后點(diǎn)出主題思想(主題句)，最后給予解釋?！锓独齀nspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket．Ford,GeneralMotors,andChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore．ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcostAmericanautoworkerstheirjobassomeexpertsexpected．FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralia'sbiggestemployer．YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiablesociety。首尾呼應(yīng)：主題句在段落的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾兩個(gè)位置上先后出現(xiàn)，形成前呼后應(yīng)的格局。這兩個(gè)主題句敘說(shuō)的是同一個(gè)內(nèi)容，但用詞不盡相同，這樣不但強(qiáng)調(diào)了主題思想，而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個(gè)句子并非簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，后一個(gè)主題句或?qū)υ撝黝}作最后的評(píng)述，或?qū)σc(diǎn)作一概括，或使之引申留給讀者去思考。無(wú)明確主題句：找關(guān)鍵詞（出現(xiàn)頻率較高）,歸納總結(jié)?！锓独鼴atsaretheonlyanimalsthattrulyfly．Theseanimalsusetheirleatherywingsdifferentlyfrombirds.Birdsflaptheirwingsupanddown,whilebatsuseboththeirwingsandlegs,whichmakesthemseemasiftheyareswimmingthroughtheair．Eventhoughbatstakemuchlonger，strongerstrokesthanbirds,theystillcanbeattheirwingsasoftenastwentytimespersecond!此段落的主題詞是：bats,birds,different,fly．歸納出段落的中心思想是：Batsaredifferentfrombirdsinflying．注意:新題型中有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是干擾項(xiàng)，解答此類題時(shí)同學(xué)易犯以下三種錯(cuò)誤：（1）表述過(guò)于片面，只涵蓋該段個(gè)別細(xì)節(jié)；（2）表述過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，超出該段的內(nèi)容；（3）表述與段落內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)，在段落中找不到相關(guān)依據(jù)．二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題（高考比例較大）考查內(nèi)容主要涉及時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等；議論文中例證細(xì)節(jié)；定義類細(xì)節(jié)。這類題目的共同特點(diǎn)是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。當(dāng)然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根據(jù)文章提供的信息自己組織語(yǔ)句回答問(wèn)題。1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題→尋讀法（先讀題，帶著題干信息快速瀏覽全文）分為直接理解題和間接理解題，前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提問(wèn)，或判斷正誤；后者需與原文信息轉(zhuǎn)換，表達(dá)上與原文有差異。常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?Allthefollowingarementionedexcept.Whichofthefollowingismentioned(notmentioned)?Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/right/false/wrongabout…?★真題范例(2012江西卷)………Markhadbeenscoldedbeforefortouchinghisfather’sequipment.Buthiscuriositywasdifficulttocontrolandthisnewcomputerreallypuzzledhim.………56．WhydidMarktouchthecomputeragainsthisfather’swarning?

A．Hewantedtotakeavoyage.

B．Hewantedtopracticehisskill

C．Hewassomuchattractedbyit.

D．Hewaseagertodoanexperiment.2.排列順序題→首尾定位法（找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，用排除法縮小范圍）常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中，一般按事件發(fā)生的順序。常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof…?WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph…?★真題范例（2011山東卷）Sincethe1970s,scientistshavebeensearchingforwaystolinkthebrainwithcomputers.Brain-computerinterface(BCI)technologycouldhelppeoplewithdisabilitiessendcommandstomachines.…….Theresearchersdesignedaspecialcapfortheuser.Thisheadcoverpicksupthesignalsfromthescalp(頭皮)andsendsthemtoacomputer.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignalsandcommandsthemotorizedwheelchair.Thewheelchairalsohastwocamerasthatidentifyobjectsinitspath.Theyhelpthecomputerreacttocommandsfromthebrain.

……..73.WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofthesignalsdescribedinParagraph5?A.scalp→computer→cap→wheelchairB.computer→cap→scalp→wheelchairC.scalp→cap→computer→wheelchairD.cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair圖文匹配題→按圖索驥理清線索設(shè)題形式：給出圖表，根據(jù)圖表提問(wèn)問(wèn)題。(略)數(shù)字計(jì)算題→（方法：審題→帶著問(wèn)題找細(xì)節(jié)→對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算）可直接找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，但需經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算方可找到答案?！镎骖}范例（2012福建卷）

AffordableplansthatIcanunderstand----andnocontracttosign(簽訂)!

Unlikeothercellphones，Jitterbughasplansthatmakesense.WhyshouldIpayforminutesI'mnevergoingtouse?AndifIdotalkmorethanIplan,Iwon'tfindmyselfwithnominuteslikemyfriendwhohasaprepaidphone.Bestofall,thereisnocontracttosign—soI'mnotlockedinforyearsatatime.TheUS-basedcustomerserviceissecondtonone.Andthephonegetsserviceanywhereinthecountry.MonthlyMinutes50100MonthlyRate$14.99$19.99911AccessFREEFREELongDistanceCallsNoadditionalchargeNoadditionalchargeFriendlyReturnPolicy30days30days64.

Onthemonthlybasisof100minutes,theJitterbugweeklyrateisabout____.

A.$3.75

B.$4.99

C.$14.99

D.$19.99三、推理判斷題（失分較多、難度最大的題型）主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的推斷，包括考生對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)的理解，態(tài)度的判斷，對(duì)修辭、語(yǔ)氣、隱含意思等的理解。題干關(guān)鍵詞：infer(推斷),indicate(象征，暗示),imply/suggest(暗示),conclude(作出結(jié)論),assume(假定，設(shè)想).細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息或借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat__________.Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat_____.Wemayinferthat_________.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated?★真題范例（2012天津卷）…….Someeyesrolledandtherewereafewlowgroans(嘟囔聲)whenMs.Yateswasabouttospeak.Manystartedlookingattheirwatchesandcomingupwithexcusestobeanywhereinsteadofpreparingtolistentoalecturefromanoldwomanwhohadfewkindwordsforherstudentsandmadethemworkharderthanalltheotherteacherscombined.……..42.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2? A.SomegraduatesweretoobusytolistentoMs.Yates’speech. B.ManygraduatesdislikedMs.Yates’waysofteaching. C.Somepeoplegottiredfromthereunionactivities. D.Mostpeoplehadlittleinterestinthereunion.預(yù)測(cè)推理判斷題根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇對(duì)文章接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容或可能的結(jié)局進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenif/when…?Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite.推測(cè)文章來(lái)源或讀者對(duì)象常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Thepassageisprobablytakeoutof.Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?★真題范例（2012北京卷）TheBasicsofMath—MadeClearBasicMathintroducesstudentstothebasicconceptsofmathematics,aswellasthefundamentalsofmoretrickyareas.These30fantasticlecturesaredesignedtoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofarithmeticandtopreparethemforAlgebra(代數(shù))andbeyond.…….Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou,youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer.Oryoucangetyourmoneyback.59.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom?A.Anewsreport.B.AbookreviewC.Alessonplan.D.Anadvertisement寫作意圖、目的、態(tài)度推斷題作者的語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度往往不會(huì)直接寫在文章里，只能通過(guò)細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會(huì)出來(lái)。詢問(wèn)寫作目的的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：explain(解釋),prove(證明),persuade(勸說(shuō)),advise(勸告),comment(評(píng)論),praise(贊揚(yáng)),criticize(批評(píng)),entertain(娛樂(lè)),demonstrate(舉例說(shuō)明),argue(辯論),tell(講述),analyze(分析)等。詢問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：neutral(中立的),sympathetic(同情的),satisfied(滿意的),friendly(友好的),enthusiastic(熱情的),subjective(主觀的),objective(客觀的),matter-of-fact(實(shí)事求是的),pessimistic(悲觀的),optimistic(樂(lè)觀的),critical(批評(píng)的),doubtful(懷疑的),hostile(敵對(duì)的),indifferent(冷淡的),disappointed(失望的)。常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Thepurposeofthetextis.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Bymentioning…,theauthoraimstoshowthat.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards…?Whatistheauthor’sopinionon…?

Theauthor’stoneinthispassageis_____.★真題范例(2012陜西卷)Spring

is

coming,

and

it

is

time

for

those

about

to

graduate

to

look

for

jobs.

Competition

is

tough,

so

job

seekers

must

carefully

consider

their

personal

choices.

Whatever

we

are

wearing，our

family

and

friends

may

accept

us,

but

the

workplace

may

not.

…….As

a

hiring

manager

I

am

paid

to

choose

the

people

who

would

make

the

best

impression

on

our

customers.

There

are

plenty

of

well-qualified

candidates,

so

it

is

not

wrong

to

reject

someone

who

might

disappoint

my

customers.

Even

though

I

am

open-minded,

I

can’t

expect

all

our

customers

are.

60.

The

author’s

attitude

towards

strange

dress

styles

in

the

workplace

may

best

be

described

as

A.

enthusiastic

B.

negative

C

positive

D.

sympathetic

解答技巧:推斷題是考查學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面的文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，切莫主觀臆斷。=1\*GB3①那些文章中直接陳述的內(nèi)容不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)。=2\*GB3②推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推斷未知；作出正確答案時(shí)一定要在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。=3\*GB3③要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法；不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。四、詞義猜測(cè)題考點(diǎn)：=1\*GB3①猜測(cè)某個(gè)詞、詞組、句子的意義；=2\*GB3②對(duì)文中的多義詞或詞組進(jìn)行定義；=3\*GB3③判斷某個(gè)代詞的指代的對(duì)象。常見(jiàn)命題形式有：Theunderlinedword/phraseinthesecondparagraphmeans_____.Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）probablymeans______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword“…”?解題技巧:1.通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn'thisfault.通過(guò)for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯(cuò))，可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備"。2.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜詞根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識(shí)判斷生詞詞義。如：Sheisunlikelytohavestolenthemoney.

(“un”含否定意義，故為“不太可能”之意。)4.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drought，由此可見(jiàn)drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災(zāi)"。而adryperiod和drought是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。5.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。6.通過(guò)描述猜詞描述即作者對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。7.根據(jù)常識(shí)猜詞如：Thedoorwassolowthathehithisheadonthelintel.（lintel“過(guò)梁”。）Afraidofwakingthebabyup,shetiptoedoutoftheroom.（tiptoed“踮著腳走，躡手躡腳”）閱讀理解專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：1WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformaltraditionsdatingbacktograndma'sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesandsilver,andthedresscodewillbeSundaybest.Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehasgivenwaytoastoneware(粗陶)andstainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequallycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,itspellseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs--one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000thenumberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery(陶瓷)region.Wedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearlier.AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,thelayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.AspokesmanforRoyalDoultonadmittedthatthecompany"hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend"towardcasualdining.Familieseattogetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontoftelevision.Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongworkhoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit'sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentora"real"dinnerparty.Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patternedtablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthesilver?Whohastime?Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(禮節(jié))thatchildrenmightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparentsandgrandparents("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.""Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.")mustbepickedupelse-where.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswhomaybeableprofessionallybutinexperiencedsocially.72.Whydopeopletendtofollowthetrendtocasualdining?A.Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.B.Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.C.Peopleprefertoliveacomfortablelife.D.Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.73.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat'RoyalDoultonis.A.asellerofstainlesssteeltablewareB.adealerinstonewareC.apotterychainstoreD.aproduceroffineChina74.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustryis.A.theincreasedvalueofthepoundB.theworseningeconomyinAsiaC.thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeD.thefiercecompetitionathomeandabroad75.Formaltablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrentSociallife,.A.arestillamustoncertainoccasionsB.arecertaintoreturnsoonerorlaterC.arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathomeD.canhelpimprovepersonalrelationships2WhenJohnnyCashsings,peoplelisten.Hisbig,deepvoicerumblesoutofradiosandjuke-boxesacrossNorthAmerica.Hisrecordssellbythemillion.Country-musicfanseverywhere,knowhisbighits.Theylovesongslike"HeyPorter","RingofFire",and"FolsomPrisonBlue".JohnnyCashsingsaboutahundredconcertsayear.Peoplelikewhattheyhear--andwhattheysee,too.Ruggedandbig-shouldered,thesingerstandssix-twowithouthisblackbootson.He'satwo-hundred-poundpackageofmuscleandtalent.Andthatscar(疤痕)onhischeek?It'sabullet(子彈)hole,ofcourse!Inthemindsofmostpeople,JohnnyCashis"MrTough(violent)Guy".He'sanex-drugaddict(上癮者)whowasonceputinprison.HisgrandmotherwasanIndian.Tokeepfromstarvingheoncehadtoliveonwildrabbitskilledfromfortyfeetawaywithaknife.Somepeoplesayheevenkilledaman.Infact,mostoftheJohnnyCashstoryisjustthat--astory.True,yearsagohehada"drughabit"forashorttime.He"popped"pills.Butheneverusedheroinorother"hard"drugs.Some-timeshe'dgowildandgetlockedupforafewhours.Butheneverservedaprisonsentence.There'snoIndianbloodinhisveins.He'sbeenakilleronlyinsong.Asforthe"bullethole",it'sanoldscarleftbyadoctorwhoopenedacyst(囊腫).PeoplewhoknowJohnnyCashwellsayhe'sa"gentleguy",a"generousguy'--anythingbuta"toughguy".Howdidthestoriesgetstarted?Someofthem,likethestoryaboutthe"Indiangrandmother",hemadeuplongagotoaddexcitementtohiscareer.Others,likethe"bullethole",simplygotstarted.Nowthere'slittlethesingercandotochangepeople'sminds."Theyjustwanttobelieveit,"hesays.56.JohnnyCashisafavoriteofmany.A.operaloversB.countrymusicfansC.hard-rockfansD.jazzmusiclovers57.Intruth,JohnnyCash.A.inventedthe"Indiangrandmother"B.usedtokillrabbitsforalivingC.hadabulletholeonhischeekD.servedalongprisonsentence58.Inhisprivatelife,JohnnyCashis,.A.muchwilderthanhelooksB.muchsmallerthanheisonstageC.muchtougherthanheisinpublicD.muchmoregentlethanmostpeoplesuppose59.Thepassageshowsusthatmanypeoplebelieve.A.onlywhattheyseeB.whattheyaresureistrueC.onlywhattheyhearD.whattheyfindinteresting3Dodogsunderstandus?Becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog.Itmightunderstandmorethanyouthink.AbordercollienamedRicorecognizesthenamesofabout200objects,sayresearchersinGermany.Thedogalsoappearstobeabletolearnnewwordsaseasilyasa3-year-oldchild.Itsword-learningskillsareasgoodasthoseofaparrotorchimpanzee(黑猩猩).Inoneexperiment,theresearcherstookall200itemsthatRicoissupposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20groupsof10objects.Thentheownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback.Infourtests,Ricogot37outof40commandsright.Asthedogcouldn'tseeanyonetogetclues,thescientistsbelieveRicomustunderstandthemeaningsofcertainwords.Inanotherexperiment,thescientiststookonetoythatRicohadneverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwithseventoyswhosenamesthedogalreadyknew.TheownerthentoldRicotofetchtheobject,usingawordthedoghadneverheardbefore.Thecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutofl0tests,suggestingthatthedoghadworkedouttheanswerbyprocessofelimination(排除法).Amonthlater,Ricorememberedhalfofthenewnames,whichisevenmoreimpressive.Ricoisthoughttobesmarterthantheaveragedog.Foronething,Ricoisabordercollie,abreed(品種)knownforitsmentalabilities.Inaddition,the9-year-olddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheirnamessincetheageofninemonths.It'shardtoknowifalldogsunderstandatleastsomeofthewordswesay.Eveniftheydo,theycan'ttalkback.Still,itwouldn'thurttosweet-talkyourdogeverynowandthen.Youmightjustgetabig,wetkissinreturn!60.Fromparagraph2weknowthat__.A.animalsareascleverashumanbeingsB.dogsaresmarterthanparrotsandchimpanzeesC.chimpanzeeshaveverygoodword-learningskillsD.dogshavesimilar'learningabilitiesas3-year-oldchildren61.Bothexperimentsshowthat.A.RicoissmartenoughtogetallcommandsrightB.RicocanrecognizedifferentthingsincludingtoysC.RicohasdevelopedtheabilityoflearningmathematicsD.Ricowon'tforgetthenamesofobjectsoncerecognizingthem62.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Thepurposeoftheexperimentsistoshowthebordercollie'smentalabilities.B.Ricohasabettermemorypartlybecauseofitsproperearlytraining.C.Thebordercollieisworld-famousforrecognizingobjects.D.Ricoisborntounderstanditsowner'scommands.63.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?A.Totrainyourdog.B.Totalktoyourdog.C.Tobefriendlytoyourdog.D.Tobecarefulwithyourdog.4PaynesPrairie(used)HaveyoueverheardofPaynesPrairie?ItisoneofthemostimportantnaturalandhistoricalareasinFlorida.PaynesPrairieislocatednearGainesville.Itislarge,21000acres.Thisprotectedlandiscalledapreserve.TheFloridaParkServicemanagethepreserve.ThePaynesPrairiebasinwasformedwhenlimestonedissolvedandthegroundsettled.Itiscoveredbymarsh(沼澤)andwetprairievegetation.Thereareareasofopenwater.Duringbriefperiodsithasfloodedenoughtobeconsideredalake.Exceptforthat,thebasinhaschangedlittlethroughtime.ManhaslivedonPaynesPrairieaverylongtime.Helivedthereasfarbackas10000B.C.Atonetime,theSeminoleslivedthere.TheprairieisthoughttohavebeennamedafterKingPayne,aSeminolechief.Duringthelate1600s,thelargestcattleranchinFloridawasonPaynesPrairie.Today,PaynesPrairieispreservedland.ItisoccupiedbyvisitorsandFloridaParkServiceemployees.WillamBartramvisitedPaynesPraire.Bartramwasthefirstpersonwhoportrayed(described)naturethroughpersonalexperienceaswellasscientificobservation.Helived200yearsago.HevisitedPaynesPrairiein1774.Atthattimehedescribedit.HecalledPaynesPrairiethe"greatAlachuaSavannah."Mostoftheanimallife,whichBartramdescribed,isstillhere.Alargenumberofsandhillcranes,hawksandwaterfowlarehereinwinter.Theanimaldiversityisincreasedbythepresenceofpineflatwoods,hammock,swampsandponds.ThePaynesPrairiePreserveStateParkisopenyearround.TheFloridaParkServiceworkshardsothattheparkwillappearasitdidinthepast.Itoffersmanyopportunitiesforrecreation.Attheparkyoucancampandpicnic.Youcanhikeandbike.Youcanboatandfish.Youcanrideonhorsetrails.Andyoucanseelotsofnatureandwildlife.YoucanseeFloridaasitwasintheearlydays.PaynesPrairieisapartofourFloridahistory.ItisanexampleofourFloridanaturalresources.Itisaplaceforrecreation.PaynesPrairieisanimportantexperienceoftheRealFlorida.64.HowwasthePaynesPrairiebasinformed?A.BytheSeminoleIndians.B.BytheFloridaParkService.C.Fromdissolvedlimestoneandthegroundsettling.D.Fromlotsoffloodingandwetprairievegetation.65.Theunderlinedword"diversity"means“.”A.varietyB.societyC.populationD.area66.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat__.A.PaynesPrairiehaschangedlittlethroughtimeB.PaynesPrairieiscoveredbywetprairiegrassesC.thereusedtobeabigcattlefarmonPaynesPrairieD.WilliamBartramwasthefirstperson~tovisitPaynesPrairie67.Thepurposeofthepassageisto